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Volcanism in the Solar SystemVolcanism in the Solar SystemPart 1: Inner Solar SystemPart 1: Inner Solar System
Justin Filiberto
Lunar and Planetary InstituteModified for Rockin’ 2010 by Carla Burns
Plan of TalkPlan of Talk1. Earth - review2. Inner Solar System
• Mercury • Venus• Moon• Mars
3. Outer Solar System• Io• Enceladus• Titan• Triton
4. Summarize Volcanoes in the Solar System
Earth’s Shield VolcanoesEarth’s Shield Volcanoes
Earth’s Composite/StratovolcanosEarth’s Composite/Stratovolcanos
Earth’s Earth’s VolcanoesVolcanoes
• Cinder Cone
• Caldera Complex
• Lava Flows
• Tuff Ring
• And many more…
Mercury
Volcanoes
Seen by
Messenger
Spacecraft
more to come…
MercuryMercury
Venus Surface Landers: Venus Surface Landers: Venera & VEGAVenera & VEGA
Vener a 13 Surface
SiO2 45.1 TiO2 1.6 Al2O3 15.8 Fe2O3 -- FeO 9.3 MnO 0.3 MgO 11.4 CaO 7.1 Na2O -- K2O 4.00 SO3 1.6 Sum 96.1
Sapas MonsSapas Mons• 400 km
across, 1.5 km tall
• Slope ~ 0.5°
• Very long flows
• What type of Volcano?
Maat MonsMaat Mons• JPL Press Image 20x
Vertical Exaggeration• Unexaggerated …• What type of Volcano?
Pancake DomesPancake Domes
• Single Flows, Steep sides
• Height 1/2 - 1 km.
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
Pancake DomesPancake Domes
• Rhyolite?• Or merely cold,
crystal-rich basalt?
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
??
• Low cones in flat lava plains
• A few km diam. (5 km for inset)
• What type of lava?
• What kind of volcano?
MoonMoon
• 1/3 diam of Earth
• 1/6 gravity
• Dark, low, mare plains.
Mare PlainsMare Plains
ChannelsChannels
DomesDomes
• Gruithuisen domes• 20 km across, 1.2 km
tall. Avg ~7° slope; steepest ~20°.
• Are these volcanic?• If so, what are they
most like on Earth?
MarsMars
Mars Earth• From Sun (AU) 1.5 1.0• Mean radius (km) 3386 6371• Mass (1024kg) 0.642 5.98• Surface T (K) 227 295• Gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8
Olympus MonsOlympus Mons
• 640 x 840 km across
• 21 km tall
• Avg slope 5°
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
Lava Flows on Lava Flows on O.M. 1O.M. 1
<-- - - - - 3 km - - - - -->
Tharsis TholusTharsis Tholus
• 150 km across
• 8 km tall
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
• Small Hill
• Steep Slope, ~30°
• Surrounded by thin lava flows
• What is it?
On Syrtis Major, a Shield On Syrtis Major, a Shield VolcanoVolcano
• Broken Cinder Cone?
On Syrtis Major, a Shield VolcanoOn Syrtis Major, a Shield Volcano
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Tharsis Tholus
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
Gruitheuisen Domes
Outer Solar SystemOuter Solar System
• Only “rocky” volcanic body: Io
• Other types of eruptions– Icy volcanoes– Geysers– ?
IoIo
• Moon of Jupiter• Mean radius (km)
1821 (0.286XEarth)• Mass (1022kg) 8.93
(0.015XEarth)• Surface T (K) 130
• Gravity (m s-2) 1.8
(0.2XEarth)• Most volcanically
active body in thesolar system.
Evidence for VolcanismEvidence for Volcanism
• Surface Changes
• Gas Plumes
Loki Patera…Loki Patera…
• Active Lava Lake?
Ra PateraRa Patera
• Diameter-450 km• Height <1km• Area of Lava- 250,000km2
• What type of volcano?
• Lava type?
Ra PateraRa Patera
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Tharsis Tholus
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
Ra Patera
Gruitheuisen Domes
PelePele
• Pele eruption lava >1350°C – Hawaiian lavas ~1000°C
• Lava type?
• Volcano?
EnceladusEnceladus
• Moon of Saturn• Mean radius (km)
251 (0.04XEarth)• Mass (1020kg) 1.1
(1.8x10-5XEarth)• Surface T (K) 75 • Gravity (m s-2) 0.1
(0.01XEarth)• Icy Surface
“Tiger Stripe” Ridges
Enceladus EruptsEnceladus Erupts
TitanTitan• Moon of Saturn• Mean radius (km)
2576 (0.4XEarth)• Mass (1023kg) 1.35
(0.023XEarth)• Surface T (K) 94 • Gravity (m s-2) 1.4• Largest moon of
Saturn• Only object with
stable liquid on the surface (other than the Earth)
Icy Volcano?Icy Volcano?
Icy Volcano?Icy Volcano?
TritonTriton
• Moon of Neptune• Mean radius (km)
1353 (0.2XEarth)• Mass (1022kg) 2.1
(0.0036XEarth)• Surface T (K) 38 • Gravity (m s-2) 0.78• Surface is frozen
nitrogen and water
Triton Cryovolcanism?Triton Cryovolcanism?
• Bluish streaks – geysers of nitrogen?
Outer Planet SummaryOuter Planet Summary
• Possible old volcanoes on Ganymede, and Europa similar to Enceladus?
• Possible old volcanoes on Dione and Tethys?
• Possible volcanoes on Pluto?
• More data coming from New Horizons may answer some of these questions…
Some questions to ponderSome questions to ponder
• What types of volcanoes are common to the Earth only? Why?
• What types of volcanoes are common in the inner solar system but not the outer? Why?
• What does this suggest about the cooling histories of the inner planets? Outer planets?
Some questions to ponderSome questions to ponder
• From the volcanoes we have seen which ones would we expect on which planets?
• What do they suggest about other planets?
• Since most of us do not live near a volcano, how can students connect volcanoes on the Earth and other planets?