+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: [email protected] Association for...

Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: [email protected] Association for...

Date post: 02-Aug-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 2 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
12
腅腉 膛臻膷膣臏 腆腀 腆腁 腆腁 腆腁 臛膿 膜膆 臬臁臋 臬膎臬膎腽 膎膫膙膅 膛臬膎臲臛膫膙臓 膵臼膴膠臬膎膑膝膎 腞腵腸腃腱膃腝腴腬腷腳腹膉腵腸腃腱腚 膩膕膒臦腏臊腢腩腺臣腝 臟腓腕臲臛臥腞膇 腝腟 腵腸腃腱腏臶腣膻腤 臄腜腰腭腱腲腭腮膃腝腊 臲臛膎腦臲膨 臲臎膎腝膖腗腋腕膫膙腏 膄膪 腑腪腧腞腵腸腃腱腞膝膊腦 臟腔腩臲臛腜腛 腙腊腩 腙腟 腺臘腝腫腕腩 膋臲臛膗 腜膧腞臲臛腏 臟腔腩 腙腟 臢臯 臔腝臈腒腪腘腍腨 腾膽 腌腠 膉腱腶 臤自 臅膀 臼臯臤膦 臷 臗臺臯臤自腦腻臝 腴膁腋腙腟 臲臛腺膸臖腜腐腚腥 膈腞腵腸腃 膬臯臤自腜腛腏臐 膐臯臤自腚腒腪腘腍腨 膼膰 腱膓膚臬臲臛腏 臟腓腕腑腚腏 腧腎腝腒腪腩 臠膟 膓腞 臟膍 腏臇臒腒腪腘腋腩 臲臛臵膾膫膙臜臚 膽至 腜腛 臉臲臛腝臩腔腩 膱腜臌 腚腜腖 腑腪腧臛膭臯臤腏臲 膢腝臮腔腩 腘腋腩 膶膯臍臫腺臣腞膔 腙腞膮 臔膗 臛臯臤 腞膐 腱腸腹腯膥臃臵膾腜腛腎腧膘 腟膛臻 膢腝 腡腘膌臰腝臖腜腐 臔膗 腞臍膤膓 腏膄 腙腊腩 腌腠 臆臂 臗臺 膡臎臞腞 臭腏腊腩 腌腠 臕臆 腓腎腓腜腏腧 膲腋膂臡臤腝 腫腪腕臸臲腙腟 臀臯臤 臼臂 膬膳 膏臱 致臺 腥腟 腙腧 腏腨腑 腂腔 腅腠 腀腙腣 腆腈腞 腐腒 腁腩腰 腝腎 腉腃腊腇 腌腏腎腕腆腍腁腅腂腋腄腖腓腐腔腈腒腗腑 229 Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo Vol. pp. * e-mail : [email protected] Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology Geo-slicer sampling of riverbed strata, boring sampling of riverside strata, single-channel seismic reflection survey, and electric survey were carried out to understand the causes of ground fissures and ruptures with a vertical dislocation of cm found by Shimazaki and others beneath the Old-Edo River in Tokyo in . We concluded that fissures and ruptures were caused by gravity slumping due to liquefaction taking place near a paleo-valley, which was found by the reflection survey to run across the Old-Edo River. In the survey, at least two liquefaction and slumping events, probably corresponding to two large earthquakes, were identified from a Geo- slicer sample down to about m in depth. Their ages were reported as after yBP and yBP, respectively. Dating results for new samples obtained in this study are consistent with previous estimates. : Geo-Slicer, Liquefaction, slumping traces, the Old-Edo River ; * Kunihiko Shimazaki *, Tsuyoshi Haraguchi , Takeo Ishibe and Takashi Nakata Abstract Key words Resurvey of Possible Seismic Fissures in the Old-Edo River in Tokyo + , - . + , - . + , - . + , - . 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* +*2 2.+. / ,0 ,* ,/ +331 +331 2 +2** ,3** -1** +*** ,**- 02. 3 -* +332 ,**3 +312 +322 +333 +
Transcript
Page 1: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

� � � �

� � � �

� � � � �

� �

� �� � �

�� �

� � � �� � �� � �

�� �

� � � � �� �� � � �

� � � � � ��� � � �� �

� �

�� ����� ����� ������������� !��"#�

$ � % &'()*+,-./012'()*3456789:;<=, >?@��A&B ,% C '()*8DEFG HIJK*LKM+,NO ���P�Q �R�,STU@��8 VW X YZ[&'()*&#\P ] >^;��I_]N; ]% <`,a@; b��c 8 Id&��8 >^; $ e ]% fgh i,jkZlmX no pq 2*r st uv �gsw x y z {|gstP}~-�U]% ��<��I�3� �&'() �gstI_8� �gst3kZlmX ��*�����8 >?@Y38 [�,kZ; �� �& >� 8��kZlU; ��������o� I_ O��,�^; �I� 3I� YZ[��gs8� �,�^; � �lU; � � ¡¢<=&$ � ]&h ic �gs &� % *(1£¤¥��I_�[¦%� �, §l¨©,�I� h ic &¡ª� 8V ]N; pq «¬ {| ­® ¯R°& ±8N; pq ²« ?�?I8[ ³U´µs, aZ@¶�]% ·gs

�¬ �¸ ¹ � º» ¼| ½

� �

��� �

� �� �� �

� ��� � ��� � � � � � ��� � �

� � ! " # $�%& � �� � ' �( ) � *+ *

� � � ,-( .+ / � � 0

� 1 2 3

45 �

� ����

���� �������������

� � �

��

� � �

229

Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst.

Univ. Tokyo

Vol. pp.

* e-mail : [email protected]

Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention

Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University

Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo

Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology

Geo-slicer sampling of riverbed strata, boring sampling of riverside strata, single-channel

seismic reflection survey, and electric survey were carried out to understand the causes of ground

fissures and ruptures with a vertical dislocation of cm found by Shimazaki and others beneath

the Old-Edo River in Tokyo in . We concluded that fissures and ruptures were caused by

gravity slumping due to liquefaction taking place near a paleo-valley, which was found by the

reflection survey to run across the Old-Edo River. In the survey, at least two liquefaction and

slumping events, probably corresponding to two large earthquakes, were identified from a Geo-

slicer sample down to about m in depth. Their ages were reported as after yBP and

yBP, respectively. Dating results for new samples obtained in this study are consistent with

previous estimates.

: Geo-Slicer, Liquefaction, slumping traces, the Old-Edo River

;

*

Kunihiko Shimazaki *, Tsuyoshi Haraguchi , Takeo Ishibe and Takashi Nakata

Abstract

Key words

Resurvey of Possible Seismic Fissures in the Old-Edo

River in Tokyo

+

,

-

.

+

,

-

.

+ , - .

+ , - .

2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.*

+*2 2.+. / ,0 ,*

,/

+331

+331

2 +2** ,3** -1**

+***

,**-

02. 3 -*

+332 ,**3

+312 +322

+333

+

Page 2: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

� �� � � �

� �� � ������� �

� � � �� �� � � �

� � � � � �� � � �

� � � � � � �� �� �

� � �� � �

� � � � �� �

� � � � � ��� � �

� �� � �

� � � � �� � � �

� � � �� �

� � � ��

� �� � � � �

� �� �� � � �

�� � �

� � � � � �� � �

� � � � ��

� � � �� �

�� ��

� � �� � � �

� � � �� � �� �

� � �� � � � �

� �� ��

� � � � �� � � �

� �

� � � � !" # $% �&'�

( �)*+� %, -. � /0 �/1� 23 4567 89:;<=�>% ?@ *,$;AB CDE F 4567 8 G7 89:;CDE

8 8 8FCDE CDE9:; 8 7E HI �>J� !" �� K 8LMN456 OP =Q% R S=T�U T � V� P�% -. W X�Y �>;Z *+�

/J" �G7 89:;CDE�>[G7 8� \ P ]]^4 +%_`a /0�; 4 :� �b! c

d� � T�e0+ 456 F 5f �� 4 " ?�Bg* � h0+% i jk�lmM&D� �+ �)Q> � n+ $% � � Xo �p0+% cq �CDEPCDE9:;Gp*+" � �� � 7 8 �r#! �( X$% �

s" /0 * sX /0 �t u 8FCDEs"�CDE/0�%� cq �7P, v�wxE� *+ A � 8s"�G7 89:;CDE/0�% t23

/0 yz P {| 2s+� 45e q �� � T�*+" !/! �n+ $% � }� Q% � �CDE9:;7 8 G7

~ �� X$J" 8/0�; 23 4 t5e T�e0+% qX� �+0 4 �Bg!" � ?4 � 8 7 8/0�; T�o � Q%

s- T PA� ��� ���~ 23 456, � �%PA5 � � � �Q% X� �CDE�9:% 4 :�

��� � � h0+� d�� � ^� �>[

? � � ? /0 ^�� �t�%���e0+% !/+ n+ $% � 4� %> � *+ ! A S �X��+0^�� q � ��

" X$% 4 0/�Q%" ��t *+% � �� �h�� �X � � ;4 PQ%�P/ *+"n+ $% � �� �, q0 �������4 "�Y ?4iJ" � ! � �+4)Q ���� h0+� " � �� ��MN S � P R XBg*+"� � ? /0 P 7��"h� � ; 4I !" s � n+ $% � q�� � *" ��J�� ?�0[� � ?4 d d� Q% � �Z *+" �`a  ¡�� � * ¢£¤�mx¥�Y � ��/J�¦ � t�;?4Bg!" � ¤�mx¥�Y ? P_ X * �4� Q% �+� § ¨`a ��1%��������Y ? � �>%©DNNªx«D� ?/0 0/¬4)Q �*+"¥��wx � � ¬Q%,P­-

0+% s" � ?® * do �� *+"n+ $% � dX

�������� S ¯° 4 � ��� � Q% ? ±td � § ¨���� /0 *+%_`a �>%¥��wx � ²4 �A+³+)Q �� �+0 �~ � �� Q%� § ��+0��´S � � ? � �! y X� { eP!� h0+%," | P! ´S �µ � �¶P!" � >; X� P!� ·X�� �P4+04 � P ¸Q%P c 0/�!" s" � ?/0 d q� �fv ?X�Z *+� �+� �� � ¹�p *+ �5 P�J� yzº»¼�>J�Y *+""hP­-0+ %�P�)½*+%

% �+>;q� �~ �� fv ? fv ?��P § /0 | �X,Z *+" Q%P � X h0+"n+ $% �

� �� �� � �

� � �

� � � � � ��

�� � �� � � � � � �� � � ! " � �

#� �� ��$ % &' ()*+ ,- � ./0 1 2

3 () 4 5 67 � 8 9 � � �:; <= > � ?@ A B� CD E '"FG H

1I J ' K� ! " 5L � � % � 9 : @M N HOP Q��3 R �� 1 S 1

& � � � � � � B� ./TU � �V W (� X 3 1

Y- &'<Z [\� � � �!]<Z <^ <^ � _`a K� 1 ',- R �� ; &b � H1 � �

� � � ' �cd (0 Te f � 1 �� � ' S &bg () 4 �3 ; h � H1 U 5i X7 �1 CD E

j kl m 9I � � �

� (� � � � no � p=p=q R �� r st � 2 H / u

(� P (0 �3 0v ./TU � �-/ wx (�y z {| ,- R �� }� H

% � z / (� 5 9(� ~� ��% 2 z (� / }� }� �� P�� � 8 z �c ; R �� � W � �� � � I I �� J �\w 9� � �\w HA � W � HA

� P � (� W � �( ; � � � (� t � ��

T 3 m �1 T�� � W I S

�\� ,- R ��I ���z 2 ~� P �� c� (� � � �

�3P ,- � (��w 3 m}� � ���P P �3P t P � �

2 s� � � � no � � �\w ��� � 9�  ¡ 2 q j W �¢ �� 9� � (��wP U � � I ( �

H � � 9 :; � £¤=¥ ¦ §3 <= 8 P

� � � � � � ¨ x ©�9 � � 9 R

����

����

� �

� � �

�� �

� � �

��

��

230

;

B

GS-

GS- . GS-

C

;

; ; D

m

E

GS-

GS- C D D E

m cm

m

A-B

m m

m

m

E

m

m

A

B E

+331

,**2 ,**3

-, -, , / -, -

+33,

2

+331 +332

+

+331 +331

+332 2

,

+2** ,3** -1**

-, 0

-,

+332 , - ,* -*

+* , +332

0

0*

+* +**

- 3*

+33-

+*

.

+33- +

/ 1 +33/ +**

+332

+332 +*

2

2

+33/

+332

,

-

� �

Page 3: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

��������� �������

� �231

Fig. . Cross section of the Geo-slicer core in the survey of (from Shimazaki ).et al.,+ +332 +332

Page 4: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

���� �� � �� � �

� �

� � �

232

Fig. . Plan of survey points and datum. The blue and green dashed line indicate strike of fissure or fault by

the Geo-slicer survey in , and fault strike from Sugiyama and Endo ( ), respectively.

Fig. . Locations of Geo-slicer survey at riverbed of the Old-Edo River and boring survey at the Edogawa primary school.

,

+332 +330

-

Page 5: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

��������� �������

� �233

Fig. . Photograph of Geo-slicer samples..

Page 6: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

���� �� � �� � �

� � �

� �� � �

� � � � �� � � ��

�� � � �

� � � ��

� � ��

� �

������ ��� ��� !" #$

%&' ()*+,-./0123456789:;< =>?>@4A/BCDEFGHIJKLM��N OPMJF4Q R8S:6TU' �VWXWYZ[\ ]^EKLM�_5 DE�^` a>$ ��,���Jb& � c� dc�JFGHIJefgh ij45a,�k\>l mF ������ ��� ndc� 'o"GJpqrs/tuva,�wxo>5 �� y

/z{5 &'|}/~W��DEE� a> <�o>5 )*+���kJR8S:6TU,()*$J�9:�efghJij �Y,D` ���7� +��kJ���7��8TU J&�J��8�|��F���J)*+���/z�`�o � � /@4 ���7��8TUkJ & &�J��R8S:6�|�� ��DE �$>ETU  ' R8S:6TUJ¡¢ /��o> £E

¤¥¦§%¨��©ª« � / TUJ&� ¬ / & &� 'R8S:6TUkJ¡¢ /��o

� ��

� � �

234

Fig. . Estimated cross section at the riverbed of the Old-Edo River based on the Geo-slicer survey.

. . m

. . m . . m

. . m

. . m

A

GS-

B C

m . m C

D . m

/

1 ,2 +* **

* ** * 2, * 2, , /3

, /3 / 2.

/ 2. 1 ,2

+332

-, /

+* +*

/ 2.

3 + 1 ,2

Page 7: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

��������� �������

� �� ��

� � �� �

���

��

�� � �

� �� � �

��

�� �

� �

�� ���� ����!"#$� %&�'(�� )* +,-./01�� 2� )#345�67 8 �* 9��:;.<�=>?@ABC� BDEF# G�:;.<� BBD#HI��JKL� �� 9��:;.<*) )MNOP�QRS ���T U'VJW )XYZ#[\��W�J]^_�� ) )MN�`a#bc5�de fgh�ijkl<m(_n_��op�=>?@ABCJ� � q�de �01m#rs� ��op(_ �t�u�n_�� ���� ���vwx+,-./��(_KL��9��:;.<�[\yz* EFJKL� I�*67 8 J�{|�}�� )~#$� �4'=>?@ABC��On�IJ���'(���T[\BC��'�����#*�_'(�� �Z����}�

�����!������ ��!�#`�5���#������}��*�) �a����#�� �����O��  #n_� ��¡¢J}RSI����r£¤¥¦§�[\�� ����¨©?�ª�J¡«��

� ����

235

Fig. . Cross section due to the single-channel seismic profiling survey.

Fig. . Lines of multi-channel seismic profiling survey

(A-B and C-D) and location of graben structure. E -E

and N -N indicate the location of faults (from

Sugiyama and Endo, ).

A . . m

B

C C

B C

. m

yBP.

. m

yBP.

yBP

A

cm

0

1

+ -

+ -

+33-

* ** / 2.

+332

+2** ,3** -1**

/ 2.

,,.* -*

/ 22

,*-* -*

,*-* -*

+332

,/

.

��

Page 8: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

� �� � � � �

� � �

�� �

� � � �

� � � �

��

� � � �

� �

������ � �� �������� �

� ��! � �"# �$ % &'()*+,

- �� ./+,0* 1� 2 3 4 5 ! 6789 : ; %<=>'! ?@� A� B3CD E 7FGH'I 70 %JKL9M5� : � 4 � NDCO E �0* 7 L9 P%P C QR ST+ UV�W � 4 %X LKL9 - ��Y/+90* 1�Z C 9M5[\ �<9 ],RH'^_5[ �%`B2a3 ?@ 1�b L9 c �G/ 1� ] ?@G/d *+9! � 4 %e ]A 7� c fRYg*+ �hij '&DM5Rk �<9ljQm LnO7W L9i�op Rqr*+

9 M�8sC t C uv� %wx95LnOR 4]y& ],RH' LnO� 4 G/ �7<,H'3 z{|}~�����8�z{| � R \ 5C9 � �3� } z{|����� ��� % &, � �G/ � aG/ �CD5[ ������% "#� � �789� C/�7� 78H. �� 4 3 2� � � �� ' �3 7��*+, �, � � "#��8� 5d *+'&9 4 � � � ~¡73 ��7 ]' ¢C£¤��% &¥O¦SR ^_�§ �<9 , M�¨%©O'ª «]E¬9 C� �3W � 4­_7 : R ],M5R K ®�¯� � A ° ±°²*+'&9 ^³ ³ ´ °�X

µ@ ¶ �C·� Y*+,ljQ? ¸ ¹ aº»¼ �� 7�x9 ljQ? 789½ � C·� ?@G/d *+9

� �� � � ��

� �

� � �

�� � � � � � � � �� � � � � �� �� � !" � � � #$ % &� � � ' (� ) * +� � �� ,�� � - � . �

� � / 0 � � � 1 � � �� 2� � 0 34$5 67 � �

� 1 �8 � 9� � !: �

� !: ;1 . � < = > ? @ + A �B � � C �DEF * G� � !: H I !: J AK + A �

1 � !: L M N @O P J�

+� � � � #� Q R !$�S T � U ;V � U

� � � W X Y ZY Y[ A\ � 1

� �

� � �

236

Fig. . Result of electric survey.

m

m m

m

m

m

yBP.

yBP.

; ;

2

0*

+** 3*

+*

+*

+332

2

+2**

,3** -1**

+3 ,*

+3,3 +31.

,**.

,**+

Page 9: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

��������� �������

� �237

Fig. . Photograph and sketch of boring core samples at the Edogawa primary school.3

Page 10: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

���� �� � �� � �

� �

� � �

238

Table . Characterics of boring core samples at the Edogawa primary school.+

Page 11: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

��������� �������

� �239

Fig. . Comparison between boring core at the Edogawa primary school and the Geo-slicer sample at the

riverbed of the Old-Edo River.

+*

Page 12: Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,,3 ,.* ˘ˇ · Vol. pp. *e-mail: nikosh@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Earthquake

� � � � � ���� � � � � ��

� � � � �� � � � �

� � �� � � �

� �� � � � �

� � � �� � �� � �

� � � �� � � � � � ��� �

� � � �� � � �

� � ��

�� � � � � �� � � �

� � ��� � � �

�� � � � � ��� �� �

� � � � � � � � ���� �

� � � � �� � � �

� �� � �� � � ���

� � �

� � � � � �� ��� � � � �� � � � ��� � !" #$%&''($) * +&, -�./ 012 � 34 � � 5 �

� � 6 � � � � � � � 7� � � 89 3 �� :� ; <- = >? @ A��� � � ! BC DE BC BC F 2+&, G H-� BC �./ I 3 J K L �MNO PQRS� T1 UV HWX$Y

� � 6 � � I 3 J K Z � L �M[?O MN\ ] M^_\ N\� T UV � �

= >? AE I 3 J K � TM^_\ UV� � � � ` ab � c � H � BCd 1

� � e f gh � i j kl m no p [?O q MN\V � - r s A b t<-

�./ 01 Z uvw � h x Myz M{_\ V |A I I

} AM~� :I� � y U M��� V�� � �� � BCMN\)�$,��� -� ��-� �./ 01

p y )�$, ��� Z uvw � A�� � I I�BC � � M :I� � yM QR\ U M������ � V -� ��-� �./ 0I b -BC A � 1 bBCM�_� -�� �n x V V �� u � �� f A�� �P   ¡¢ x A £

¤ ¥ ¦ u � §¨©Yª« 7 k ¬ MN\ � � ­� ® ;¯° ± |�A¢² = : -³ �: - BC I A� no´p µ noB� V BC S¶ [?O C

-��· ¸ ¹�- º »¼\ b �� ½

� �

� �� �� � �

� �� � � � � ��� � �� ��� ��� � � �� �� ! " ��

�� #$ % & ' &(�� )* � �� � +, �� -.

/� 0 � �� � � � � � � � ��� �� �123� �� ��� 4 567 8 9: �� ;< #$ %=<> ?@�A B C ! " �� DEF G $ ' *

&( H� #$ %= CI J� K L � M NO C �P QA �

� �� /� 0 2R� � � K L � M ST U� NO� �AV WX Y �G <> � Z QA� 7[O?@�A >B \ ] K L � M � #^_Z QA

��� � � �� �� ` BabNO � � c d �� e f 8 g� � h ij klm� n !�o � p�AV qr> QA� &(�� s tu vw �

) xy z {|}~ !�~ �� � � �� 8� �> �� w � 0 ��#�� � �� �L � �Lk�� � � �� 8 ��� _� �<Z QA &(

� � � �� QA % k )k�� � )� �� &(� � � xy z {|}~ !�~ �� � � ��� �� � 0 ��#� � �� �L � �L

��� ��(_ � ��w)��� I 8 ��� _� �< Z QA&( QA % k )

/ �� &( d�� ��� ��  ¡ �� � ¢ £ 8�> �� w ¤/�� w ��

� � ¥ ¦L �� § z #k0 8 g � ¨© ª 8�> �� �� � � « � j¬ ��~ � ­ vw

® QA ¯°! ± � � �²~ ³´ &(: ��µ¶· % 56 %�� v 8 8 k ´

k �� c¸' �L ¹!QA � w �� � �� QA �AVWX �! �� º �� u �J

����

� �

��

��

��

��

��

� � �

� � � � �� �

� � � � �� � � � � � � � � �

� � �

� � � � � � � �

�� � � � �� � � � �

� � � � �� � � �

�� � � � �

� � � �

� � � � � �� � � � �

� �

240

No. , C .

pp.

B pp.

. .

.

.

.

.

No. , P .

.

.

.

pp.

.

.

.

pp.

.

.

Geo-slicer . (Received November , )

(Accepted February , )

pp.

,**. +, +331

+0 ++ +1 +331 , 0*

,0

+331 +332 2

, //

3 +33-

,+1 ,,* -- .+

+33/

+332 .3* /*-

, ,. ,0 +330

.1 //

+331 ,**+

. ,+1 ,,0

+331 , ++,

+3,3 ,**2

. +0

+332 ,**2 -/ -0

+ ,+ ,**3

,**3

,* , ,**3

+333 -+ -,

-.0 -03 +31.

,,1 ,.3

+322 ,**- .+0 ,**+

1*** , 0*/

+./ +2, +312

+331 ,-+ ,.0

/3 03 +0 ,**3

+33, ,- ,*+*

,/+

.00

.2

.0

,/3

//

+

/*

+*2

0-

+0

+*0


Recommended