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Vol. V Issue II April 2018 Impact Factor: 2.0674 ISSN: 2394-1758

MultidisciplinaryGlobalJournalofAcademicResearch(MGJAR)

Vol.VIssue.IIApril2018ImpactFactor:2.0674ISSN:2394-1758

Contents

Inter-District Agricultural Development Disparities inOdisha:AStatisticalStudyDr.PrasantaKumarPradhan

1-8

Problems and Prospects of Women EntrepreneursAnalysisDr.V.Muruganandam

9-18

A Study on Training and Development of WomenEmployees with Special Reference to FireworksIndustriesinSatturTalukDr.S.Revathi&P.Renganayaki

19-26

ChauvinismandRealism:ACritiqueofChamanNahal’sTheSaltofLifeA.Mani

27-32

The Government Schemes for Women and ChildDevelopmentinTamilNadu,IndiaDr.R.Dhanasekar&Dr.V.Neelamegam

33-40

Publisher

45,T.A.Koil5thStreet,Velachery,Chennai–600042,TamilNadu,India.

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MultidisciplinaryGlobalJournalofAcademicResearch(MGJAR)

EditorialBoard

Dr.V.NeelamegamEditorinChief(Hon)AssistantProfessor,FS&H.,SRMUniversity,TamilNadu,India.

Dr.P.ArunachalamProfessorDepartmentofAppliedEconomicsCochinUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kochi-682022,Kerala.India.

Dr.JoséG.Vargas-HernándezUniversityCenterforEconomicandManagerialSciences,UniversityofGuadalajara.UniversitarioLosBelenes,C.P.45100,Zapopan,Jalisco,México.

Dr.SoniaSelwinBusinessManagementTrainers,CommercialStudiesDivision,BahrainTrainingInstitute,MinistryofEducation,KingdomofBahrain

Dr.SanjayN.TupeAssociateProfessor&Head,Dept.ofBankingandfinance,B.Y.K.CollegeofCommerceCollegeRoad,Nashik-422005,India.

Dr.PranamDharAssociateProfessor,DepartmentofCommerce&Management,WestBengalStateUniversity.Barasat,WestBengal,Kolkata–700126,India.

Dr.B.JohnsonAssociateProfessorDeptofCommerceandManagementStudies,UniversityofCalicutKeralaState673635,India.

Dr.S.R.SheejaAssistantProfessorofEconomicsSchoolofDistanceEducation(SDE)UniversityofKeralaThiruvananthapuram-34,India.

Dr.R.RamachandranAsst.ProfessorCommerceDDE,AnnamalaiUniversityTamilnadu-608002,India.

Dr.D.AmuthaAssociateProfessor(Economics)St.Mary’sCollege(Autonomous),Thoothukudi,Tamilnadu,India

Dr.K.KaviarasuAssistantProfessorofEnglish,BishopHeberCollege(Autonomous),Trichirappalli-620017.T.N.,India.

P.Anbarasan,B.E.,MSW.,Researcher&SocialWorker,Daasya,ChennaiTamilnadu,India.

MGJAR/Vol.V/Iss.II/April 2018 pp. 1 - 8

1

RESEARCHPAPER www.academicresearchsupport.com

ImpactFactor:2.0674

MultidisciplinaryGlobalJournalofAcademicResearch

(MGJAR)Vol.VIss.IIApril2018ISSN:2394-1758

Inter-DistrictAgriculturalDevelopmentDisparitiesinOdisha:AStatisticalStudy

Dr.PrasantaKumarPradhan

Head,DepartmentofEconomics,Women’sCollege,Khordha,Odisha

AbstractThe present paper is an attempt to measure the regional disparities in the level ofagriculturaldevelopmentinOdishaattwopointsoftimei.e.1994-95and2011-12.Theextent of inter-districts agricultural development disparities has been measured byusingDeprivationIndexmethod.Thestudyhasalsousedthemostcommonlyusedtoolslikeranking,disparityratio,CVandGinico-efficientinordertoexaminethedisparitytrend in agricultural development over the years.. Eight indicators of agriculturaldevelopmentareconsidered.Thedistrictsareclassifiedsintodeveloped(D),moderatelydeveloped (MD)and lessdeveloped (LD)on thebasisof their respectivedevelopmentindex values. The study finds that Odisha has experienced agricultural developmentovertheyearsalongwithadeclineinthedisparitylevelacrossthedistricts.

KeyWords:Agriculture,Development,Disparity,Disparityratio,DeprivationIndexmethod.

INTRODUCTION

Odisha is an agrarian state with agriculture and animal husbandry sectorprovidingemploymentdirectlyorindirectlyto32.49percentoftotalworkforceasper2011Census.TheshareofagricultureinNSDPwas61percentduring1950-51whichwasdecreasedto17.2percentduring2011-12at2004-05prices.Evidently,agricultureplaysacriticalroleintheeconomyofthestateandprovideslivelihoodtomajorityofitspopulace.Thenaturalresourcesendowmentofthestateiseminentlysuitable for a wide variety of food grains, cash crops and horticultural crops andoffers immense scope for agricultural growth. The climate of the state is tropical,


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characterizedbyhightemperature,highhumidity,mediumtohighrainfallandmildwinters.Thenormalrainfallis1482.2mmdistributedover72rainydays.TheSouth-Westmonsooncontributesabout81-83percentoftheannualrainfallin53-57daysduring June-September.Themeanannual temperatureof the state is26.89o Cwithmeanannualmaximumof32.56oCwithameanannualminimumof21.30oC.Further,in order to tackle the problem of rain-fed agriculture and to formulate suitablepolicies for different regions, the entire state of Odisha has been classified into 10agro-climaticzones.AlthoughtheshareofagricultureintheStateDomesticProduct(SDP)hasbeendecliningovertheyearsinOdisha,theimportanceofthissectorismoreorlessstablesincealargesegmentofpopulacedependsonthissectorfortheirlivelihood.Ontheother hand, the state Odisha is characterized by wide diversity and considerablespatio-temporalvariation in the levelsof agriculturaldevelopment.Perpetuationofsuchdisparitieshasbeenverymuchdetrimentaltothegrowthofthestateeconomy. The present study makes an attempt to construct agricultural developmentindex for the districts ofOdisha inorder to study the extent of disparities existingamongthem. It ishypothesizedthat theregionaldisparities inagriculturaldevelop-mentaregrowingovertime.Thespecificobjectivesare:

1)Torankthedistrictsonthebasisofthelevelsofagriculturaldevelopment.2)Tofindoutchangesinthedisparitylevelofagriculturaldevelopmentover

theyears.

DATASOURCEANDMETHODOLOGY The study is based on the basis of secondary data from published andunpublished sources of both the Government and Non-government organizations.Odisha Economic Survey, District Statistical Handbook, RBI Bulletins, OdishaStatisticalAbstractsandCensusofIndia1991and2011.

The study is carriedoutat twopointsof time, i.e.1994-95and2011-12.Thebaseyear, 1994-95 is selected because required data for all districtswas available from1994-95afterreconstitutionofdistrictsofOdishafrom13to30districtsintheyear1992andtheyear2011-12istakenastheterminalyearofthestudyforavailabilityofthelatestdata.

In recent years, international organizations, researchers and practitionershavecontributedimmenselytowardstheconstructionofseveralcompositeindices.Acomposite index has both positive aswell as negative aspectswhich necessitate acarefulconsiderationofdifferentaspectsrelatingtoconstructionofcompositeindex. Thesupportersofcomposite indexbelievethatsuchasummarystatisticcanindeed capture reality and is meaningful, and that stressing the bottom line isextremelyusefulingarneringmediainterestandhencetheattentionofpolicymakers

Ithasremainedasacontentiousissuewhethertheweightfreeindexmethodorweighted indexmethod isabetter technique incomparisontoeachother.Swain


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andMohanty(2010)intheirarticlehavediscussedseveralshortcomingsassociatedwith the method developed by Iyengar and Sudarshan(1982) and suggested insupport of using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) inmultivariate developmentanalysisforrankingofdistricts/statesofacountry. In this study, it is proposed to construct a development index by usingDeprivationMethodasfollowedbyBishnoiandAneja(2008).Thismethod(absenceofdeprivation),givessimilarresultslikethemethodusedbyUNDPtoestimateHDIofeachcountryoftheworld(Siddiqui&Hussain,2010)DEVELOPMENTINDEXBYDEPRIVATIONMETHOD TherearethreestepsinvolvedinconstructingtheDevelopmentIndex(DI)bythe deprivation method. In order to get an index of deprivation, the measure ofregionsisdividedbythedifferencebetweenthemaximumandminimumvalue.Themathematicalequationusedtocalculateindexofdeprivationisasfollows: Iij=Maxi–Xij/Maxi-Mini

Where,Iijdenotesdeprivationindexofithvariableatjthunitofstudy.MaxiandMini denote the maximum and minimum value of the ith variable in the seriesrespectively.Xijdenotesoriginalvalueofithvariableatjthunitofstudy.Inthesecondstep the average deprivation index is estimated by taking simple average of allindicatorsusingthefollowingformula:

Ij= /n

Where,Ijdenotesindexofdeprivation(asanaverage)ofjthunitofstudy.

Finally,inthethirdstepdevelopmentindexisdefinedastheabsenceofdeprivation,whichismathematicallyexpressedas:

DIj=(1- /n)

Where,DIjdenotesthedevelopmentindexatjthunitofstudy

Thedistrictwise industrialdevelopment indiceshavebeenconstructed fortheyear1994-95and2011-12.For comparisonamong thedistrictsover time thestudy has classified all the districts into three categories namely; developed (D),moderately developed (MD) and less developed (LD). The study categorizeddistricts assuming that the worked out composite index follows a normaldistributionwithmean(μ)andstandarddeviation(σ).Theclassificationismadebyusingthefollowingclassintervalsasfollows:

Developed(D)= μ+0.5σ ModeratelyDeveloped(MD)=inbetweenμ–0.5σandμ+0.5σ LessDeveloped(LD)= μ–0.5σ


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Further, the study has used the most commonly used tools like ranking,disparity ratio, CV and Gini Co-efficient in order to examine the disparity trendbetweentheyear1994-95and2011-12.INDICATORSKeeping the objectives in view, the following indicators at two points of time areselectedforthestudy.X1=PercentageofcultivablelandtototallandareaX2=PercentageofnetareasowntototalcultivableareaX3=Percentageofirrigatedlandtonetareasown X4=Croppingintensity X5=Averageyieldoffoodgrains X6=PercentageofHYVlandtonetareasown X7=AverageconsumptionoffertilizerinkgperhectareX8=PercentageofagriculturalworkerstototalmainworkersLEVELSOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTINODISHA DisparityinagriculturaldevelopmentinOdishaacrossthedistrictshasalwaysremainedasamatterofseriousconcern.Itmaybeattributedtodifferentialresourceendowmentsintermsofsoilfertility,landholdingpattern,croppingpattern,averageannual rainfall, irrigation, infrastructure and socio-economic status of farmers.Moreover,intheregimeofmercerization,itisexpectedthatdisparityinthelevelsofagriculturaldevelopmentmighthaveincreasedovertheyears. As mentioned in the Deprivation Index method has been used to constructcompositeAgriculturalDevelopmentIndices(ADI)forall30districtsofOdishatakinginto account eight indicators of agricultural development. All the districts areclassified into three levels of development such (i) Developed (D), (ii) ModeratelyDeveloped(MD)andLessDeveloped(LD)onthebasisoftheirrespectiveAgriculturalDevelopmentIndex(ADI)scores.

DEPRIVATIONINDEXMETHOD Therankingofdistrictsonthebasisof levelofagriculturaldevelopmentbydeprivation indexmethod is presented in Table 1andTable 2.The district Bargarhtops the ranking order with the highest index score (i.e. 0.738) and the districtMalkangiri is at the bottom with the lowest index score (i.e. 0.164) in 1994-95.According to thismethod 10 districts are classified as developed, in 1994-95 .Thedistricts areBalasore, Bhadrak and Jajpur fromNECP zone, Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur,KendraparaandPuri fromESECPzone,BargarhandSonepur fromWCTLzoneandGanjamfromNEGzoneofthestate.Sevendevelopeddistrictsarefromcoastalplainareawithslightvariations.Inothertwocategoriesofagriculturaldevelopment,ninedistrictsarefoundinMDcategoryand11districtsarefoundinLDcategory. In 2011-12, some changes are observed in the ranking order of districts interms of agricultural development .An equal number of districts are found in thedeveloped category i.e. 10 numbers as in 1994-95 with only two changes.


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NawarangpurdistricthasmovedfromLDcategorytoDcategoryandGanjamfromDcategorytoMDcategory.

Table1RANKINGOFDISTRICTSOFODISHAONTHEBASISOFLEVELOF

AGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTBYDEPRIVATIONINDEXMETHOD

Sl.No Districts 1994-95 2011-12ADI Rank Status ADI Rank Status

1 Anugul 0.384 20 LD 0.265 28 LD2 Balasore 0.679 4 D 0.687 2 D3 Baragarh 0.738 1 D 0.617 5 D4 Bhadrak 0.634 6 D 0.619 4 D5 Bolangir 0.434 17 MD 0.354 22 LD6 Boudh 0.363 22 LD 0.420 15 MD7 Cuttack 0.625 7 D 0.575 6 D8 Deogarh 0.319 26 LD 0.411 17 MD9 Dhenkanal 0.434 16 MD 0.419 16 MD

10 Gajapati 0.460 15 MD 0.496 12 MD11 Ganjam 0.680 3 D 0.424 14 MD12 Jagatsingpur 0.664 5 D 0.636 3 D13 Jajpur 0.569 8 D 0.521 10 D14 Jharsugura 0.470 13 MD 0.263 29 LD15 Kalahandi 0.423 18 MD 0.478 13 MD16 Kandhamala 0.300 28 LD 0.222 30 LD17 Kendrapara 0.568 9 D 0.522 9 D18 Keonjhar 0.330 25 LD 0.360 20 LD19 Khurda 0.513 12 MD 0.396 18 MD20 Koraput 0.409 19 MD 0.352 23 LD21 Malkangiri 0.164 30 LD 0.293 26 LD22 Mayurbhanj 0.354 24 LD 0.392 19 MD23 Nawarangpur 0.362 23 LD 0.553 7 D24 Nayagarh 0.462 14 MD 0.352 24 LD25 Nuapada 0.311 27 LD 0.358 21 LD26 Puri 0.553 10 D 0.538 8 D27 Rayagada 0.364 21 LD 0.314 25 LD28 Sambalpur 0.540 11 MD 0.502 11 MD29 Sonepur 0.687 2 D 0.703 1 D30 Sundargarh 0.273 29 LD 0.285 27 LDNote:

(1)D,MDandLDstandfordeveloped,moderatelydevelopedandlessdeveloped,respectively.(2)Where,D=542,MD=>0.395&<0.542andLD=<0.395for

(3)Where,D=0.510MD=>0.378&<0.510andLD=<0.378Source:Owncalculation


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Table2

ZONEWISECLASIFICATIONOFDISTRICTSONTHEBASISOFLEVELSOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTBYDEPRIVATIONINDEXMETHOD:

1994-95AND2011-12Category IndexScore Location Districts

1994-95

Developed 0.542andabove

NECP(3)ESECP(4)WCTL(2)NEG(1)

Balasore,Baragarh,Bhadrak,Cuttack,Ganjam,Jagatsinghpur,Jajpur,Kendrapara,Puri,Sonepur

ModeratelyDeveloped

Between0.395and

0.542

WCTL(3)MCT(1)NEG(1)WUZ(1)ESECP(2)EGHL(1)

Bolangiri,Dhenkanal,Gajapati,Jharsugura,Kalahandi,Khurda,Koraput,Nayagarh,Sambalpur

LessDeveloped

0.395andbelow

MCT(1)(WCTL(1)NCP(2)NEG(2)SEG(1)EGHL(1)WUZ(1)NWP(2)

Angul,Boudh,Deogarh,Kandhamal,Keonjahr,Malkangiri,MayurbhanjNawarangpur,Nuapada,Rayagada,Sundargarh

2011-12

Developed 0.510andabove

NECP(3)ESECP(4)WCTL(2)EGHL(1)

Balasore,Baragarh,Bhadrak,Cuttack,NawarangpurJagatsinghpur,Jajpur,Kendrapara,Puri,Sonepur

ModeratelyDeveloped

Between0.378and

0.510

WCTL(2)NWP(1)MCT(1)NEG(2)WUZ(1)ESECP(1)NCP(1)

Boudh,Deogarh,Dhenkanal,Gajapati,Ganjam,Kalahandi,Khurda,Mayuebhanj,Sambalpur

LessDeveloped

0.378andbelow

MCT(1),WCTL(2)NEG(2)NCP(1)EGHL(1)SEG(1)ESECP(1)WUZ(1)NWP(1)

Anugul,Bolangir,Jharsugura,Kandhamal,Keonjhar,Koraput,Malkangiri,Nayagarh,Nuapada,Rayagada,Sundargarh

Note: NorthWesternPlateau(NWP),NorthCentralPlateau(NCP),NorthEstern

CoastalPlane(NECP)EastandSouthEasternCoastalPlane(ESECP),NorthEasternGhat(NEG)

EasternGhatHighLand(EGHL),SouthEasternGhat(SEG),WesternUndwelingZone(WUZ).WesternCentralTableLand(WCTL),MidCentralTable(MCT)

Source:Table1


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Table3RANKINGOFTOPANDBOTTOMSIXDISTRICTSOFODISHAINTERMS

OFAGRICULTUTALDEVELOPMENTINDEXFORTHEYEAR1994-95AND2011-12

Method

1994-95 2011-12TopSix

DistrictsBottomSix

districtsTopSix

DistrictsBottomSix

districts

DeprivationIndexMethod

Baragarh Keonjhar Sonepur RayagadaSonepur Deogarh Balasore MalkangiriGanjam Nuapada Jagatsingpur SundargarhBalasore Kandhamala Bhadrak AnugulJagatsingpur Sundargarh Baragarh JharsuguraBhadrak Malkangiri Cuttack Kandhamala

Source:Table1

DISPARITIESINTHELEVELSOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENT Disparity ratio, coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient of agriculturaldevelopment indices (ADIs) by indexing method, deprivation method and principalcomponent analysis method indicating the magnitude of inter-district disparities inagricultural development at two points of time i.e. for the year 1994-95 and 2011-12 arepresentedinTable4.In2011-12thevaluesofthedisparityratio,coefficientofvariationandGinicoefficientarearedecreasingascomparedtotheyear1994-95indicatingareductionindisparitiesinthelevelofagriculturaldevelopmentinthestateofOdisha..Therefore,itisclearthatdisparitiesinagriculturaldevelopmentacrossdistrictsofOdishahavedeclinedovertheyearsunderstudy.

Table 5.23 DISPARITIES IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX FOR

THE YEAR 1994-95 AND 2011-12

Sl.No Indicators 1994-95 2011-12

IM DIM PCAM IM DIM PCAM

1 Avg. of top six districts 135.5 0.68 0.931 132.63 0.639 0.915

2 Avg. of bottom six districts 74.27 0.283 0.241 77.4 0.273 0.172

3 Disparity ratio 59.95 84.77 122.26 54.07 82.37 146.91

4 STD 23.07 0.15 0.26 20.41 0.13 0.26

5 CV 22.60 31.22 45.96 19.99 29.76 52.12

6 Gini Coefficient 0.1257 0.1747 0.2562 0.1113 0.1669 0.2877 Note: Disparity ratio has been estimated from average of indices. IM = Index Method DIM = Deprivation Index Method PCAM = Principal Component Analysis Method Source : Table 5.12, 5.14 and 5.19


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Table4DISPARITYINAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTINDEX

FORTHEYEAR1994-95AND2011-12

Sl.No Indicators

DIM

1994-95 2011-121 Avgoftopsixdistricts 0.68 0.6392 Avg.ofbottomsixdistricts 0.283 0.2733 Disparityratio 84.77 82.374 SD 0.15 0.135 CV 31.22 29.766 GiniCoefficient 0.1747 0.1669

Note:Disparityratiohasbeenestimatedfromaverageindicesoftopandbottomsixdistricts.Source-Owncomputation

CONCLUSION Theaboveempiricalstudywasanattempttoexaminetheincidenceofinter-districtdisparity inagriculturaldevelopmentovertheperiod1994-95–2011-12. ItcanbeobservedthatthestateOdishaisexperiencingagriculturaldevelopmentwithadeclineintheinter-districtdisparitiesacrossthedistricts.

REFERENCES:Bishnoi, Narendra K. and Ranjan Aneja, (2008), “RegionalVariations of Socio-

EconomicDevelopmentinHaryana:AdistrictLevelAnalysis”,IndianJournalofRegionalScience,40(2),pp.26-40.

.GovernmentofOdisha, (2012),EconomicSurvey2011-12,DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofOdisha,Bhubaneswar.

GovernmentofOdisha, (2013),Economic Survey 2012-13, Directorate of EconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofOdisha,Bhubaneswar.

Iyengar, N. S. and Sudarshan, P., (1982), “A method of classifying regions frommultivariatedata”,EconomicandPoliticalWeekly,SpecialArticle:2047-52.

Pradhan.P.K. andKumar.S.C.(2015),”IndustrialDevelopmentDisparities InOdisha:ADistrictLevelAnalysis”ZIJMR.Vol.5(8)

Pradhan.P.K. and Kumar.S.C.(2015),”Disparity in Basic Infrastructure and ServicesDevelopment:DistrictLevelStudyInOdisha”IJMSSR.Vol.4(7)

Siddiqui, F.A and Hussain, N., (2010), “Analysis of Micro Level Socio-EconomicDisparities in Malda District, West Bengal”, Asia-Pacific Journal of SocialSciences, Vol.II(1),January-June,pp.39-61.

Swain, AKPC and Mohanty, B., (2010), “Socio-demograhic Disparities in Orissa—MaternalandChildHealthandWelfarePerspectives”,DemographyIndia,Vol.39,No.1(2010),pp.129-139

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ImpactFactor:2.0674



ProblemsandProspectsofWomenEntrepreneursAnalysis

Dr.V.MuruganandamAssistantProfessor,DeptofCommerce,

MKUConstitutecollege,Sattur.TamilNadu

AbstractWomen entrepreneurship is the process where women or group of women initiate organize and provide employment opportunities to other. The Government of India has defined women enterprise as an industrial unit where one or more entrepreneur have not less than 51 percent of financial holding. A women as entrepreneur is economically more powerful than a more worker. In India, the entrepreneurial world is still dominated by men. But the percentage of women in business is steadily increasing. They are growing more and more conscious of their role, status and right in the society. Their hidden entrepreneurial talents triggered by persistence and perseverance contribute to amazing results. The Common problems faced by the respondents of the study were Financial, Initiation, Societal recognition, marketing and Family balance. Their need for educational facilities, training and development on management skills and should be encouraged for entrepreneurship amongst women.

KeyWords:Womenentrepreneurs,SocietyandProblems.INTRODUCTION Womenentrepreneursinasocietydependstoagreatextentontheeconomic,religious, cultural, social psychological and a host of other factors. To developingcountrieslikeIndia,thepresenceofentrepreneurs,thattowomenentrepreneursinvital necessity, to achieve a rapid, all around and regionally and socially balancedeconomic growth through industrialization. It also helps in tapping the inherenttalentprevailingamongthemandactsasapanaceaformanyproblemsfacedbythemsuchadowrydeath,lowrecognitioninsociety,poverty,unemploymentandexcessivedependenceonmalemembers.Thereisagreaterdynamismintherateofgrowthof


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femaleemployment. Theemergencyofwomenentrepreneurs is tobeviewed as asocio-economicemancipationofwomen. TheGovernmentofIndiaconsiderwomenenterpriseas“anenterpriseownedandcontrolledbyawomanhavingaminimumfinancialinterestof51%ofthecapitalandgivingatleast51%oftheemploymentgeneratedintheenterprisetowomen. The US administration ismaking special efforts of assist women to get intobusiness and stay in business through Government controlled agency called SBA(SmallBusinessAdministration). TheUSBureauofCensushasrevealedthe26%ofbusinesswasownedbywomenentrepreneursin1980and32%in1990.IneasternNigeria, half of the trade done bywomen and in Ghana, 80% of theworld’s smallentrepreneursarewomen’s. The general observation and several studies relating to the factors affectingwomenentrepreneurshipdevelopmentreviewthattowfactorsinfluencethegrowthofwomenentrepreneurinIndia. Pull factors imply the factors which encourage women to becomeentrepreneurs. Push factors are those which compute women to becomeentrepreneurs. SinceindependencethereisaconsiderableincreaseinthenumberofwomenentrepreneursinIndiaOwingchieflytotheGovernmentpatronageandfinancialaid.Estimatesshowthatattheendofthefinancialyear2000-01.Thenumberregisteredunits run by women was 83% in SSI sector. The profile of women in postindependence India has undergrow a perceptible change and rate of change isaccelerating.STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM WomeninIndiaconstitutealargeproportionoftotalunemployedpopulationandhenceitisimperativetofindouttheentrepreneurialconstraintsfacedbythem.In the era of entrepreneurship, this decade specially belongs to womenentrepreneurs.Thefollowingquestionswereprobed:

1. What are the problems faced by the women enterprise in running theenterprise?

2. What are the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in starting theenterprise?

3. Doesentrepreneurshipbringaboutsocialupliftmentinthesociety?OBJECTIVEOFTHSTUDY Theresearchiscarriedonwiththefollowingobjectives:

1. Toanalyzetheleaveofsatisfactionofthewomenentrepreneurs.2. Toidentifytheproblemsandobstaclesfacedbythewomenobjectives:3. Topredictthefutureprospectsforthewomenentrepreneurs.


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METHODOLOGY4.1.AreaofStudyandSamplingTechnique TheStudy isconfinedtoTirunelvelicity. Thereasonforchoosingthecity ismainly due to the reason that Tirunelveli place of small scale industries andconcentration of many women entrepreneurs in this area. The date has beencollected using random sampling technique, wherein the researcher collected thequestionnairesfromthewomenentrepreneursinTirunelveli.4.2.SampleSize Hundred and fifty respondents were selected in the around Tirunelvelienterprises taken up for the study were beauty parlors, handloom units, P.C.O’s.Generalstoresandfitnesscenters.4.3.Sourcesandcollectionofdata For the purpose of the study primary data were collected through a well-structuredquestionnairefromtherespondentthequestionnairewasdesignedsuchaway that, it analyses the various problems and the future prospected soft nameentrepreneur. The first part of the questionnaire sought the general informationabout the respondents. The remains of part was directed towards finding out theviewsoftherespondentsondifferentareaoftheobjectivesofthestudy.4.4Toolsforanalysis Thefollowingtoolswereusedtoanalyzeandinterpretthedatacollected.

Percentageanalysis,Chi-squareandAnova.

Table1:Summarystatistics

PERSONALFACTORS

FREQUENCY PERCEN-TAGE

CUMPERCINTAGE

Age 30–4040–4550andabove

415950

27.339.333.3

27.366.7100

Maritalstatus MarriedSingleSeparated

13893

9262

9298100

EducationalQualification

SchoolLevelDiplomaGraduation

456738

3044.725.3

3074.7100

ParentOccupation

BusinessIndustryService

257946

16.752.730.7

16.769.3100

FamilyStructure

NuclearJoint

12426

82.717.3

82.7100


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Modeofentryintoindustry

InheritancePurchaseLeaseNewUnite

5209116

3.313.3677.3

3.316.722.7100

OccupationBeforeestablishingtheunit

StudentEmployedBusiness

396051

264034

2666100

TypeoforganizationPartnership

SoleProprietorship

1419

946

94100

5.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

The above table gives a detailed description of the personal profile of therespondents.Itisfoundthatthemajorityoftherespondentsisinthegroupof40-50years,marriedandhadadiplomaqualification.Majorityoftherespondentsparentsareinaustralbackground,arefromnuclearfamily. Startedanewunitoftheirown,wereemployedbeforeestablishingtheirandaresoleproprietorstotheirbusiness.Objective2.Toidentifythatproblemsandobstaclesfacedbythewomenentrepreneurs.5.2.H.H.Thereisnosignificationdifferenceamongthevariousreasonstostarttheenterprise.

Table2.ReasonstoStartthebusiness

Reason ObservedN

ExpectedN

calculatedX2

Tablevalue

Sig

EducationalQualificationNeedforselfdevelopmentPrimitive

526236

505050

6.88 5.991 sig

Sum the above table is found that for 2 df at 5% level, calculated value is

higherthanthetablevalue.Hence,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Thusitisobservedfrom the study that, need for self-developmentwas the reason formajority of thewomenentrepreneurstostarttheirownenterprise.5.22N.H.Thereisnodifferenceamongthevariousfactorsinfluencingtochoosethislineofactivity.


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Table3.Factorsinfluencingtochoosethelineofactivity.

Reason ObservedN

ExpectedN

calculatedX2

Tablevalue

Sig

KnowledgeofpotentialmarketRisibilityofrawmaterialHighmarginofprofit

526337

505050

6.76 5.991 sig

Fromtheabovetable it is foundthat for2dfat5%level,calculatedvalue is

higherthanthetablevalueHence. Thenullhypothesisrejected. Thus,itisinferredthatavailabilityofrawmaterialwasthemajorfactorthatinfluencedtherespondentschoosethelineofactivity.5.2.3N.H.Thereisnodifferenceamongthevariousproblemsinstartingtheenterprise.

Table4.ProblemsinStartingthebusiness.Problemsinstartingthe

businessObserved

NExpected

Ncalculated

X2Tablevalue

Sig

ArrangingfinanceIdentifyingasuitableproductIdentifyingasuitablelocationPreparationofprojectreport

71441718

37.537.537.537.5

52.400 7.815 sig

From the above table is found that for 3 df at 5% level, calculated value ishigherthanthetablevalue. Hence, thenullhypothesis isrejected.Thus, it is foundfrom the study that arranging financewas themajor problem faced by thewomenentrepreneurfollowedbyindentifyingasuitableproduct.5.2.4N.H.Thereisnodifferenceamongthevariousproblemsinrunningthebusiness.

TABLE5.Problemsinrunningthebusiness.Problemsinrunningthe

businessObserved

NExpected

Ncalculated

X2Tablevalue

Sig

ManagerialProblemsFamilyProblemsReligionstaboosHeightrateofinterest

20703822

37.537.537.537.5

42.747 7.815 sig

5.2.5N.H:Thereisnodifferenceamongthevariousobstaclesinbecominganentrepreneur


14

TABLE:6ObstaclesinbecominganentrepreneurProblems Observed

NExpected

Ncalculated

X2Tablevalue

Sig

FinanceLackofinformationLackoftrainingCombiningfamilyandworklife

39206130

37.537.537.537.5

10.840 7.815 Sig

From the above table is found that for a df at 5% level, calculated value ishigher than the table value. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus, it isobserved that lack of training was the major obstacle faced by the womenentrepreneursbeforestartingtheirownenterprise.5.1.Objective1.Toanalyzethelevelofsatisfactionofthewomenentrepreneurs.5.1.1.N.H:Thereisnosignificantdifferenceinthelevelofsatisfactionamongtherespondentsbelongingtovariousaregroups.

TABLE7:AGEVSLEVELOFSATISFACTIONAge N Mean

30-40Years

40-50Years

50yearsandabove

41

59

50

21.63

22.15

22.72

ANOVATABLE1Source Sumof

SquaresDf Mean

SquareF Sig

BetweenGroups

WithinGroups

36.781

273.219

2

147

13.390

1.589

7.204 .001

Thetablevalue0.001<0.005.Hence,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Thus,itisinferred that the middle age group of Women entrepreneurs were moresatisfied.5.1.2N.H:There is no significant difference in the level of satisfaction amongtherespondentsofvariousfromofbusiness.


15

TABLE8:FROMOFBUSINESSVSLEVELOFSATISFACTIONAge N Mean

Business

Industry

Service

25

75

50

21.63

22.15

22.72

ANOVATABLEII

Source SumofSquares

Df MeanSquare

F Sig

BetweenGroups

WithinGroups

1.734

298.266

2

147

.867

2.029

.427 .653

SinceFisnotsignificant,nullhypothesisisaccepted.Thus,itisconcludedthatwomenentrepreneursofalltheformsofbusinesswereequallysatisfied.5.1.3.N.H:Thereisnosignificantdifferenceinthemeanscoresoftherespondentamounteducationalqualification.

TABLE9.QUALIFICATIONVSLEVELOFSTATISFACTIONQualification N Mean

UptoSchoolLevel

Diploma

Graduation

45

67

38

22.48

22.11

22.00

ANOVATABLEIII

Source Sumof

SquaresDf Mean

SquareF Sig

BetweenGroups

WithinGroups

5.711

294.289

2

147

2.855

2.002

1.426 .244

SinceFissignificant,nullhypothesisisaccepted.Thus,itisfoundthatthewomenentrepreneurswithdifferentnationalqualificationwereequallysatisfied.


16

5.3.Objective3:Topredictthefutureprospectsforthewomenentrepreneurs.5.5.7 N.H: There is no difference in the expectation of performance of thebusinessinfuture.

TABLE10:Performanceofbusinessinfuture.Problems Observed

NExpected

Ncalculated

X2Tablevalue

Sig

Verygood

Good

Average

59

74

17

24

102

24

60.770 5.991 Sig

Fromthetableitisfoundthatfor3dfat5%level,calculatedvalueishigher

thanthetablevalue.Hence,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Thus,itisinferredthatmajorityoftherespondentsbelievedthatthebusinessinfuturewouldbeprospective.Findings Itisfoundthatmajorityoftherespondentsbelongstotheagegroupof40–50years and Married. Most of the respondents have completed their diplomarespondentsbelongedtounclearfamilyandtheirparentshadindustrialbackground.Majority of the respondents have started new unit of their business andwere notmembersofanyaccountswomenentrepreneurs.It is also found thatmostof the respondentshad soleproprietorship concernsandwereintoservicenatureofbusiness.Majorityoftherespondentsstartedtheirenterprisefortheneedofselfdevelopment.Arrangingfinancewasthemajorconcernformajorityoftherespondentsinstartingtheirbusiness.Availabilityofrawmaterialwasthemajorfactorthatinfluencedtherespondentstochoosethelineofactivity.Family problems were the major problem in running the business followed byreligioustaboos.lackoftrainingandfinancewerethemajorobstaclesinbecomingentrepreneurs.This is no difference among the level of satisfaction among the respondents ofdifferentformsofbusiness.


17

Thereisnosignificantdifferenceinthelevelofsatisfactionamongtherespondentsofdifferentformsofbusinessthereisnosignificantdifferenceinthelevelofsatisfactionamongtherespondentsofdifferentagegroup.Majorityoftherespondentsexpectedtheirbusinesstoperformfamilywellinfuture.7.SUGGESTIONSANDCONCLUSION From the research, the researcheshas arrivedatvarious suggestions for theupliftmentofwomenentrepreneursinfutureinacountrylikeIndia.Weherewomenarelookeduponasdependentstovariousrelationsfromchildhoodtodeath,itisnotan easy task to come up as entrepreneurs. The Common problems faced by therespondentsofthestudywere

¨ Financialproblems¨ Initiationproblems¨ Societalrecognition¨ Marketingproblems¨ Work–Familybalance.

Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch theirbusinessventures.ButwomenindevelopingcountrieslikeIdeahavelittleaccesstomoney. Theydonotreceivesupportfromtheirfamilymembersofsociety,whichisusuallyamaledominant socialorder. In spiteof all theseproblems,mostof themhave succeeded to become entrepreneurs and are in the lead of their businessactivity.Thosewomenaretobeidentified,motivatedandencouragedtobringaboutanupliftment in thesociety. Theyaretobeprovidededucational facilities, traininganddevelopmentonmanagement skillsand shouldbeencouragedtoparticipate indecisionmaking. Moreover provision ofmicro credit and enterprise credit systemaretobemadeforthewomenentrepreneursoflocallevel.8.REFERENCES

1. Ajitkanitkar&JoseSabastian(2004)“SearchforbusinessideasAStudyofSuccessful Women Entrepreneurs” Working paper, Institute of RuralManagement,Ahmedabad.

2. Anitha h. S. and Laxmisha A.S., “Women Entrepreneurship in Indian – aCaseStudy”,SouthernEconomics,June15,2004.

3. AzadGulab Sign (2007) “Developmentof Entrepreneurship amongRuralWomen;AnOverview”SEDME,Vol.15No.2

4. BrushCandidaG.2006.“Researchonwomenbusinessowners;Pattrendsa new perspective and future directions”. Entrepreneurship Theory andProactive16:5-30


18

5. Corner, L.2007. “Women and economic development and cooperation inAsia–PacificEconomicCooperation”

6. JoseP.,AjithKumar&PaulT.M, (2014) “EntrepreneurshipDevelopment,HimalayaPublishing”MedhaDubhashiVinze(2014)

7. KamalaSingh, “WomenEntrepreneurship”AshishPublishingHouse,NewDelhi2006

8. Kapoor, K. 2005 “Entrepreneurship” APH Publishing Corporation, NewDelhi,2007

9. Dr.mani K.P., Dr.Sukumaran A., “Entrepreneurship”, Arjun Books, Calicut,2010,p.7-8.

10. RenukaV. (2016) “Opportunitiesandchallenges forwomen inbusiness”,IndiaTogether,NineReport,CivilSocietyInformationExchangePvt.,Ltd.

11. YadavR.J.,“WomenEntrepreneurship”,PoorviPress,Rajkot,2009.12. ChallengesFacedbyworkingwomeninIndia.www.womensforum.in13. Heman Karuna Devi, “women and work force in 21st century’s globalize

India”www.dcrcdu.org14. Meettodiscussproblemsofworkingwomen,TheHindu,Sunday,May11,

2013.15. Problemsfacedbywomenatworkplacewww.naukrihub.com

*****


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ImpactFactor:2.0674



AStudyonTrainingandDevelopmentofWomenEmployeeswithSpecialReferencetoFireworksIndustriesinSatturTaluk

Dr.S.Revathi

AssociateProfessorinCommerceandResearchAdvisor

P.RenganayakiPh.D(PartTime)ResearchScholarinCommercePGandResearchDepartmentofCommerce

PeriyarE.V.R.College(Autonomous),Tiruchirappalli–620023.

AbstractThepresentstudy“AstudyontraininganddevelopmentofWomenemployees

with special reference to fireworks industries, Sattur Taluk” is an analytical andempirical in nature. The study is based on the survey conducted through randomsamplingmethod among the women employees working in the fireworks industries.Thedatahavebeencollectedthroughapre-structuredinterviewschedule,preparedbytheresearcher.Theinterviewschedulecontainsquestionspertainingtopersonaldata,socio economic data, employment details and Level of satisfaction about trainingprogram.TheResultsofthestudyshowthatthecomputedvalueismorethanboththetablevaluestheH0isrejected.Hencethereisarelationshipbetweentheoccupationoftherespondentsandlevelofsatisfactionabouttrainingprogram.

KeyWords:Employees,training,development,chi-squaretest.INTRODUCTION

Training and development is a function of human resource managementconcerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance ofindividuals and groups in organizational settings. It has been known by severalnames,including"humanresourcedevelopment",and"learninganddevelopment.[1]


20

Training andDevelopment is a subsystem of an organization. It ensures thatrandomness isreducedand learningorbehavioralchangetakesplace instructuredformat.[2]Traininganddevelopment--or"learninganddevelopment"asmanyreferto itnow -- isoneof themost importantaspectsofour livesandourwork.[3]Theofficialandongoingeducationalactivitieswithinanorganizationdesignedtoenhancethe fulfillmentandperformanceof employees.Traininganddevelopmentprogramsofferedbyabusinessmightincludeavarietyofeducationaltechniquesandprogramsthatcanbeattendedonacompulsoryorvoluntarybasisbystaff.[4]

Traininganddevelopmentencompassesthreemainactivities:training,education,anddevelopment.Training:Thisactivityisbothfocusedupon,andevaluatedagainst,thejobthatanindividualcurrentlyholds.Education:Thisactivityfocusesuponthejobs that an individualmay potentially hold in the future, and is evaluated againstthose jobs. Development: This activity focuses upon the activities that theorganizationemployingtheindividual,orthattheindividualispartof,maypartakeinthefuture,andisalmostimpossibletoevaluate.

ReviewofLiterature

Muhammad Rizwan., (2012) in his study entitled “Empirical study ofEmployee jobSatisfaction”, examined the crucialproblems, faced by the employeeswhile working in organizations and found the ways how the employers make theemployeesloyalwiththeirorganization.Thepurposeofthisresearchistoelaboratethekey factorswhichareuseful for thesatisfactionof theemployees i.e.workplaceenvironment, reward and recognition, training and development and team work.These factors help to make the policies effective and through this effectiveness,efficiency takes place in the management process. This research is based ontheoretical considerations, a model was proposed linking the employee jobsatisfaction(EJS)constructs.Thesurveycovered200employeeswithintheterritoryofPunjabinPakistan.Throughthissurveyitisfoundthatstrongpositiverelationshipbetweenteamworkandallotherfactors.MuhammadMushtaqKhanNiazi.,(2014)inhisstudyentitled“ImpactofHumanResourcePracticesonJobSatisfaction:AstudyoftextileindustryofPakistan”,foundthattherelationshipbetweenHRPracticesi.e.(TrainingandDevelopment,RespectandIntegrity,OpportunitiesforGrowth/CareerPath, Increments& promotion, Performance appraisal, Compensation and benefits)with the employee job satisfaction in textile industry in Pakistan. These HRMpractices have a significant positive impact on employee Job satisfaction. Data hasbeencollectedthroughaquestionnairefromtheemployeesofvariousdepartmentsofatextileunit.IthasbeenfoundthatHRPracticesarepositivelylinkedwithemployeejobsatisfaction.Managers,AssistantManagersandSupervisorsweretherespondentsof thisstudy.Results indicatethat frontlinemanagement is lesssatisfiedwithHRMpractices as compare tomiddle levelmanagement. This studywill help to analyzeemployee perception about organizations at different levels of management.ExpectationofemployeescanbeenhancedthrougheffectiveHRMpracticeswhichinturn builds a good positioning oforganization in a competitive environment.Amir


21

SaeedKhan.,(2015)inhisstudyentitled“JobSatisfactionandSecurityamongBankEmployees and their performance: Study of Public and Private Sectors Banks ofSouthernPunjabPakistan”.ThestudycoverssixBanksofPakistantakingtwofromPublicSectornamelyZaraiTaraqiatiBankofPakistanandNationalBankofPakistanand four from Private Sector Bank Alfalah, Faysal Bank,Muslim Commercial Bank,AskariBank.TwohundredemployeesofselectedBankslocatedatdifferentplaceinPakistan have approached to monitor their views on job satisfaction, security andtheir work performance. The results determine that significant differences existsbetween employees of Public Sector and Private Sector Banks regarding variousaspects of job satisfaction, pay and fringe benefits, supervision, training anddevelopment.Buttheyaresignificantincaseoftheaspects,relationwithco-workers,employee’s empowerment, supervision, performance appraisal and nature of job.BidyutBijoyaNeog.,(2014)inhisstudyentitled“FactorsInfluencingEmployee’sJobSatisfaction:AnEmpiricalStudyamongEmployeesofAutomobileServiceWorkshopsinAssam”, foundthat there isarelationships inbetweenfaircompensationand jobsatisfaction, supervisor support and job satisfaction, working environment and jobsatisfactionandJobSecurityandjobsatisfaction.Theresultrevealedthatsalaryisthemostimportantfactorforinfluencingjobsatisfactionofemployees.Apartfromsalary,it has been found that the influence of supervisor support, healthy workingenvironment, high level of job satisfaction, proper work-life balance, careeropportunities and promotion, proper training and development opportunities arealso very important factors for determining employee’s job satisfaction. Data havebeencollectedfrom100respondentsbyvisitingtheauthorisedserviceworkshopsoftenautomobilemanufacturers.Theresultofthisstudyshowsthatthejobsatisfactionlevel of employees is average and it calls for management attention towardsenhancing the employee job satisfaction level. This study presents relationshipbetween various factors and puts forth suggestions for improving employee’s jobsatisfaction level. AtulKumarDoharey., (2016) in his study entitled “A Study toIdentifytheFactorsAffectingtheQualityofWorkLifeinSmallScaleIndustries”.Thisstudy is done in small scale industries atmacro level in IndoreDistrict inMadhyaPradesh.Insmallscaleindustriesvariousemployeeswantstojobsatisfaction,bonus,good working condition and leave according to the employee. In small scaleindustries lower position employee are not involve in any decision made bymanagement.agoodqualityofworklifehelptotheemployeeforprovidetrainingbytheindustries.agoodqualityofworklifehelptoemployeefortheirjobsecurityandsocial integration arehaving positive impact on qualityofwork life in small scaleindustries .quality ofwork life play a important role between employees and theirorganization in small scale industries . Smallscale industriesare importantpartofIndianeconomy. In Indiamostof thepeopledepend inagriculturebutnowaday’speople work in small scale industries. For our study purpose only primary datacollected through questionnaire and secondary data collected through journal andwebsites.


22

Objectives:

1. Toexaminethesocioeconomicprofileoftherespondents.

2. Toanalysetheassociationbetweensocioeconomicprofileoftherespondentsandtheiropinionabouttraining.

Percentageanalysis

Percentageanalysisisusedtocomparebetweentheattributes.Thepercentagesarecalculatedbasedonthefollowingformula.

Percentage=Numberofrespondents/TotalNumberofrespondents

Chi–SquareTest

Chi–SquareTestisaverystrongtoolfortestingthedependencybetweentheobservedandexpectedvalues.

X2=∑(O-E)2/E

Socio–EconomicProfileoftherespondents

TheresearcherhasgatheredthedetailsaboutsocioeconomicprofileoftherespondentsandpresentedinthefollowingTable.

Table1.1

SocioEconomicProfileoftherespondents

Variable Category Totalrespondents

(N=180)

Percentage

Ageoftherespondents

Below25years 54 30.00

25-35years 48 26.67

35-45years 62 34.44

Above45years 16 8.89


23

EducationalQualificationoftherespondents

PrimaryLevel 16 8.89

SecondaryLevel 14 7.78

HigherSecondaryLevel

84 46.67

GraduateLevel 48 26.66

DiplomaCourse 18 10.00

Occupationoftherespondents

DispatchingUnits 35 19.44

MakingofCrackers 57 31.67

Packagingunits 39 21.67

MakingofMatches 49 27.22

Source:PrimaryData

Age

It is found that (62) 34.44 per cent of the respondents are in the age groupbetween25yearsand35years,(54)30.00percentoftherespondentsarebelow25years,(48)26.67percentoftherespondentsarebetween35and45years,(16)8.89percentoftherespondentsareabove45yearsofage.Itisunderstoodthatmostoftherespondents(34.44percent)areintheagegroupbetween35and45years.

EducationalQualification

Educational qualification is an important factor. Hence, the researcher hasclassifiedtherespondentsbasedontheireducationalqualification.Itisobservedthatoutof180respondents,(84)46.67percentoftherespondentshavetakenuphighersecondaryleveleducation,(48)26.67percentoftherespondentshavetakenuppostgraduateleveleducation,(16)8.89percentoftherespondentshaveclearedprimaryleveleducation,(14)7.78percentoftherespondentshavequalifieduptosecondarylevelandtheremaining(18)10.00percentoftherespondentshavegotdiploma.Itisunderstood that most of the respondents 46.67 per cent of the respondents havetakenuphighersecondaryleveleducationinthestudyarea.

PositionofWork

In the selected industries, more number of processes are involved. Theresearcherhasclassifiedtheemployeesbasedontheirnatureofworkanditisfoundthat57 (31.67per cent)respondentsareworkingasmakingof crackers,49 (27.22per cent) respondents are engaged in making of matches, 39 (21.67 per cent)


24

respondentsaredirectlyinvolvedinpackagingunitsandtheremaining35(19.44percent)respondentsareworking indispatchingunits. It is foundthatmajority(31.67percent)oftherespondentsareworkingasmakingofcrackers.

Opinionoftherespondentsabouttraining

Theresearcherhasmadeananalysistoknowwhetheranytrainingprogramisorganisedtotheemployeestoescapefromthefireaccidentsornotandtheiropinionabout the training and development program. The details are presented in thefollowingTable.

Table4.6

Opinionoftherespondentsabouttraining

TrainingProgram

Opinion Frequency Percentage

Trainingprogramtotheemployees

Organised

NotOrganised

123

57

68.33

31.67

Levelofsatisfactionabouttrainingprogram

High

Medium

Low

72

69

39

40.00

38.33

21.67

Source:PrimaryData

From the aboveTable it is found that out 180 respondents (123) 68.33 percentoftheemployeesaretoldthattrainedprogramasorganisedandtheremaining(57) 31.67 per cent of the employees are told that no such as training program isorganised. It is found that majority of the respondents (68.33) are trained byemployees.

Out of 180 respondents (72) 40.00 per cent of the employees are highlysatisfiedwiththetrainingprogramorganisedintheirunits,(69)38.33percentoftheemployeesarehavingmediumlevelofsatisfactionandtheremaining39(21.67)percentoftherespondentshavelowlevelofsatisfactionregardingtrainingprogram.Itisfoundthatmajorityof therespondents(38.33percent)arehavingmediumlevelofsatisfactiontowardstrainingprogramorganisedbythefireworksindustries.Henceitissuggestedthatmorenumberofeffectivetrainingprogramshouldbeorganisedtoprotecttheemployees.

Chi-SquareTest

HypothesisNo:1


25

H0:Thereisnorelationshipbetweentheoccupationoftherespondentsandlevelofsatisfactionabouttrainingprogram.

Occupation/Opinionaboutlevelofsatisfaction

withtrainingprogram High Medium Low

Total

Dispatchingsection 13 12 10 35

MakingofCrackers 34 18 5 57

Packagingunits 14 23 2 39

MakingofMatches 11 16 22 49

Total 72 69 39 180

Chi-SquareTest

Tablevalue@1%levelof

significance

Tablevalue@5%levelof

significance

Computedvalue DegreesofFreedom

21.67 16.92 46.73 9

TestResult

Thetablevaluefor1%levelofsignificanceis21.67,5%levelofsignificanceis16.92.Thecomputedvalueis46.73.Since,thecomputedvalueismorethanboththetablevaluestheHoisrejected.Hencethereisarelationshipbetweentheoccupationoftherespondentsandlevelofsatisfactionabouttrainingprogram.

Findingsofthestudy

1. Itisfoundthatmostoftherespondents(34.44percent)areintheagegroupbetween35and45years.

2. It is found thatmost of the respondents 46.67 per cent of the respondentshavetakenuphighersecondaryleveleducationinthestudyarea.

3. It is found thatmajority (31.67per cent)of the respondentsareworkingasmakingofcrackers.

4. Itisfoundthatmajorityoftherespondents(68.33)aretrainedbyemployees.5. It is found that majority of the respondents (38.33 per cent) are having

medium level of satisfaction towards training program organised by thefireworksindustries.


26

Conclusion

The present study “A study on training and development of womenemployees with special reference to fireworks industries, SATTUR Taluk” is ananalytical and empirical in nature. The study is based on the survey conductedthrough random sampling method among the women employees working in thefireworks industries. The data have been collected through a pre-structuredinterview schedule, prepared by the researcher. The interview schedule containsquestionspertainingtopersonaldata,socioeconomicdata,employmentdetailsandLevelofsatisfactionabouttrainingprogram.TheResultsofthestudyshowthatthecomputedvalueismorethanboththetablevaluestheH0isrejected.Hencethereisa relationship between the occupation of the respondents and level of satisfactionabouttrainingprogram.

Reference

1. AmirSaeedKhan., “JobSatisfactionandSecurityamongBankEmployeesandtheir performance: Study of Public and Private Sectors Banks of SouthernPunjabPakistan”,JournalofBusinessandManagementResearch,Vol:8,IssueNo:1,2015,pp.217-219.

2. AtulKumarDoharey.,“AStudytoIdentifytheFactorsAffectingtheQualityofWork Life in Small Scale Industries”, Journal of InterdisciplinaryResearch,Vol:2,IssueNo:6,2016,pp.1-9.

3. Dabke., “Job Satisfaction of Women in Construction Trades ”, Journal ofConstructionEngineeringandManagement,Vol:134,IssueNo:3,2008,pp.1-9.

4. Employees in Pakistan”, International Journal of Business andManagement,Vol:4,IssueNo:5,2009,pp.63-83.

5. MuhammadMushtaqKhanNiazi.,“ImpactofHumanResourcePracticesonJobSatisfaction:Astudyof textile industryofPakistan”, International JournalofManagementandOrganizationalStudies,Vol:3,IssueNo:1,2014,pp.1-6.

6. MuhammadRizwan.,“EmpiricalstudyofEmployeejobSatisfaction”,JournalofBusinessandManagement,Vol:1,IssueNo:1,2012,pp.29-35.

7. Nadeem, M. S., “The Impact of Work Life Conflict on Job Satisfactions inPakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol:4, IssueNo:5,2009,pp.63-83.

8. Patrick J. Montana & Bruce H. Charnov ., "Training and Development".Management.Barron'sEducationalSeries,2000,p.225.

9. www.hrpractices.comwww.wikipedia.com

*****


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ImpactFactor:2.0674



ChauvinismandRealism:ACritiqueofChamanNahal’sTheSaltofLife

A.ManiAssistantProfessor,

DepartmentofEnglish,VeltechUniversity,

Chennai

AbstractChamanNahaliswell-knownnovelistandshortstorywriterandhewroteeight

novels.Inhiseightnovels,AzadiholdsanimportantplaceanditwonSahityaAcademyAward. Nahal’s fictions includeMyTrue Faces (1973), Azadi (1975), Into AnotherDawn(1977),TheEnglishQueens(1979),TheCrownandLoincloth(1981),SunriseinFiji(1988),TheSaltofLife(1991)andTheTriumphoftheTricolour(1993),andtheshort-story collection The weird Dance (1965). His critical works includeD.H.Lawrence:AnEasternView(1970),TheNarrativePatterninErnestHemingwasy’sFiction (1971), and TheNewLiteratures in English (1985). This paper is attempt tobringouttheChauvinismandRealisminthenovelofTheSaltofLife.

Gandhiisoneoftheprominentcharacterinthisnovel.Heisstrugglingagainstthe British Crown through the way of non-violent struggle so Gandhi is charmed byevery one of India. He is not only struggling for freedom movement but also he isstruggling to stop liquor shops and emancipation of women. Chaman Nahal clearlyportrayed every ugly event of British Government and how Gandhi’s non-violencestruggleversusBritishanarchy.

KeyWords:Gandhi,Non-violenceandStruggle.


28

ChamanNahal,bornin1927inSialkot,India(nowinPakistan)andeducatedat Delhi University (M.A., 1948) and the University of Nottingham, England (Ph.D.,1961), was a professor of English at the Institute of Postgraduate Studies, DelhiUniversity, andatLong IslandUniversity,NewYork,USA (from1968-70).Between1966and1973hewrotealiterarycolumnforTheIndianExpress.

Nahal’s fictions include MyTrue Faces (1973), Azadi (1975), Into AnotherDawn(1977),TheEnglishQueens(1979),TheCrownandLoincloth(1981),SunriseinFiji(1988),TheSaltofLife(1991)andTheTriumphoftheTricolour(1993),andtheshort-story collection The weird Dance (1965). His critical works includeD.H.Lawrence: An Eastern View (1970), The Narrative Pattern in ErnestHemingwasy’sFiction(1971),andTheNewLiteraturesinEnglish(1985).ThispaperisattempttobringouttheChauvinismandRealisminthenovelofTheSaltofLife.

In1922,GandhiwasarrestedbytheBritishpoliceandprisonedsixyearsupto1928.Inthatsixyears,Indiawassilentandthepeoplewereturningtousetheforeigngoodssimultaneously,thecasteHindustreattheuntouchablesbadly.Sunil,whowasrevolutionaryandhediedwhiletriestosavePrinceofWalesaccordingtothewordsofGandhi.Sunil’swifeKusumandtheirsonvikramarestaying insabamatiAshramwith Gandhi. In the salt Satyagraha, Vikrambecomes a famous one by indulging inmassstrugglewithGandhi,whostillremembersSunil’sletterwaswrittentoGandhiwhenhewasonSimlaHills.Inthatletter,hewrotethatthecasteHindusill-treatedtheuntouchables.NowitmakesmoreagonytoGandhi.

WhythenthisslipaboutSunil?well,Sunilitwaswhohadoncewritten

tohimabouttheevilthatwasHinduism.Whatyearwasit?Wayback.

Hehadwrittentohiminthecontextoftheuntouchablesandhowbadly

theywere treated by the caste Hindus in SimlaHills. Gandhi couldn’t

rememberwhat replyhehad sent tohimbuthevividly remembered

Sunil’s letter.Fullofagony.Fulofdisgust.Gandhi felt thesameagony

anddisgust forHinduism today.The casteHindusnotonly ill-treated

theuntouchables,theyill-treatedallcreatedlife.Ifthereweresaviours

andredeemers,Hinduswerethegreatdeniers,thegreatextinguishers

oflife-thegreatsmothers.(14)

The passage obviously expresses the untouchable’s history of India and how forGandhi felt and tried tomake untouchable as equal to high caste Hindus. In 1929,Gandhiisovercomebyasenseofdefeatbecausepeoplearestillusingforeigngoods.Most of the Hindus and Muslims are considering each other enemies anduntouchability.


29

Gandhi always struggles against the British Government. Liquor shops areoccupyingthehumanmindbothmenandwomen,whichpushesthemwrongway,soGandhineedstolaunchnon-violentstruggleagainstLiquorshops,andthefirststrikestartsinAhmadabadandBombayagainsttheLiquorshops.Gandhiwritesalettertoviceroy and warns him that the Liquor shops should be closed or else he will beagitated. Gandhi thinks that drinking is morally wrong and money is wasted foralcohol.ChamanNahalobviouslyreflectshisaspirestostoptheLiquorshopsthroughthecharacterGandhi.

Gandhiwroteto thegovernmentonthesame lines.Look,Viceroy, I’m

abouttoholdapicketingagainsttheliquorshopsalloverthecountry.I

believedrinkingismorallywrongandinapoorcountrylikeoursitalso

imposeseconomichardships;themuchneededmoneyiswastedaway

onalcohol.Menaswellwomenwilltakepartinthepicketing.Theywill

see the liquor storesdonotopen;or thatnoone canbuyanything, if

theydomanagetoraisetheirshutters.Thesemenandwomenwillbe

willing to court arrest, ifnecessary, in thepursuitof their aim.There

mightbelathichargeswhichthepolicewouldbeforcedtoresortto,to

maintainpeace.Mymenandwomenwon’tbreak lawandorder,‘ but

the situationmight so develop because of themiscreantswho are at

eachplacetoaddfuel to the fire.Theremightbethusmuchsuffering,

whichmyfollowerswillwillinglygothrough.Butifyoucanwritetome

andconvincemethatitisawrongsteptotake,thispicketingofliquor

stores,andthatdrinkingismorallydefensiblehabit,thanIwillcalloff

theagitation.(19)

From the passage, one could clearly understand that the British Government gavemore important for liquor shops to maintain the Indians as slaves therefore likeGandhiandhisfollowersnotonlystruggledforfreedombutalsosuchpityproblems.

In1928ofApril,Gandhi’ssonMaganlalGandhidiedwhenhewasonthevisitin Bihar due to heavy fever. It greatly breaks the heart of Gandhi but he does notdisplayhisgrievanceand indulge the freedommovement. If anyone’s sondied,hewouldnot concentrate inanyotherworks, as Gandhi is apatrioticperson,he fixeshimself that he has to show his personal grievance after getting the freedom only.ChamanNahalobviouslydisplaystheGandhi’spsycheandfaithonnation.


30

Mybe thatgriefwasat thebackofhismindwhenhe fainted.Gandhi

had not much time for personal grief; the struggle he was waging

against the British demanded all his attention. And he had, as he

thought,putMaganlal in the safedepositofhismemorywhichwould

beopenedonlyafterIndiahadbecomefreeandGandhihadthetimeto

sitbackandbenostalgic.Andyet,whenoneeveningaftertheprayers

hegotuptoleavetheprayerground,hetotteredandfellunconscious.

(33)

ThepassageobviouslydisplaysGandhi’smindthathedidnotgivemuchtimetohispersonalgrievancethoughhissondiedatthetimeoffreedommovement.

GandhimurmursthatBritishwhathaddonetoIndiaforlasttenyearsandalsoSimonCommissionwhatdoto India.Mostof thecongress leadersare indulgingthenon-violencestruggleagainstSimoncommissionaccordingtothewordsofGandhisoBritishpolice launchlathichargeonIndianstrugglersconsequenceof itLalaLajpatRaidiesbythelathiblows.BritishpolicebeatwithlathiblowsthecongressleaderslikeJawarharlalNehru,PanditPantandthepeopleofCongresspartywithlathiblows.IthurtsGandhi,whoexpresseshisinabilitytoholduphisbalancebeforeBritishanditsanarchyagainstthecongressleaders.

Andthat’swhyhehadfailedwiththeBritish.WhathadtheBritishdone

during the last tenyears in spiteof allhisnoises?Sentoutamission

now and then, which repeated the old clichés in the report it

submitted?WhathadtheSimonCommissiondoneforIndia,whichwas

here two years ago? So far as he was concerned, Simon had only

brought pain to thosewhowere dear to hi,. Jawaharlal was hit with

lathiblowsinthedemonstrationagainstthisCommission.PanditPant

hadbeenhiswith fathis.LalaLajpatRaihad beenhitwith lathis and

hadlaterdiedbecauseofthoseblows.Andwhatofthecommonrunof

people,whosenames,whoseaddresses,whoseidentitieswerenoteven

known to him? They had been trampled upon in the most brutal

manner, theirbodiesmutilated, theirspiritscrushedyet again.No,he

hadaltogether failedtosoftentheBritish in theirattitudeto India.Or


31

soften thewhitemen ingeneral.Yes,whitemenandwomencame to

himandlistenedtohimandweremoved.(44)

ThepassageobviouslyshowsthattheCongressleadershowfarfacedtheproblemstoattainthefreedomandlosttheirsoulforfreedomofthecountry.

In1930-40,mostofthepeopleofIndiawereinthecongresspartyandtherewas no village without the membership of congress party because Gandhi’s non-violentstrugglewereattractsbyIndianpeopleandtheyfollowedGandhi’sprinciple.ChamanNahal brings out the clear idea about Gandhi’s congress in India. In India,duringthefreedomstruggle,therewasnonewflagthanCongressTricolorandtherewas no national anthem thanVandeMataram. It clearly display the effectiveness ofcongressduringthefreedomstruggle.

IntheIndiaof1930-40,Gandhiwasonesuchchoice–themajorchoice

intermsofthenumbersheattractedtohisnon-violentmovementsand

the awakening he brought about amongst the masses against British

imperialism.TherewasnotavillageinthewholeifIndiainwhichthe

Congressdidnotoperate,anditsmembership,fromamerehalfmillion

atvaryinglevelsofitsstruggle,hadbytheendof1939risentobeafull

fivemillion.Formostvillagerstherewasnoothernationalflagbutthe

CongressTricolour,noothernationalanthemthantheVandeMataram.

(375)

ItclearlydisplaysthatwhilethefreedommovementofIndia,Indianpeopleweretheinspiration to the national spirit to attain the freedom and no one indulged in theotherpartythanCongress,andnoonesingstheothersongthannationalanthem.

InTheSaltofLife,ChamanNahalsucceedsexceedinglywellinhisattempttoshowhowGandhiachievesresoundingsuccess inSaltSatyagrahabythedintofhissteadfastdiscipline,hardwork,and,aboveall,hisunparalleledcapacitytocarrythemasses with him, thereby revealing how Gandhi’s second mass movement hascontributedgreatlytothesocialemancipationofIndianwomen.

Bibliography

1. ChamanNahal,“TheSaltofLife”(1990)-AlliedPublications,NewDelhi.

2. Lago. Mary, Chaman Nahal’s The Salt of Life. Rev. (New Delhi. AlliedPublishers) 1990.


32

3. Rayudu,A.V.SubbaGandhianIdeologyandtheIndianNovel:“ChamanNahal’sThe GandhiQuartet”.NewDelhi:PrestigeBooks,2000.174.

4. Syamala,Narayan.A. “ChamanNahal:TheSaltOfLife” IndianBookChronicle,April 1922;31

5. LouisFischer,TheLifeofMahatmaGandhi ((1953;BombayBharatiyaVidyaBhavan, 1959),PartII,p.23.

6. Iyengar,K.R.S.TheGandhiSaga”IndianLiterature,Sept-Oct1991:170-177.7. Kripalani,J.B.TheGandhianWay(Bombay:Vora,1938),P.171.

*****


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ImpactFactor:2.0674



TheGovernmentSchemesforWomenandChildDevelopmentinTamilNadu,India

Dr.R.Dhanasekar

PrincipalK.SRajaArtsandScienceCollegeforWomen,

Ginge,VillupuramDist.,TamilNadu,India

Dr.V.NeelamegamEditorinChief(Hon)

MGJARJournalTamilNadu,India.

AbstractTheGovernmentofTamilNaduhasintroducedanumberofnovelschemeswhichhavewon for the State of Tamil Nadu accolades and appreciation of the entire nationincluding dignitaries frommany parts of the world. At an era where bothmen andwomen are forced to take up employment to make both ends meet, innumerableopportunities and financial assistance schemes have been provided to women forincreasing their literacy levels by pursuing higher education and securing goodemployment opportunities. The Tamil Nadu Government is interested in thedevelopment of women and Child and have formulated variouswelfare schmes. Thisarticle tries to expose the welfare schemes introduced by the Government of TamilNaduataglance.

KeyWords:Empowerment,Women,GovernmentSchemesandChildDevelopment.

IntroductionTheSocialWelfareandNutritiousMealProgrammeDepartmentoftheGovernmentofTamilNaduundertheableguidanceoftheHonbleChiefMinisterofTamilNaduhadalwaysensuredthewelfareofthepoor,thedown-trodden,Women,Children,Senior


34

Citizens and trans-genders. Their health, nutrition, education, protection anddevelopment have been improved through various Social Welfare Schemes. Theyhave also been provided with innumerable opportunities and facilities to live adignifiedlife.Theareaspecificprogrammesintroducedbyherhavewardedoffanumberofsocialevils,vouchingthesecuredwellbeingofvulnerablesectionsofthesociety.Equitableand universal distribution of government resources for perpetuating acceleratedgrowth of the entire society into a healthy and prosperous Human resource base,ensuresalifemutuallycomfortable.Theempowermentandimprovementofsocialstatusofwomen,istheprimemottointheplanningandexecutionofallspecialinitiativesunveiledbytheHonourableChiefMinister.The flagshipschemessuchasGirlChildProtectionScheme,higherscaleofassistanceforgraduatesalongwith4gramsofgoldcoinformakingThirumangalyam,Avvaiyar award for exemplary service by women, introduction of 13 varieties ofNutritious Meal with 4 sets of uniform, the multi-pronged actions proposed toprevent crime perpetrated on gullible women and defenseless children, are allschemesintroducedfortheprotectionanddevelopmentofwomenandchildren.The Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Department implements thewelfare schemes through the Directorates of Social Welfare, Integrated ChildDevelopment Services scheme and the Directorate of Social Defence. Further, thisDepartment implements Social Security Pension Schemes through RevenueDepartmentasnodalagency.ThisDepartmentapartfromextendingmanyservicestowomenandchildren,alsoextendsitshelpinghandtoTransgenders.ThisDepartmenthasformulatedsocialSecurityPensionSchemesforthevulnerablesectionsof the societywhowant to leadanhonourable life like the senior citizens,widows,desertedwomen,incapacitatedpoorunmarriedwomen,DestitutedifferentlyabledpersonsanddestituteagriculturallabourersandimplementsthemthroughtheRevenuedepartment.Social Welfare Department implements various Marriage Assistance Schemes,maintainsworkingwomenhostelsworkingwomen,maintainsServiceHomesforthebenefitofthedestitutewomenwhoneedsafetyandshelter.ThisDepartmentisalsoimplementingtheGirlChildProtectionSchemes,effectively.Tocapalltheseschemes,thisDepartmenthasintroducedaschemeforprovidinggoldcoin formakingThirumangalyam topoorgirlswitheffect from17.05.2011.By thisscheme,allthecategoriesofwomenwhoobtainmarriageassistancethroughvariousschemesaregiven4gramgoldcoinof22carat,alongwiththemarriageassistanceamountof25,000/-MoreovertheMarriageassistance forDegree/Diplomaholdershavebeenraisedfrom25,000/-to50,000/-andtheyarealsogiven4gmgoldcoinformakingThirumangalyam.


35

IntegratedChildProtectionSchemehasbeen introducedwith thehighgoal that allthechildrenofthesocietyshouldbewellcaredfor.Inordertoensurethewelfareofelderlypeople,widows,Differentlyabledandothervulnerable sections of the society, the Government have enhanced their monthlypensionfrom500/-to1000/-permonth.FurthertheGovernmenthaveconstructedIntegratedcomplexofSpecialHomes in64RuralBlocks,2each in32Districts asapilot initiative. Destitute children and Aged persons are given food and shelter intheseintegratedcomplexes.This department has enacted various Acts and framed Rules to safeguard theinterests of the Senior citizen, women and children, which are implementedeffectively.RuleshavebeenframedandnotifiedundertheMaintenanceandWelfareof Parents and Senior CitizensAct, 2007,DowryProhibitionAct andPrevention ofwomenfromdomesticviolenceAct.TheseActsgivesafetyandsecuritytotheSeniorcitizenandthewomenaffectedbydomesticviolence.ThisGovernment is interested in thewelfare ofTransgendersandhave formulatedvariouswelfareschemesfortheTransgendersenablingthemtomoveinthesocietywiththeirheadsheldhighduetotheintroductionofschemeslikesanctionofmarginmoneyandsanctionofbankloanwhichareimplementedthroughtheTransgendersWelfareBoard.Under the noble leadership of our Honble Chief Minister, the Social Welfare andNutritiousMealProgrammeDepartmentisextendingitsbestandspecialservicestothechildren,women,Seniorcitizenandothervulnerablesectionsofsocietytosecureeconomicdevelopment,equality,socialrightsandsocialjustice.Department of Social Welfare, Tamil Nadu is implementing various schemes,programmes, social welfare schemes ,Health and Nutrition, scholarship forwomenempowerment, Girl Child pregnant women, mothers, ward members, AnganwadiWorkers,WomenHealthVolunteers,thewomenlivingintherural&tribalareas,ex-servicemen, physically handicapped, nursing women, Lactating mother,widows/destitute, Old age women, women self-help group (SHG), WomenEntrepreneursandAdolescentGirls’.Also special assistance is given to the women and child belonging to ScheduledCaste(SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), Socially andEducationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Minority Category and below poverty line(BPL).Itgivesassistanceintheformof:

1. Subsidyontheloans2. Education,Training


36

3. Financialassistance/Cash4. Scholarship5. Nutrition6. selfemployment7. Andothersmuchmoreetc.

Theschemeshasbeeninitiatedinorderto:

1. ToencourageWomenEmpowerment2. Topromotedevelopmentandempowerment,genderequalityandgender

justiceofwomen3. Toensurewomen’ssocial,economicandpoliticalempowerment,fulfillmentof

theirrights,promotingtheirparticipationandleadership4. ToprotectWomenfromDomesticViolence5. Forchilddevelopment,empowermentandprotection6. TotheChildSexRatio,ChildCare

WomenandChildSchemesofTamilNaduGovernmentarelistedbelow1. KasturbaGandhiBalikaVidyalayaResidentialSchools2. ChiefMinister’sGirlProtectionScheme3. CradleBabyScheme4. NationalProgrammeforEductionofGirlsatElementaryLevel5. SivagamiAmmaiyaeMemorialGirlchildProtectionScheme

1.KasturbaGandhiBalikaVidyalayaResidentialSchoolsforgirlsofSC,ST,OBCandminoritycommunities

Description61KendriyaGraminBalikaVidhyalaya residential schools setup in12districts arefunctioningacross44EBBswithintheStateofTamilNadu.(MinistryOfWomenandChildDevelopment,TamilNadu)dateoflaunchJuly,2004

ObjectiveSettingupresidentialschoolsatupperprimarylevelforgirlsbelongingpredominantlytotheSC,ST,OBCandminoritycommunities.

EligibilityGirlsbelongingpredominantlytotheSC,ST,OBCandminoritycommunities.

BeneficiariesGirlsbelongingpredominantlytotheSC,ST,OBCandminoritycommunities.


37

BenefitsOutofSchoolgirlsintheagegroupof10to14inEBBsareidentifiedandenrolledintheseschools.

1. 5fulltimeteachersoneforeachsubjectandparttimeteachersareengaged.2. Supportingstaffmemberstorunthehostelarealsoengaged.3. Freeuniforms,cosmetics,nutritionfood,notebooks&booksaresupplied4. AstipendamountofRs.50/-perchildpermonthisdepositedinthepostoffice.5. Insurancecoveragehasbeenmadeforthegirlsduringtheirstayinresidential

school.6. Regularmedicalcheckupisbeingmade&Recorded.7. Fullyequippedwithbuilding,Classroomsandresidential facilities,TLM,TLE

Kitchenequipmentsfurniture,LibraryBooksetc.

2.ChiefMinister’sGirlProtectionSchemefinancialassistance

ObjectiveTheObjectivesofthisschemeare:

· Toprovidetimelyandenhancedfinancialassistancetothegirlchild.· Topromoteeducationofthegirlchild· Toeradicatefemaleinfanticide· Todiscouragethepreferenceformalechild· Topromotesmallfamilynorm

EligibilityThefollowingeligibilitycriteriashouldbefulfilled:

1. Thefamilyonlyhasonegirlchildandnomalechildinthefamily.2. Ageofthechildshouldbelessthan3yearsatthetimeofenrollmentinthe

scheme.3. AnnualincomeofthefamilyshouldnotexceedRs.72,000/-4. Eitheroftheparentsshouldhaveundergonesterilizationwithin35yearsof

age.

BeneficiariesTheGirlChild,underthecontrolofMinistryOfWomenandChildDevelopment,TamilNadu,dateoflaunch1992.

BenefitsAninitialamountofRs.22,200/-orRs.50,000/- (bornonorafter01/08/2011)asfixeddepositwillbedepositedinTamilNaduPowerFinanceCorporation.


38

3.CradleBabySchemetoeliminatefemaleinfanticideFinancialAssistance

ObjectiveTheobjectiveofthisschemeareasbelow:

· Toeliminatetheincidenceoffemaleinfanticideandtocreateawarenessamongpeopleregardingequalityofgender.

· Toprovidesocialempowermenttogirlchildren.

EligibilityThefollowingEligibilityCriteriaandConditionsShouldbefulfilled:

1. Cradles are placed in reception centers, District socialwelfare board offices,District Collectorates, Hospitals, Primary Health Centers, Orphanages, andChildrenHomestoreceiveunwantedbabies

2. Surrendered/abandonedchildrenare thenplaced inGovernment recognizedinstitutions/centresforadoptionbyeligiblecouples

3. Thedifferentlyabledchildrenwhoareunabletobegiveninforadoptionarehandedovertospecializedagenciesforcareandprotection.

4. NGO/citizensareencouragedtobringabandonedbabies.5. TheDistrict socialwelfare officer and extension officers (Socialwelfare) are

the officials for availing the information to beneficiaries and also organizecamps, seminars and conferences to create awareness about femaleinfanticide.

6. Cradle baby centers set up cost is Rs. 47.45 lakh and each center have asuperintendent, an assistant nurse, an assistant and other workers andadequatestockofmilkpowder,medicineandclothes.

BeneficiariesDeserted,abandoned&surrenderedbabiesschemeunderthecontrolofMinistryOfWomenandChildDevelopment,TamilNadu,dateoflaunch1992.

BenefitsUnderAssistancetoschemeforGirlsChild,anamountofRs.50,000isdepositedinthename of a girl child for a familywith onlyone girl child and a sumof Rs.25,000 isdeposited for a family with two girl children. The fixed deposit will be renewedperiodicallyonce in fiveyears.Anannual incentiveofRs.1,800 isbeinggiventothegirlchildrenoncompletionofthefiveyearsofdepositanditwillcontinueuptothe20thyearofdepositforhereducationalpurpose.Thematurityvalueispayabletogirlchild only if the child studies up to 10th Std. and has appeared for the PublicExamination. The fixed deposits under the scheme are maintained with the TamilNadu Power Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited, in aspeciallydesignedcumulativeinterestpaymentscheme.


39

4.NationalProgrammeforEducationofGirlsatElementaryLevel(NPEGEL)

ObjectiveTheobjectiveofthisschemearesummarizedasbelow:

· Is a focused intervention of Government of India, to reach the “Hardest toReach”girls,especiallythosenotinschool.

· To enhance girl’s education over and above the investments for girl’seducationthroughnormalSSAinterventions.

· The programprovides for development of a “model school” in every clusterwith more intense community mobilization and supervision of girlsenrollmentinschools.

· Gender sensitisation of teachers, development of gender-sensitive learningmaterials, and provision of need-based incentives like escorts, stationery,workbooks,anduniformsaresomeoftheendeavorsundertheprogram.

EligibilityGirlchildbelongingtoSC/STcategoriesfromEducationallyBackwardBlocks(EEBs)

BeneficiariesGirlchildbelongingtoSC/STcategoriesfromEducationallyBackwardBlocks(EEBs)

BenefitsThebenefitsofthisschemearesummarizedasbelow:A one-time grant of an amount of Rs.30,000/- is given for teaching learningequipment, library, sports, vocational training, etc. schme under the control ofMinistryOfWomenandChildDevelopment,TamilNadu,dateoflaunch2003.

5.SivagamiAmmaiyaeMemorialGirlChildProtectionSchemeforpoorgirls

Objective

· Topromotefamilyplanning.· Toeradicatefemaleinfanticide.· Topromotethewelfareofthegirlchildinpoorfamiliesandtoraisethestatus

ofthegirlchild.

Eligibility

1. SchemeI foroneGirlChildRs.22,200/-FixedDepositReceipt in thenameofgirlchildforthefamilywhichhasonlyonegirlchild.

2. Under Scheme-II Fixed Deposit Receipt for Rs.15,200/- for each girl childwherethefamilyhastwogirlchildrenonly.AnamountofRs.150/-asmonthly


40

incentiveshallbegiventothegirlchildoncompletionof5yearsfromthedateofdepositanduptothe20thyearofdepositforhereducationalpurpose.

3. The fixed deposit will get matured on the completion of 29 years ofdeposit.TheannualincentiveofRs.1800/- isgiventothegirlchildeveryyearon30thofMarch,fromthecompletionof6thyearoffixeddepositformeetingtheEducationexpenses.

4. TheDistrictsocialwelfareofficer,Districtprogramofficer,Childdevelopmentproject officer, Extention officer (SW) and Rural welfare officers (Women).This scheme is very liberal as all eligible families will be provided benefitirrespective of caste, creed, religion, income and no. of sons. Further, if theparents are receiving benefit under any other scheme, even then, they areentitledtoavailbenefitunderthisscheme.

BeneficiariesPoorgirls,schememaintainedbyMinistryOfWomenandChildDevelopment,TamilNadu,dateoflaunch1992.Reference

http://www.tn.gov.in/department/30

http://www.newincept.com/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-government-women-and-child-schemes.html

OjhaS,WomenandChildDevelopment,KunalBooks,2011

*****

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