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Electra Training Systems Standards of Performance and Data Collection Using the Volant Model KD Van Drie [email protected]
Electra Training Systems
Standards of Performance and Data Collection
Using the Volant Model
KD Van Drie
To begin with…
• 1998 began development of USAirwaysAQP program based on the Volant Model
• Goal was to begin the program with an ideaof where we were going!
Systematically identify training needs
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PNF FlightAttendants
PF Maintenance
OCC
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
Policies, Procedures, Flows, Techniques
Checklists
Automation
Equipment Handling
Human Interaction & Communication
ATC
Volant Model©
“Pictures and Words” to facilitate communication
Task Loading Concept
TasksAvailable Time
… task loading
Simply…
“Potential for Error”
Simply:• Green: Errors may occur, but they will be
caught• Yellow: Errors may occur, but they may
not be caught and may become cumulative• Red: Errors will occur that are not caught
More errors are likely to occurwhen heavily task loaded
Task Loading
Different Phases of Flight have Different Task Loading
Task loading begins with the “job at hand”For the pilot…
• Pre-departure• Taxi• Takeoff• Climb• Cruise• Descent• Approach• Landing
Task Loading
– ATC
– ICING WEATHER
– CONVECTIVE WEATHER
– LOW VISIBILITY WEATHER
– AIRCRAFT SYSTEM MALFUNCTION
– PASSENGER ISSUES
– HOLDING
– AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE LIMITS
– AIRPORT FACTORS
Task Loading is increased by Additive Conditions
(Seven dwarf syndrome)• Sleepy
• Grumpy
• Happy
• Bashful
• Doc...
Crew Factors
FatigueStressInattentionAssertivenessComplacency
Crew Factors can increase potential for error
Number of tasks need to be done
Number of tasks CAN be done
Really…
• Job• Additive Conditions• Crew Factors
• Attitude• Level of training• “State of mind”• Physiology
• Time
• Throughout the flight crews are encouraged tocontinually assess additive conditions
How does it work?
How does it work?
•Moving to a new house•Quick Call•First flight of trip•East Coast - Short Flights•Some weather considerations•New First Officer•Pressurization MEL
X
Captain’s Pre-departure considerations…
Self-diagnosis
What is it like to “be in the green” or “yellow” or “red” ?
“In the Yellow”: Crew Factors
“In the Red”
Getting it back to the green
NORMAL
CAUTION
DANGER
Can not eliminate error
•Task Loading•Additive Conditions
•Crew Factors
Resources to Reduce Risk
The Tools of the Trade
• Policies• Procedures• Flows• Techniques
•Checklist• Do/verify• Read and Do
•Automation • HumanInteraction
• EquipmentHandling
TASK MANAGEMENT SKILLS (TMS)
Use the skills…
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• To reduce task loading• To create redundancy
to stop an error chain
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END
PNF FlightAttendants
PF Maintenance
OCC
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
Policies, Procedures, Flows, Techniques
Checklists
Automation
Equipment Handling
Human Interaction & Communication
ATC
Volant Model©
What good is AQP ?
• Not “teach to the test” ?
• Better understanding of training requirements?
• Collect Data?
Beginning Data Collection
• Gathered the “experts” together
• Discovered commonly used Standards ofPerformance were not robust enough– Looking at a stabilized approach
Defining new standards
Can the checkairmen
• DEFINE errors
• SEE errors
• DEBRIEF errors
• RECORD errors
• Change pilot behavior
Problem # 2
Time available for training
How do you transfer all this great information ?
Policies,Procedures, Flows, Techniques
Techniques
Standards for Techniques
Undocumented Techniques are not evaluatedExcept… a technique may NOT• Interfere with other crew members• Conflict with a documented Policy, Procedure or Flow.
• Automation can catch errors; can also create errors
• Automation can increase or decrease task loading
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Policies, Procedures, and Flows
Checklists
Automation
Automation
Levels of Automation(simplified from ATA and NBAA)
Level 1: Hand flown, raw data
Level 2: Hand flown, flight director
Level 3: Autopilot, Mode Control Panel
Level 4: Autopilot, Flight Management System
The more the predictable the environment… thehigher the level of automation
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Policies, Procedures, Flows, Techniques
Checklists
Automation
Automation
• Interpersonal Communication is one of the best sourcesof information
• Must be “pre-programmed” just like the automation.
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PNF FlightAttendantsPF Maintenance
OCC
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
Policies, Procedures, and Flows
Checklists
Automation
Human Interaction & Communication
ATC
Human Interaction and Communication
• Equipment handling is the last barrier, and a mostessential skill– It is the foundation the rest is built on– Includes the knowledge required to operate equipment
PF
END
PNF FlightAttendantsPF Maintenance
OCC
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
Policies, Procedures, and Flows
Checklists
Automation
Equipment Handling
Human Interaction & Communication
ATC
Equipment Handling
PF
END
PNF FlightAttendantsPF Maintenance
OCC
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
PNF
PF
Policies, Procedures, and Flows
Checklists
Automation
Aircraft Handling
Human Interaction & Communication
ATC
Volant Model
Assess the potential for Error
Balance the use of Resources to prevent and trap errors
Communicate Risks and Intentions
Pilot’s ABC’sfor error management
Volant Model
Pilot’s ABC’sfor error management
Not all errors are equal
• Common Errors
• Consequential Errors
“Potential for Error”
• Green: Business as usual• Yellow: Must re prioritize to accomplish
tasks• Red: Must re prioritize and determine
which tasks are not critical
Green – Yellow – RedAnother look
Integrated Use ofVolant Model
• Provides a foundation for:– “Error-Trapping” tool for pilots– Policy and Procedure design– Curriculum Development Model– Debriefing Tool for Check Airmen– Communication Tool for Pilots– Crew Observations– Data Collection & Analyses
