Volume 2, Issue 3 July December-2016 - ECORFAN...BARRIOS, Enrique and SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, José. The...

E

C

O

R

F

A

N

Journal- Republic of Nicaragua

ECORFAN®

Volume 2, Issue 3 – July – December-2016

ISSN-On line: 2414-8830

ECORFAN-Republic of Nicaragua

Indexing

- GOOGLE SCHOLAR

- RESEARCH GATE

- REBID

- Mendeley

- RENIECYT

ECORFAN-Republic of Nicaragua

Directory

CEO

RAMOS-ESCAMILLA, María, PhD.

CAO

ZAPATA-MONTES, Nery Javier, PhD.

Director of the Journal

PERALTA-CASTRO, Enrique, MsC.

Institutional Relations

ESPINOZA-GÓMEZ, Éric, MsC.

Editing Logistics

IGLESIAS-SUAREZ, Fernando, BsC.

Designer Edition

SERRUDO-GONZALES, Javier, BsC.

ECORFAN Journal-Republic of

Nicaragua, Volume 2, Issue 3, July-

December 2016, is a journal edited semestral

by ECORFAN. First Avenue Southwest,

San Sebastian area, León,

Republic of Nicaragua. P. C. 21000.

WEB:www.ecorfan.org/republicofnicaragua/,

[email protected]. Editor in Chief:

RAMOS-ESCAMILLA, María. On line:. 2414-8830. Responsible for the latest update

of this number ECORFAN Computer Unit.

ESCAMILLA-BOUCHÁN, Imelda, LUNA-

SOTO, Vladimir, First Avenue Southwest,

San Sebastian area, León, Republic of

Nicaragua. C.P. 21000, last updated

December 31, 2016.

The opinions expressed by the authors do not

necessarily reflect the views of the editor of

the publication.

It is strictly forbidden to reproduce any part

of the contents and images of the publication

without permission of the Intellectual

Property Register, Republic of Nicaragua.

Editorial Board

JOVEL, Juan, PhD.

University of Alberta, Canada

AKER, Charles, PhD.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Republic of Nicaragua

MEDAL, Julio, PhD.

University of Florida, U.S.

ALVARADO-FLORES, Jesús, PhD.

Scientific Research Centre of Yucatan, Unit of Water Science, Mexico

BARRIENTOS-PRIEGO, Alejandro F., PhD.

Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico

LEYVA-MYR, Santos Gerardo, PhD.


NARVÁEZ-SOLÍS, Concepción, MsC.


NIETO, Margarita, MsC.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Republic of Nicaragua.

FLORES-PACHECO, Juan Asdrubal, MsC.

Universidad Valladolid, Spain.

MAYDANA-OJEDA, Marco, MsC.

Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, Paraguay

Arbitration Committee

RAMÍREZ-GONZÁLEZ, Gabriel MsC.


DÍAZ-RODRÍGUEZ, Manuel de Jesús, MsC.


JIMÉNEZ-MORALES, Margarita MsC.


LUGO-VALENZUELA, Homero, MsC.


PÉREZ-PÉREZ, Jefferson Uvaldo, MsC.


AKER-NARVÁEZ, Carlos Ernesto, MsC.


MORENO-MAYORGA, Luis Francisco, MsC.


GARCÍA, Roger Fabián, MsC.

Universidad Minuto de Dios, Colombia

FLORES-TREJOS, Carolina María, BsC.


SÁNCHEZ-ÁVILA, Alejandra Sofía, BsC.


Presentation

ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua is a research journal that publishes articles in the areas of:

Agriculture, Forest Pathology, Sustainable Forest Management, Horticulture and Engineering

and Integrated Water Use

In Pro-Research, Teaching and Training of human resources committed to Science. The content of the

articles and reviews that appear in each issue are those of the authors and does not necessarily the

opinion of the editor in chief.

In Number 1st presented an article The wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

of western Mexico, an alternative food, nutritional, and socio-economic by ARRIAGA-RUÍZ, María

Cruz, RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN, Eduardo, PIMIENTA-BARRIOS, Enrique and SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ,

José with adscription in the Universidad de Guadalajara, in the next Section an article Feasibility

survey of water purification facility: Project – based learning by PUIG-BRITO-Jessica, HILARIO-

SALINAS, Oscar., CAMPOS-MADRIGAL, Ana Laura., FRANCO-AGUILAR, Norma with adscription

in the Universidad Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del Estado de Morelos, in the next Section an article:

Humidification and dried seed like alternative as recover of germination and vigor deteriorate seed corn

by ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ, Luis Javier, PADILLA-GARCÍA, José Miguel, CRESPO-GONZÁLEZ,

Marcos Rafael and ARELLANO-ZARAGOZA, Diana Yarel with adscription in the Universidad de

Guadalajara, in the next Section an article Water quality of the Atoyac river in the Tentzo microbasin

Puebla, México by HANDAL-SILVA, Anabella, RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, Yesenia, LÓPEZ-REYES, Lucia and

MORÁN-PERALES, José L with adscription in the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Content

Article

Page

The wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) of western Mexico, an

alternative food, nutritional, and socio-economic

1-8

Feasibility survey of water purification facility: Project – based learning

9-17

Humidification and dried seed like alternative as recover of germination and vigor

deteriorate seed corn

18-21

Water quality of the Atoyac river in the Tentzo microbasin Puebla, México

22-31

Instructions for Authors

Originality Format

Authorization Form

1

Article ECORFAN Journal December 2016 Vol.2 No.3 1-8

The wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) of western Mexico, an

alternative food, nutritional, and socio-economic

ARRIAGA-RUÍZ, María Cruz*†, RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN, Eduardo, PIMIENTA-BARRIOS,

Enrique and SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, José.

Universidad de Guadalajara. Department of Agricultural Production, University Center of Biological and Agricultural

Sciences. Km 15.5 Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales, Las Agujas, Zapopan Jal.

Received July 28, 2016; Accepted October 20, 2016

Abstract

Mexico has wide genetic variability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), resulted from a long

processes of domestication and diversification. Currently is one of the most important crops relating to

marketing and use. However it is considered to Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme wild ancestor

of cultivated tomato, there is little information of this species, although it has recently highlighted its

productive and ecological importance. Currently different investigations are aimed at assessing the

benefit in their consumption due to its chemical composition, which provides a number of nutritional

components such as carotenoids, vitamins A and C, sugars, minerals and antioxidants. This research

was conducted to meet its quality physical, chemical, food, and nutritional. Collected seeds from wild

plants of Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán and Nayarit; were planting in greenhouse at the University of

Guadalajara; fruits produced were subjected to physical and chemical analysis in the laboratory.

According to statistical analysis, there were significant differences in size and chemical composition,

between populations and between different production cycles. The results in this study allow a better

selection of these populations to be preserved in germplasm Bank at UDG, also contributes to promote

its cultivation and human consumption.

Antioxidants, Citric acid, degrees Brix, tritatable acidity

Citation: ARRIAGA-RUÍZ, María Cruz, RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN, Eduardo, PIMIENTA-BARRIOS, Enrique and

SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, José. The wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) of western Mexico, an

alternative food, nutritional, and socio-economic. ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua 2016, 2-3: 1-8

* Correspondence to Author (email: [email protected])

† Researcher contributing first author.

© ECORFAN Journal - Republic of Nicaragua www.ecorfan.org/republicofnicaragua

2



ECORFAN® All rights reserved.

ARRIAGA-RUÍZ, María Cruz, RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN, Eduardo, PIMIENTA-

BARRIOS, Enrique and SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, José. The wild tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) of western Mexico, an alternative food,

nutritional, and socio-economic. ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua 2016

Introduction

Tomato, originally from the Andean region

shared by Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile

(Rick, 1976), seems to have been domesticated

by pre-Columbian peoples in Mexico and / or

Peru where their two natural diversity centers

Et al., 1990). The most probable ancestor of the

cultivated tomato is the wild tomato

Lycopersicon esculentum var. Cerasiforme

(Esquinas-Alcázar and Nuez, 1995). In the

Mexican biocultural ethnohistory there is

evidence of a clear differentiation between

green tomato and tomato, called in Nahuatl as

miltomatl and xitomatl. To the tomato S.

lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme is known in

Jalisco, Nayarit and Colima as deer eye,

jaltomate, Chaltomate or Tomatillo and in

Michoacán as Tinguaraque (Rodríguez et al.,

2009).

Tomato is a crop distributed around the

world and occupies the second place

worldwide, due to the nutritional value that it

possesses, since it can be consumed cooked or

raw; As well as having generated an entire

industry that has activated the economy of

many countries. In our country it is primarily a

product for export, job creation and is one of

the crops with the greatest use of technology

and inputs. In the agro-industrial context, the

last decade has been an expansionary period for

the export sector of fresh tomatoes, market

rules and production techniques are constantly

evolving and therefore it is important to adapt

to these conditions.

An example of this is the European

markets which evolve towards a higher quality,

forcing a constant improvement in order to

successfully compete in the different markets

that are increasingly selective and demand

better quality attributes. The quality criteria

considered by:

A) Buyer: Aroma, Texture, Taste, Size

and Color

B) For Commercialization and

Exportation it is required: Tomatoes: Healthy,

Fresh, Clean, Dry, Mature, Firm and Well-

formed

C) Consumer chooses: Color, Shape,

Size, Consistency, Maturity and Presentation

Despite the importance of this fruit, we

do not have much information about its

properties growing in the wild, so we present

data on the variation in size and chemical

composition of tomato in wild populations of

Solanum lycopersicum Var. Cerasiforme, that

are developed in the West of Mexico,

emphasizing its nutritional, alimentary,

medicinal, socioeconomic and ecological

importance.

Objetive: To determine whether wild

tomato represents a nutritional, nutritional, and

socioeconomic alternative for the inhabitants

and wild fauna that live in areas where wild

populations of tomatoes develop Solanum

lycopersicum var. Cerasiform.

3








Materials and Methods

Fruit pick.- Wild plants and native tomato

varieties were collected during the years 2002

to 2006 and 2010 to 2012, in different regions

of the West, using random sampling. Ten plants

were randomly selected by locality and ten

mature fruits of each one were taken, to which

the seed was extracted, by means of

liquefaction.

The seeds decanted at the bottom of the

blender vessel were placed in weathering paper

for drying for 24-48 h, seeds having good

conditions were placed in a previously

identified glass vial and stored in a refrigerator

at a temperature of about 10 ° C.

Cultivation of the tomato.- Later the

seeds were planted in the greenhouses located

in the University Center of Biological and

Agricultural Sciences of the University of

Guadalajara during the cycles of spring-summer

agricultural cultivation. The sample size was 30

plants.

Analysis.- The fruits collected from the

greenhouse were taken to the laboratory where

they were carried out a physical analysis and a

chemical analysis.

Physical analysis of the fruit.- The

weight (g) was determined with a scale with

decimos of grams. Subsequently, the polar and

equatorial diameter (mm) of each fruit was

measured using a vernier.

Chemical analysis.- The fruits were split

in half and separated from the peel, gently

rubbing it in a colander collecting the pulp in a

container, and the seeds were washed and dried

at room temperature.

The pulp was determined: Total soluble

solids (Brix degrees), citric acid (AT) and pH.

The seed was determined: Ash; Crude

Protein; Crude Fat; Crude Fiber; Humid Matter;

Dry material; Lignin; Calcium and Phosphorus.

Statistical analyzes were carried out

using the statistical package SPSS® version 19

and SAS version 8.1. The data were evaluated

for normality using the Kolmogorov - Smirnov

test and for homogeneity of variances using the

Levene Dytham test. The parameters of fresh

weight, equatorial and polar diameter as well as

° Brix, pH and citric acid were compared

between populations per year using a one-way

ANOVA. Data from all harvests were analyzed

using a two-way ANOVA (or combined with

population and age factors), (Kinnear et al.,

2000). In the variables where significant

differences were found, Tukey's means

comparison tests were performed at 5%.

Results

Populations from the West of Mexico show an

interesting variability in the physical and

chemical quality of the fruit.

According to the physical analysis, the

weight oscilo of 1.34 - 2.62 grs. The fruits that

presented the greatest fresh weight, (larger)

belong to the populations from Sayula, Jalisco

and Tierra Generosa, Nayarit. As for the

equatorial diameter are between 12.88-15.68

mm and the polar 12.86 - 15.93 mm, where the

fruits of Tecalitlán Jalisco, Tierra Generosa

Nayarit, Yurécuaro Michoacán and Tequila

Jalisco were the populations that showed the

highest values.

4








In the chemical analysis in the pulp

Although soluble compounds and titratable

acidity (AT) include a group of compounds

(glucose, fructose and to some degree sucrose)

and organic acids (citric or malic), flavor of the

tomato depends on the balance between the

sugar content (° Brix) and citric acid. The

results obtained from the studied populations

provide the following: Total Soluble Solids (°

Brix) most of the values obtained in this

research are between 5.5 - 10.6 ° Brix. The

sweetest fruits being those of Tequila Jal., San

Miguel del Zapote Jal., Tecalitlán Jal., And La

Rosa Tamazula de Gordiano Jal. Commercial

parameters require minimum 6 ° Brix. The

ranges obtained in citric acid (titratable acidity

or AT) were 0.42% - 0.83% Alcaraces Colima

and Nayarit Coamiles are the ones with the

highest percentage. As for the pH, in general all

the fruits present between 4.35 - 5.25; being

observed that there is not a significant

difference between the different localities,

corresponding in general terms to an acidic pH.

Chemical analyzes of the seeds

contributed values between the following

ranges: Crude protein content between 19.08 -

32.25% the highest is the tomato of Las Palmas

Chápala, Jalisco. Crude fiber of 27.36- 44.26%

higher than Coahiles Nayarit. Crude Fat 11.52 -

65.06% higher than Yurécuaro Michoacán;

Calcium 0.48 - 2.19% the highest Nayarit

Coamiles. Phosphorus 0.18- 1.15% higher

Generous Earth Nayarit. Ash 3.05 - 6.81%

higher in Las Palmas Chápala, Jalisco. Lignin

21.54 - 64.34% higher the fruits of San Miguel

del Zapote Jal. Dry matter 72.22 - 95.63%

higher Sayula Jalisco and Humeda matter 4.35 -

7.68% higher those of Tecalitlán Jalisco.

According to the statistical analysis

there are significant differences in fruit size y Chemical composition of the pulp between

populations and between different cycles.

The presence of a significant interaction

involves variable responses of the genotypes

over time. The variability present in the

populations was maintained through the

evaluation cycles being the result of an

interaction with the environment, of the

climatic type of the locality of origin, which

leads to the proposal of the existence of

ecotypes

Table 1 Analysis of variance of physical and chemical

characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var.

Cerasiforme).

Discussion

From the results obtained in this study we can

say that the tomato Solanum lycopersicum var.

Cerasiforme, easily competes with the

cultivated tomatoes as observed in the

comparative analysis with the results of the

analysis of other works and other types of

tomato (Tables 2 and 3)

Parameter Juárez-

López et al.

2009

(Guerrero y

Puebla)

Juárez-

Crisanto

et al. 2010

(Oaxaca)

Resultados

de nuestro

estudio

(Occidente

de México)

°Brix 5.8 – 8.0 4.5 – 9.3 5.20 – 10.8

pH 4.1- 4.4 3.63 - 4.3 4.28 – 5.03

% AT 0.50 - 1.01 0.32-1.45 0.40 - 0.83

Table 2 Comparative analysis with other studies on

tomato cultivated in Mexico

Sources of

variation

Grades of

freedom

Fresh weight

(g)

Ecuatorial

diameter

Polar

Diameter

Soluble

Solids pH Titratable Acidity

(%) (mm) (mm) (°B)

CM Prob.>F CM Prob.>F CM Prob.>F CM Prob.>F CM Prob.>F CM Prob.>F

Towns 11 0.666 *** 15.8 *** 13.9 *** 32.2 *** 0.19 *** 0.12 ***

Years 2 5.15 *** 109 *** 94 *** 26.5 *** 12.9 *** 0.04 **

Interaction 22 1294 *** 7.02 *** 7.06 *** 7.14 *** 0.19 *** 0.07 ***

Error 198 0.98 1.04 0.926 1.2 0.03 0.01

Total 359

** Significativo (Prob≥0.01), *** Significativo (Prob. ≥0.001)

5








In these tables it is observed that the

tomatoes of our study, the ° Brix values are

higher which means a better taste (more sweet),

increasing the desirable sensorial characteristics

that influence the consumer acceptance.

Parameter Red

Cherry

tomatoe

Yellow

Cherry

tomatoe

Ball

tomatoe

Study

results

(Occidente

México)

°Brix 6.5 3.9 3.6 5.20-10.8

pH 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.28–5.03

% AT 0.42 0.35 0.34 0.40- 0.83

Table 3 Comparative analysis with studies conducted by

Kowalczkety (et al., 2011)

In the last years the different researches

oriented to evaluate the benefit in tomato

consumption due to its chemical composition

has increased the interest to study its medicinal,

nutritional and functional value, for the benefits

of its consumption, both in the state Fresh as in

products derived (juices, sauces, puree, soups,

stews among many). There are several reports

of epidemiological studies describing the

potential of tomato in human health. For this

reason we will show the most relevant

nutritional and socioeconomic medicinal

aspects derived from all these studies in this

fruit, to which is added ours.

Nutritional alternative.- The wild

tomato Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme

has specific physical-chemical and sensory

characteristics that distinguish it from other

variants of tomato. Its chemical composition is

composed of: carotenoids (lycopene,

phytofluene, lutein, phytoene, gamma-carotene,

neurosporene, beta-cryptoxanthin, all-trans-beta

carotene, cis- beta-carotene, beta-carotene,

alpha-carotene and zeaxanthin ), Vitamins (A

and C), which act as antioxidants, as well as

minerals (macroelements: Mg, S, Ca, P and K,

microelements: Cu, Fe, Zn and Mg, other Na

and Se elements), organic acids (Citric acid),

and phenolic compounds (gallic acid,

chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, mirecetin and

naringenin) and sugars. (Chavez et al., 2011).

The content of vitamin C (or Ascorbic

Acid), is between 8.6 - 82 mg / 100mg in fresh

fruit (Guil and Rebolloso, 2009, Crisanto et al.,

2010, Méndez et al., 2011). This vitamin is

essential for collagen biosynthesis (Li and

Schellhorn, 2007). It participates in the

activation of enzymes, reducing oxidative

stress, in the immune system, protects the

respiratory tract from infections, reduces risks

to cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Schlueter

And Johnston, 2011, Li and Schellhorn, 2007).

It is estimated that by consuming 100 g of this

fruit, it can cover 90% of the daily requirement

of lycopene, which is 75 mg in women and 90

mg in men, minimum to exert its antioxidant

action in the organism (Hernández, 2004). It

was identified that the minerals are in a higher

content in wild tomatoes (Guil and Rebolloso,

2009, Fernández et al., 2011). It is considered

that consuming 100 grams of this tomato daily,

provides the requirement of 35.2% copper (Cu);

11.2% iron (Fe); 6.4 potassium (K); 5.73% zinc

(Zn); 1.76% selenium (Se); 1.2% calcium (Ca);

And 0.1% manganese (Mn) (Hernández, 2004,

FAO, 2016).

Food alternative. During the harvest

season of wild tomatoes, it means an alternative

food for the communities that inhabit these

areas, and for the places where they market

them, replacing it with other types of tomato.

For the wildlife that lives in the areas where

these tomato populations develop, it is an

alternative food for birds, rodents, insects and

bats, representing in some cases the only source

of food that will provide them with water (as

this Fruit has a high content of it), the nutrients

mentioned above that are in this fruit.

6








This type of studies, because of the

nutritional information it provides regarding

knowledge of the chemical composition of

fruits (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins

and minerals) of tomato and its components

(pulp and seeds), allows to know the nutritional

contribution they have These fruits for the

consumer, because this fruit has the advantage

that their seeds are so small that when chewing

or grinding the whole fruit releases its chemical

components, taking advantage of the nutrients

of the husk, pulp and seeds. The zoologist

provides information on the nutrients consumed

by the local wildlife, and the nutritionist to have

the knowledge of the nutritional contribution of

these fruits that will allow you to introduce it

into the daily diet as an alternative to other

foods during the months when it occurs. It was

also identified that one of the most important

ecological aspects of the wild populations of

tomato Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme

is due to its herbaceous, creeping or climbing

plant, the stems extend up to 7 m long in

tropical or subtropical places when it has no

moisture restrictions and in semi-arid or low

rainfall does not exceed 50 cm or 1 (Lobato et

al., 2011), thus providing food for some species

of wild animals such as insects, bats, rodents

and birds, constituting as one of the key plants

of the ecosystem in which they develop.

Medical alternative.-Potassium is

involved in the regulation of blood pressure,

reduces the adverse effect of excess sodium in

the blood and reduces the risk of kidney stones.

Calcium and phosphorus are bone and tooth

builders, with the possibility of reducing

osteoporosis by age (Chavez et al., 2011). Iron

is part of hemoglobin, preventing anemia.

Selenium is part of the glutathione peroxidase

enzyme of human erythrocytes. Manganese

participates as an enzymatic cofactor of the

metabolism of amino acids, lipids and

carbohydrates.

Zinc acts as a catalyst for several

enzymes conferring the maintenance and

structural integrity of proteins and participates

in the regulation of gene expression

(Hernández, 2004). Carotenoids are

antioxidants that have the ability to react with

reactive oxygen species that are produced under

conditions of photooxidative stress, and

together they have a protective effect against

prostate cancer and oxidative DNA damage

(Porrini and Riso , 2000; Khachik et al., 2002).

Lycopene has the ability to modulate the

metabolism of androgens, hormones that are

associated with prostate cancer and decreased

estrogenic activity (Erdman et al, 2009).

Socioeconomic Alternative.- Globally,

tomato (Solanum lycopersicum is the second

most cultivated vegetable after potato, with

3,744,563 have been planted.Mexico ranks 10th

in the world in area planted annually with about

70,000 ha, in our country Is one of the most

important vegetables because of the large

number of direct and indirect jobs generated by

its cultivation, the number of foreign currency

entering the country through its

commercialization (Lobato et al., 2012).

It also represents an economic

alternative, in the main regions of the West of

our country where populations of wild tomato

Solanum lycopersicum var. Which are

consumed or marketed in local markets or

nearby cities, thus becoming a food and

socioeconomic complement of the communities

settled in these areas, which confirms the

economic importance of these Populations.

Conclusions

Populations from the West of Mexico show an

interesting variability in the physical quality of

the fruit; As well as in the biochemical and

nutritional quality.

7








According to the analysis obtained in

our study, both pulp and seeds (because when

chewed or crushed) together, they confer a

significant contribution of: minerals, proteins,

carbohydrates (being a source of glucose and

fructose), water Has a high content of it), lipids

(providing essential fatty acids), and are a good

contribution of vitamins, organic acids,

carotenoids, antioxidants, and phenolic

compounds, for people and wildlife that

consume them.

Wild tomatoes are a good alternative

food for the consumer that can substitute for

other types of tomato, and for wild animals may

represent their only source of food at the time

they appear.

The constant consumption of this type

of tomato provides the necessary nutrients that

can prevent certain pathologies and diseases

representing a good medicinal alternative for

the consumer.

The production and harvesting of

tomato from wild populations represents an

important socioeconomic activity for the rural

communities settled in the West of Mexico,

where it is observed that they commercialize it

in the squares, tianguis and some markets. It

should be noted that this production is obtained

at very low cost (without any anthropogenic

energies), which represents for the collectors

extra income with little investment. Based on

the results obtained, it can be concluded that

Solanum lycopersicum, a cerasiform variety,

may represent an alternative for the inhabitants

and wild fauna that inhabit these areas of the

West of Mexico: medicinal, nutritional,

nutritional and Socioeconomic

References

Chávez S. J. L., J. C. Carrillo, A. M. Vera, E.

Rodríguez y R. Lobato (2011) Utilización

Actual y Potencial del Jitomate Silvestre

Mexicano. Subsistema Nacional de Recursos

Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la

Agricultura (SINAREFI), Secretaría de

Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca

y Alimentación, CIIDIR-Unidad Oaxaca del

Instituto Politécnico Nacional e Instituto

Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, México. pp.

31- 49.

Chávez S., J L; Carrillo R., J C; Méndez I., I; y

Vera G., A M; (2011). Quality of fruits in

Mexican Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum

Mill.) Landraces. Vitae, 18() 26-32.

Recuperado de

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=1698221

69822.

Charrondiere, U.R., B, Stadlmayr, E. Nilsson

and B. Burlingame.2010. INFOODS Food

Composition Database for Biodiversity, versión

1.0. fao/infoods, Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nationd (FAO).

Rome,Italyin:http//www.fao.org/infoots/biodive

rsity/index_en.stm.

Crisanto-Juárez, Andrés U., Vera-Guzmán,

Araceli M., Chávez-Servia, José L., y Carrillo-

Rodríguez, José C. (2010). Calidad de frutos de

tomates silvestres (Lycopersicon esculentum

var. cerasiforme Dunal) de Oaxaca, México.

Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana, 33(spe4), 7-13.

Esquinas-Alcázar y Nuez, 1995.Situación

taxonómica, domesticación y difusión In: F

nuez(ed), el cultivo del tomate, Mundi prensa,

Madrid, España. Pp: 14-42

Erdman, J. W., Ford, N. A., & Lindshield, B. L.

(2009). Are the health attributes of lycopene

related to its antioxidant function?. Archives of

Biochemistry and Biophysics 483(2):229-235.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.022

8








FAO (2016). FAO/INFOODS Food

Composition Database for Biodiversity Version

3.0 –BioFoodComp3.0. FAO, Rome.

Esquinas-Alcázar y F. Nuez (1995). Situación

taxonómica, domesticación y difusión In: F.

Nuez (Ed). El cultivo del tomate, Mundi prensa,

Madrid, España. Pp: 14-42

Fernández-Ruiz V., Olives AI, Cámara M,

Sánchez-Mata M de C. y Torija ME. (2011).

Mineral and trace elements content in 30

accessions of tomato fruits (Solanum

pimpinellifolium L., Solanum cheesmaniae L.

Riley, and Solanum habrochaites S. Knapp &

D.M. Spooner). Biological Trace Element

Research 141 :329-339. doi: 10.1007/s12011-

010-8738-6.

Guil-Guerrero, J.L. & M.M. Rebolloso-Fuentes

(2009). Nutrient composition and antioxidant

activity of eight tomato (Lycopersicon

esculentum Mill.) varieties. Journal of Food

Composition Analysis 22 :123-129

Hernández, T.M. 2004.

Recomendaciones Nutricionales para el ser

humano; Actualización. Revista Cubana de

Investigaciones Biomédicas 23:266-92

Khachik F1, Carvalho L, Bernstein PS, Muir

GJ, Zhao DY, Katz NB. (2002). Chemistry,

distribution, and metabolism of tomato

carotenoids and their impact on human health.

Experimental biology and médicine 227:845-

851.

Li Y, Schellhorn HE. (2007). New

developments and novel therapeutic

perspectives for vitamin C. The Journal of

Nutrition 137 : 2171-2184.

Lobato-Ortiz, R. E. Rodríguez-Guzmán, J.C.

Carrillo-Rodríguez, J.L. Chávez-Servia, P.

Sánchez-Peña, A. Meléndez. 2012.

Exploración, colecta y conservación de recursos

genéticos de jitomate: avances en la Red de

jitomate. (SINAREFI). 9-11 p.

Méndez I.. I., A.M. Vera G., J. L. Chávez S.

and J.C. Carrillo R. 2011. Quality of fruit in

Mexican tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum

Mill.) landraces. Revista de la Facultad de

Química Farmacéutica 18:26-32.

Porrini M, Riso P. (2000). Lymphocyte

lycopene concentration and DNA protection

from oxidative damage is increased in women

after a short period of tomato consumption. The

Journal of Nutrition 189-192

Rick, C.M. 1976. Tomato Lycopersicon

esculentum (Solanaceae). In: N.W. Simmonds

(ed.), Evolution of crop plants. Logman, New

York, USA. Pp : 268 -273

Rick, C.M., Laterrot, H., Philouze, J. (1990). A

revised key for the Lycopersicon species.

Tomato Genetics Cooperative Report 40:31

Rodríguez, G. E.; Vargas, C. D.; Sánchez, G. J.

J.; Lépiz, I. R.; Rodríguez, C. A.; Ruiz, C. J. A.;

Puente, O. P. y Miranda, M. R. 2009.

Etnobotánica de Solanum lycopersicum var.

cerasiforme en el Occidente de México.

Naturaleza y Desarrollo. 7(2):46-59.

Schlueter A.K. and Johnston, 2011. Vitamin C:

Overview and update. Journal of Evidence-

Based Complementary and Alternative

Medicine 16 :49 – 57.

9


Feasibility survey of water purification facility: Project – based learning

PUIG-BRITO-Jessica*†, HILARIO-SALINAS, Oscar., CAMPOS-MADRIGAL, Ana Laura.,

FRANCO-AGUILAR, Norma.

Universidad Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del Estado de Morelos. Universidad Tecnológica No. 1 C.P. 62760 Emiliano

Zapata, Mor.

Received July 14, 2016; Accepted November 21, 2016

Abstract

Background: A survey was done about the feasibility of installing a water purification facility inside of

the Universidad Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del Estado de Morelos. The main was applied project –

based learning to integrate different knowledge areas to meet the approach: project management,

market research, basic statistics and the industrial process. Working under this scenario student was

able to develop new professional skills, developing a project with sustainable focus, since the

ecological, social and economic impact around the region where the campus is located was taken into

account. Project management was based on best practices described at Project Management Body of

Knowledge. The installation of water purification facility would be profitable and the university

community is willing to consume the water purified at their own university. Something that was not

considered at the beginning of the project was the role of drinking water supplier that university can be

taken, because the production capacity of the plant type selected exceeds domestic consumption.

Students working under this scenario are able to learn autonomous behavior, since the face real issues

and assume role of a businessman, making decisions, looking for their own information sources,

developing professional competencies and in this case sustainability commitment.

Project management; sustainability; professional competencies; purified water

Citation: PUIG-BRITO-Jessica, HILARIO-SALINAS, Oscar., CAMPOS-MADRIGAL, Ana Laura., FRANCO-

AGUILAR, Norma. Feasibility survey of water purification facility: Project – based learning. ECORFAN Journal-Republic

of Nicaragua 2016, 2-3: 9-17




10




PUIG-BRITO-Jessica, HILARIO-SALINAS, Oscar., CAMPOS-

MADRIGAL, Ana Laura., FRANCO-AGUILAR, Norma. Feasibility survey of water purification facility: Project – based learning.

ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua 2016

Introduction

Water is a worldwide issue, humans beings

needs water to live, and we needed it for many

things. According to available data [1], 97 % of

the all water is saltwater, 2 % is ice and it is

conserved at glaciers and just 1 % remains for

human consumption, for this consciousness

about water conservation is really important. It

is also common knowledge that water from

rivers or springs contaminated in different

ways, including the lack of which is a resource

that besides the lack of people is running for

caring this essential resource for life on the

Earth. Therefore the treatment and responsible

use of water is a topic related with social and

sustainability aspects. The Universidad

Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del Estado de

Morelos (UTEZ) [2] committed with its

environment and taking care of it, started with

its institutional program of sustainable campus

in 2011. One of the three work axes of this

program is the use treatment and responsible

use of water, which implies:

Treatment of wastewater to use in

irrigation.

To avoid or eliminate and reduce water

leaks inside of the campus.

Diffusion of information about the

caring of water and the responsibility of

each one has about it.

The useless waste of water during the

filling of elevated tanks or cisterns. This

can be reduced applying the technology,

by the installation of automatics control

systems.

During the development of the project,

one new one showed up: the installation of a

purifier water plant. This could have an

immediately sustainable impact in the region

and with the internal and external community of

the university. UTEZ is located at 18°51'2"N,

99°12'3"W [3], and it is really warm most of

the year. UTEZ has in average a temperature of

30 degrees along the year [4]. Therefore water

consumption is high, mainly by students

because classrooms have no air conditioning.

These two conditions: water caring and warm

weather; hold the development of a feasibility

survey about to install a purifier water plant

inside of the university campus.

Water is a vital resource for humans, in

Mexico it is common knowledge that the days

when the water was taken directly from the tap

are long gone, as most people consume bottled

water, according to the survey conducted into

the campus. It is also common knowledge that

water from rivers or springs contaminated by

different reasons, including the lack of which is

a resource that besides the lack of people is

running for caring this essential resource for life

on the Earth.

The idea of installing a purifying plant

in college with the idea of purifying water

provided by the municipality and be the main,

if not the only, supplier of bottled water on

campus was raised. The objective of this work

is to perform a feasibility study in relation to

the cost and return on investment for installing

a purifying plant in which it UTEZ provide

bottled water into the campus and neighboring

institutions UTEZ.

11







This is a new service that the university

offers its students and the general public, the

cost will be lower than current providers and

quality shall be certified by the relevant

agencies. Another inherent benefit to project is

the image of the UTEZ to the general public,

since the internal and external community will

recognize that the UTEZ has social

commitment, serving the needs of the

community with quality and commitment to the

environment the region where it is located.

Frame of reference

To apply marketing techniques reviewed in the

classroom, project learning technique was used,

which involves the student in a more profound

way, making it co-responsible for their learning

process. The student conducts the

administration of a project that has application

in the physical world, beyond being just an

academic exercise. Project-based learning is

well documented in the literature [5 – 8].

According to the PMBOK [9] projects can be

divided into five phases: initiation, planning,

executing, monitoring and controlling, closing.

This methodology was used in project

management. The project is implemented in

four months, at the end of which is due on

feasibility study to install a water purification

plant in the university campus. By objective

was divided into three main: domestic market

analysis regarding water consumption,

investigation and analysis of the different

providers of purification plants, general

conditions for installation. In this way the

student during the project integrates the

knowledge acquired in the classroom to real-

world situations, to develop skills needed in the

profession, Figure 1.

Figure 1 Different factors are involved in the significant

learning process

Methodology

For project management the PMI best practices

were followed [9]. According with PMI, there

are five project phases, Figure 2.

Figure 2 Project management phases

In the classroom the basic tools of

market studies are taught, important and general

aspects that make a study of this type, so that

the student is able to identify characteristics that

may be endemic of your project and adapt

techniques project implementation. The market

analysis is widely described in the literature so

it is not considered necessary to deepen the

description of the item [10 – 13].

12







This research helps to create the

strategic plan of the company, is preparing to

launch a product or facilitate the development

of products launched depending on the lifecycle

[11]. It is most attached to the need for the

project, and to position the product in the

UTEZ community will be critical in the success

of the final project. It is important to know the

target market which will give the satisfactions

to perform an accurate analysis of cost - benefit

and estimate the recovery time of the

investment.

It is very clear that the target market is

fully identified [12,13]: the student population

UTEZ therefore this target market analysis is

performed to obtain information and establish

confidence level on the introduction of the

product.

The findings are used to make decisions

that will solve specific marketing problems,

therefore, market research is beneficial in

various situations, but the decision that is made

is not automatic. This decision can be based on:

The cost - benefit.

Resources available to conduct market

research.

Administration attitude towards

implementation

In order to obtain the data for analysis

using the technique of questionnaire or survey

application [10], define the variable to monitor

and questions should be properly structured. A

survey was applied selecting a sample of

200students of both shifts, diversified in all

areas.

The objective of this survey is to

identify the preferences of the population

sample, with respect to consumption of bottled

water and identify the size and ideal for

introducing this new product in the domestic

market UTEZ price. The market study was also

conducted to identify the best supplier of water

purification plants. The strategy was searching

online and visiting nearby locations within the

community. For the project the student

followed the best practices of the PMBOK

(PMI), following the sequence described in

Figure 2. The first points have already been

discussed to this part of the rest will be

described in the following section.

In the start-up phase, the important

aspects of the project are detailed. The initial

project meeting with the two advisors and the

young researcher is performed. The projects

requirements are underlined, besides of the

objective, the stakeholders are listed, an all of

this important things are put together on the

project chapter (PMBoK), and it is signed. This

is a very important document because, is going

to be the guide for the successful development

of the project, and every time researchers get

lost, they can go back and review it the

objective, the scope and so on, to get back the

project in the right way.

In the planning phase all strategies are

designed, and the schedule of each of them,

actually of the all project development is

planned. In this paper project, had to be

developed in four months, so the schedule

design activities for this period, and also there

is planned reviews during the development of

the project to review the status with the

stakeholders, but also to be assure everything is

going good.

13







At this stage the appropriate instrument

for data collection was chosen, what in this job

the questionnaire was selected. Selection of the

questions to get the really important data in a

fast way is made. In this survey the authors

chose the sample size to perform the

questionnaires into the campus. Basics statistics

to analyse data were done using a spread sheet.

Questionnaires were applied to two hundred

students from different shifts and careers.

During the implementation phase, all

scheduled activities are done, for example the

market survey and the analysis of different

suppliers of water purification plants, with the

purpose to get the analysis of cost benefit to

install it inside of the UTEZ campus.

The monitoring and control phase is to

take care that the project is executed in a timely

manner, and in case of some setbacks appear

react promptly or even are able to predict the

occurrence of unanticipated events.

In closing the review of compliance with the

purpose and planned actions is made. The

project is finished with the feasibility survey.

Therefore the proposal to install the purifier

water plant inside of the campus is presented to

the university authorities to make an educated

decision.

Working under this scenario student

gains skills in different areas of knowledge

strengthen the knowledge acquired in the

classroom and acquire training as a researcher.

In addition it gains autonomy in managing their

own learning recognizing the environment in

which it operates, and evaluating their strengths

and their weaknesses.

This kind of autonomous behaviour

gives to the student also competences in

relation to seek their own sources of

information to discriminate in terms of quality

of the same, whether printed or electronic. This

scenario give to the student an integral

education, providing meaningful learning, and

that the institution earns in the sense that they

have the data to make an educated decision and

have the social, economic and environmental

benefit.

Results

The survey starts getting the information about

how many litters by week of drinking water the

university is buying, and the cost for buying

them, Table I. University is paying about 6896

usd for drinking water concept by year. And the

consumption of drinking water by year is 1600

litters approximately. At the moment that this

survey was done, there were 2500 people at

university, including administrative people and

students. Once this important data is known, the

next step is research about purified water plants

providers. All of these data are about drinking

water that university; data from student’s

community are not included. Authors

considered a very good estimation about ROI

(Return Of Investment) could be done with

these data.

14







Table 1 Liters by week of drinking water and their cost

The research was done going to visit

directly the providers at their plants or calling

them by phone or by e-mail. Based on this

research “Purisystem” was the optimum option

for university, Table II, since according with

data, university does not need a huge

production level. However data shows

something really interesting, university could

by the drinking water provider for other

institutions in the neighbourhood. It means

purified water at campus could be consumed by

the internal market and also there is an

opportunity for external market.

Drinking water by week

Place litters Cost

Building three 300 23.91

Building two 240 20.44

Building one 200 18.01

Workshops 240 14.17

Building four 60 5.31

Library 40 4.13

Principal building 140 14.46

CEVISET 220 22.73

CECADEC 160 9.45

Table 2 Comparison of different providers of drinking

water plants

This two starting steps, shows that

installing a purifier water plant in the campus

looks like a good business opportunity, besides

another value added points, like social and

ecological University image. More deep

analysis must to be done to take into account

another kind of issues, the adaptation of current

facilities, the health permissions to operate,

bottles and jug containers, stickers basic

supplies for plant operation, people to operate

it, and so on. All of these data needs to be put

together to have a good estimation for the ROI,

however the feasibility looks so far so good.

Student has made a real marketing survey and

also a research about choosing the provider.

Students get competences about autonomous

performance and skills to select their own

information sources, negotiation getting the

right data and social commitment.

Drinking water by week

Place Liters Cost

Building three 300 23.91

Building two 240 20.44

Building one 200 18.01

Talleres 240 14.17

Building four 60 5.31

Library 40 4.13

Principal building 140 14.46

CEVISET 220 22.73

CECADEC 160 9.45

15







Students have opened the panorama

about all of these no planned things in the

project start and that has to be done for a

complete survey.

The next project step was, perform the

internal market survey, for this case data source

was the questionnaires applied to some selected

sample from the total UTEZ universe. The

sample size was selected according with the

researcher criteria [14]. Questionaries’ were

answered by students, staff and some external

service providers to have a heterogeneous

sample and data from different possible

customers. According with data coming from

the questionnaires most of the people surveyed

get their drinking water from Jug water source,

this one is the 25 litters bottle i.e. familiar size.

Also it means most of the people use one

container more than once and just wash and

refill it.

Figure 3 Jug water is the preferred drinking water

source.

Another important data is the preference

of people about the size of the bottle, in this

case surveyed people prefer one litter size more

than another one, Figure 4.

Figure 4 Surveyed people prefer one litter presentation.

Maybe this size is preferred due to could

be easier to carry on with you, and the refill

containers are in this presentation. It is also

important to know if the people care about the

brand of the bottle water, because is common

knowledge that some products are consumed by

fashion, by imitation or just because the

advertising. The data shows that for

approximately 71 % of university community

does not care about the brand of bottled water,

Figure 5.

Figure 5 The brand of the bottled water has no value

added for most of the people.

For the cost-benefit analysis is

important to know how much is people are

willing to pay for the purified bottled water

manufactured at university campus. The most

common price for one litter size of bottled

water is $0.74 usd, Figure 6.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Bottled water Jug of water Purified water

56

109

33

Source of drinking water

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Half liter One liter One and half liter Two liters

22

85

60

31

Preferred botle size

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

A lot A little Nothing

58

78

62

Is the brand important?

16







All data analysed so far, shows that

installation of a purifier water plant inside of

the campus, because university is paying almost

the same money by year for drinking water than

the cost of the plant, and internal market is able

to accept the own university purified water

brand. There is a goal market identified and

that’s is going to accept the product and the

necessary investment is almost equal to the

actual annual payment for drinking water.

Figure 6 The price of the bottle can be lower than the

most common current price.

Conclusions

Project – based learning is a scenario that lets

integrate different skills, due to student needs to

apply knowledge learned from the classroom

and needs to develop autonomous

competencies. Project management applied in

the development of this kind of projects let, and

in some way dare the student to figure out the

way to get enough information to make

decisions and propose possible solutions. Make

students more able to prevent some issues

during the development of a project and react in

a rapid way if some emerge.

Purifier water plant installation is a

feasible and profitable project.

This kind of project are the ones that

start just like a simple idea and give as a work

product the born of a new micro enterprise with

high confidence of success.

In this type of feasibility studies should

include analysis of the environmental impact,

since in sustainability issues should be directed

not only at work but a feasibility study to

consider the ecological impact. In this work it

was excluded, not from lack of courage or an

underground act, but not to be one of the

academic strengths of UTEZ. The

environmental impact caused by the installation

and commissioning of water purification plant

is scheduled within the project management,

but as a future work. For this purpose the

integration of a multidisciplinary team, where

knowledge is supplemented in the social area,

business development and marketing,

environmental, health and project management

is recommended.

Acknowledgement

Authors wish to thank the student Esthefania

García Pineda for their commitment to the

university and professional work that made the

development of this first stage of the project.

Also all the providers who share with us the

information and colleagues supporting the

internal research work, and for their suggestions

about what to do.

References

Comisión Nacional del Agua, CONAGUA,

www.conagua.gob.mx. Retrieved at May 2015.

Universidad Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del

Estado de Morelos (UTEZ). www.utez.edu.mx.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

$0.59 $0.74 $1.11 Others

47

107

27

17

Common price for one liter bottled water

17







Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía

(INEGI). www.inegi.com.mx. Retrieved at

April 2015.

Google maps. https://maps.google.com.mx.

Retrieved at May 2015.

Blank, W., Harwell, S., 1997. Promising

practices for connecting high school to the real

world. Official of Vocational and Adult

Education (ED). University of South Florida,

Tampa.

Dickinson, K. 1998. Providing educational

services in the summer Youth Employment and

training program. Social Policy Research

Associates. U.S. Department of Labor,

Washington, D.C.

Harwell, S. 1997. Project Based Learning:

Promises practices for connecting high school

to the real world. ERIC Document. Tampa,

Florida.

Challenge 200 Multimedia Project. Retrieved at

june 2013.

http://pblmm.k12.ca.us/PBLGuide/WhyPBL.ht

ml.

PMI, 2000. A Guide to the Project Management

Body of Knowledge. Project Management

Institute. Newtown Sqaure, Pennsylvania, USA.

Naresh K.M., 2004. Investigación de Mercados:

un enfoque aplicado. Pearson. México.

Pope, J., 2002. Investigación de Mercados: guía

maestra para el profesional. Bogotá. Norma.

Pujals, J., 2001 Investigación de mercados.

Cataluña:Materials. España.

Navidi, W., 2010. Statistics for Engineers and

Scientists. McGraw – Hill Higher Education;

Third Edition.

18


Humidification and dried seed like alternative as recover of germination and vigor

deteriorate seed corn

ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ, Luis Javier*†, PADILLA-GARCÍA, José Miguel, CRESPO-

GONZÁLEZ, Marcos Rafael and ARELLANO-ZARAGOZA, Diana Yareli.

Department of Agricultural Production of the University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences. Universidad de

Guadalajara

Received July 4, 2016; Accepted November 25, 2016

Abstract

One of the aspects that contribute to loss of the germination and the vigor in seeds is the time and

conditions of storage. With the propose to recover the germination and vigor in seed of deteriorated

maize, in this work a series of humidification treatments and drying of seed were made during two

phases; in the first seed it was imbibed in the times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 40 hours in water as

much purified and water without purifying; in the second, seed was imbibed in the times of 2, 8 and 12

hours adding products to him like activol, gibiotin, gibgro, biozyme, maxi grow, calcidef y calciofem.

The evaluated variables were standard germination and speed of emergency, completely analyzing

themselves in a design at random in a factorial adjustment. In first stage the analysis of variance we

throw difference significant in standard germination and speed of emergency over time of imbibitions

and type of water, the best periods of imbibitions corresponded to 12 hours. In the second phase,

analysis of variance for the two variables significant differences in time and the products were found.

Better product Activol dose was 0.2 g / l of water to 12 hrs imbibition, followed by product Biozime

and Calcidef both in doses of 1 g / l of water imbibition 8 hrs respectively.

Corn, drie humidification, imbibition, standard germination, speed of emergency

Citation: ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ, Luis Javier, PADILLA-GARCÍA, José Miguel, CRESPO-GONZÁLEZ, Marcos

Rafael and ARELLANO-ZARAGOZA, Diana Yareli. Humidification and dried seed like alternative as recover of

germination and vigor deteriorate seed corn. ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua 2016, 2-3: 18-21

* Correspondence to Author (email: [email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.


19




ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ, Luis Javier, PADILLA-GARCÍA, José Miguel,

CRESPO-GONZÁLEZ, Marcos Rafael and ARELLANO-ZARAGOZA, Diana

Yareli. Humidification and dried seed like alternative as recover of germination

and vigor deteriorate seed corn. ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua 2016

Introduction

Deterioration is defined as the degenerative and

irreversible changes that occur after the seed

has reached the maximum level of quality (Mc

Donald and Nelson, 1986). Wetting and drying

of the seeds reinvigorates accelerates and

uniforms germination under optimum and

adverse conditions (Hacisalihoglu and Ross,

2010). At the same time, several physical and

chemical treatments are currently known to

reinvigorate deteriorated seeds; Such as

polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and KNO3

(Heydecker et al., 1973, Khan, 1980, Priestley,

1986, Mayer and Mayber , 1989, Sánchez et al.,

2001). In the present study with the purpose of

recovering the vigor and germination of

deteriorated maize seed, a series of treatments

were carried out using the technique of wetting

and drying of seeds and the incorporation of

different chemicals containing gibberellic acid

and calcium. Objectives were to: a) determine

the optimal imbibition period in impaired maize

seed, and b) evaluate seed response to be

imbibed in two types of water and with

different chemical products.

Methodology

The work was carried out in the University

Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences

of the University of Guadalajara. Hybrid seed

of deteriorated maize with 70% germination

was used. For the research, a germinating stove

at constant temperature of 25 ° C, germinating

paper, unpurified water, purified water, sand

bed for planting of 1x2m., Stanlite electronic

moisture determiner, Reagents:

Calcidef (tablets of: Lactate Maxi-Grow

(gr / 1 = auxins 0.09, gibberellins 0.10,

cytokinins 1.5, N 6.6, P 13.3, K 13.3, Ca 2.0,

calcium gluconate 2.94 g, calcium carbonate

0.30 g, equivalent to 500 mg of ionizable

calcium) Mg 4.0, Fe 17.2, Zn 26.5, Mn 13.3

and Cu 13.3), Calcium fem (Calcium 600 mg,

Vit 749.51 mcg, vit.D2 10 mcg), Activol (10 g

Ag3), Gibgro (10 g Ag3 ), Gibiotin (10g Ag3),

Biozyme (Gibberellins 77.4ppm, AIA 33ppm,

zeatin 128.7ppm, extract broth 79.10% extract

organic matter 0.74%).

The research was developed in two

phases: In the 1st. Phase was carried out the

wetting-drying of the seed, incorporating water

type factors and imbibition time; While in the

2nd Phase were incorporated the factors

chemicals + dose + imbibition time.

1st. Wet-drying phase: The seed was

subjected to nine imbibition times 2, 4.6, 8, 12,

18, 24, 36 and 40 hrs, plus the control without

imbibing. They were then dried at room

temperature for 5 days, then seeded in both

germination chambers and seedlings. The

following data were taken: Initial moisture

content and Moisture content after imbibition

period. The following variables were measured:

1. Standard germination. 2. Emergency speed

(data were taken on the number of germinated

seeds per day x treatment / plot for 15 days).

The emergency speed calculations were made

according to the methodology proposed by

Maguire (1962). The experimental design was

completely randomized with 4 replicates in a

split plot arrangement where plot A

corresponded to the imbibition time and plot B

to the water types. As a comparative test of

means, the Significant Minimum Difference

(DMS) was used at 99% probability. In the

germination percentage variable the data

obtained were transformed to the sine-arc

function.

20








2nd Moistening phase - drying +

product dose + imbibition time. In this phase 3

imbibition times (2, 8 and 12 hrs) were used,

combining with 7 chemicals at 3 doses per

product (1gr, 0.5 g and 0.2 g / 1 of water

respectively), obtaining 63 combinations or

treatments. Standard germination and

emergency speed were taken as variables. A

completely randomized experimental design

was used, with 4 replicates in an AxBxC

factorial arrangement where factor A

corresponded to the 7 chemicals, factor B at 3

doses and factor C at 3 imbibition times. As a

comparative test of means, the DMS statistic

was used at 99% probability.

Results

Moisture content. After imbibition, the highest

moisture content of the seed was at 40 hrs. In

purified water (35.58%), and at 12 hrs in

unpurified water (35.4%); the difference in time

may be due to the fact that purified water in

theory has less salts than ordinary water, the

seed reaching a higher moisture content in

unpurified water in a shorter period. As

reported by Delouche (1979) and Bidwel

(1990); the absorption of water by a seed

essentially comprises a special type of diffusion

called imbibition. Water or other moving

materials move from a site or area where the

concentration is high, to an area where the

concentration is lower, by diffusion until

equilibrium is established. And after the drying

period, the lowest moisture percentages were

obtained in purified water in the imbibition

treatment of 6 hrs, and for the unpurified water

at 24 hrs. The treatments that lost the least

amount of water obtained during the imbibition

were in the 12 hrs. With purified water and 18

hrs. With unpurified water.

Standard germination and emergency

speed. In the analysis of variance, significant

differences (α ≤ 0.01) were obtained in the

variables studied and in the type of water.

When performing the test of means

(DMS) in the standard germination test with

unpurified water, imbibition treatments that

exceeded the percentages presented by the

control (70%) were at 6, 12 and 36 hrs. (80, 90

and 86% respectively); While in purified water

the imbibition periods that exceeded the control

were at 2 and 12 hrs (80 and 85% respectively).

Although in the purified water the highest

moisture content was obtained at 40 hrs, a drop

in germination was observed when compared to

the control (<70%), which suggests that an

imbibition period above 40 hrs . Can cause a

deterioration in the seed possibly due to

deficiencies of oxygen within the seed. These

results agree with Arellano, et al; (2000); In a

similar experiment they obtained percentages of

germination above the control with 18 hrs. Of

imbibition of the seed in running water.

Meanwhile, in the variable emergency speed

the control had an average value in this variable

of 13. The highest value of vigor in unpurified

water corresponded to 12 hrs (17.6). While in

purified water the best imbibition periods

corresponded to 2 and 12 hrs (15.34 and 14.70

respectively). Some species have the ability to

preserve, during a temporary dehydration, the

physiological changes as the differential

expression of proteins induced by the hydration

of the seeds. This is known as "hydration

memory" (López-Urrutia, et al., 2014). Sharma,

et al. (2014) have studied the influence of the

wetting and drying cycles on some species,

which have responded with a higher

germination in treated seeds than the control or

control.

2nd stage wetting - drying + chemical

treatment + imbibition time. In the second

phase significant differences (α ≤ 0.01) were

obtained in the variables germination standard

and emergency rate in the factor product, time

and dose. Germination percentages above 90%

and high values of emergency speed (15-20)

were achieved by incorporating the studied

products into the water.

21








In general, the best percentages of

germination occurred with the use of Activol

product at doses 0.2 gr / lt water at 12 hrs

imbibition and 0.5 gr / lt water at 8 hrs,

followed by the product Biozime and Calcidef

both in doses Of 1gr / lt of water to 8hrs of

imbibition respectively.

Conclusions

The imbibition time played a decisive role in

the variables germination and emergency speed,

finding that the optimal period of imbibition in

both types of water was at 12 hrs. With a

greater increase of 15% in germination and

favoring the rapid emergence of the seed when

incorporating products based on gibberellic acid

and calcium.

References

Arellano, R. L. J.; Sánchez, M. J.; Padilla, G.

J.M. y Hurtado, de la P. S. 2000. Efectos de la

imbibición de semilla sobre la calidad

fisiológica en semilla de maíz y sorgo. En:

Memorias XVIII Congreso Nacional Somefi.

Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética. P 199.

Bidwel, R. G. S. 1990. Fisiología Vegetal.

A.G.T. editor, 1ª edición. México. 250p.

Delouche, J. C. 1979. Precepts of seed

Storage.Proceding of the Mississipi State Seed

Procesors Shortcourse 1979.

Gómez, G. O. J. 1992. Mejoramiento Genético

del Frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Considerando

Longevidad y Vigor de Semillas como Criterios

Iniciales de Selección. Tesis de Maestría en

Ciencias. Colegio de Posgraduados. Centro de

Genética.

Hacisalihoglu, G. and Ross, Z. 2010. The

influence of priming on germination and soil

emergence of non-aged and aged annual

ryegrass seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 38: 214-217.

Heydecker, W.; Higgins, J. and Gulliver, R. L.

1973. Accelerated germination by osmotic seed

treatment. Nature 246: 42-44.

López-Urrutia, E.; Martínez-García, M.;

Monsalvo-Reyes, A.; Salazar-Rojas, V.;

Montoya R. y Campos J. E. 2014. Differential

RNA-and protein-expression profiles of cactus

seeds capable of hydration memory. Seed

Science Research, 24, 91-99.doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0960258513000317.

Khan, A. A. 1980. The Physiology and

Biochemistry of Seed Dormancy and

Germination. 2nd printing. North-Holland

Publishing Company.

Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination- AID

in selection and evaluation for seedling

emergente and vigor. Crop. Sci. 2: 176-177.

Mayer, A. M. y Mayber, P. A. 1989. The

Germination of Seeds. Fourth edition.

Pergamon Press. 325p.

Mc Donald, M. B. Jr. y Nelsin, C. J. 1986.

Pisiology of Seed Deterioration. CSSA Special

Publication Number 11. Crop Science Society

of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Priestley, A. D. 1986. Sees Aging. Implications

for Seed Storage and Persistence in the Soil.

Comstock Publishing Associates.

Sánchez, J. A.; Orta, R. y Muñoz, B. 2001.

Tratamientos pregerminativos de hidratación-

deshidratación de las semillas y sus efectos en

plantas de interés agrícola. Agronomía

Costarricense. 25:67.

Sharma, A. D.; Rathore, SVS; Kalyani, S. and

Tyagi, R. K. 2014. Comparison of various seed

priming methods for seed germination, seedling

vigour and fruit yield in okra (Abelmoschus

esculentus L. Moench). Scientia Horticultura,

165,75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta. 2013.10.044.

22


Water quality of the Atoyac river in the Tentzo microbasin Puebla, México

HANDAL-SILVA, Anabella*†, RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, Yesenia, LÓPEZ-REYES, Lucia and

MORÁN-PERALES, José L.

Department of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Postgraduate in Environmental Sciences Center for

Microbiological Sciences Research, Department of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction. Benemérita Universidad

Autónoma de Puebla. 14 Sur 6301 Col. San Manuel C.P. 72570 Puebla, México.

Received July 14, 2016; Accepted October 5, 2016

Abstract

The water quality of the River Atoyac in the Tentzo microbasin in Puebla, Mexico. Was evaluated five

sampling stations were selected on the Atoyac River according to the local inhabitants’ use of the

water: human consumption; agricultural use; and recreation. The physico-chemical parameters (pH,

dissolved oxygen, temperature, water flow, electrical conductivity, DBO5, nitrates, phosphates and

ammonium) and microbiological matter (fecal coliforms) were determined over the course of a year, in

accordance with the Official Mexican Standards (NOM). The results show that the average values for

these parameters across almost all of these months exceeded the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL)

according to the current Mexican legislation (NOM) and indicate a high level of risk for the public

health of the local populations.

Escherichia coli, water quality of the Atoyac River, Sierra del Tentzo, Atoyatempan and

Molcaxac in Puebla

Citation: HANDAL-SILVA, Anabella, RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, Yesenia, LÓPEZ-REYES, Lucia and MORÁN-PERALES,

José L. Water quality of the Atoyac river in the Tentzo microbasin Puebla, México. ECORFAN Journal-Republic of

Nicaragua 2016, 2-3: 22-31




23




HANDAL-SILVA, Anabella, RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, Yesenia, LÓPEZ-

REYES, Lucia and MORÁN-PERALES, José L. Water quality of the Atoyac river in the Tentzo microbasin Puebla, México. ECORFAN

Journal-Republic of Nicaragua 2016

Introduction

At a global level, developing countries treat at

least 10% of their water, a situation very similar

to that in Mexico, where the percentages are

closer to 20%.

The majority of the liquid is discharged

into rivers, lakes, or the sea without any prior

treatment, causing their contamination, and the

consequent reduction of available water

(SEMARNAT, 2002). Mexico has severe

problems with water quality and its water

resources are oriented around using the

receiving water bodies for pollutant loads. At

least 12 million people in Mexico lack drinking

water and 23 million do not have a sewage

system in their homes, while three out of ten

inhabitants of the rural sector do not have

access to piped drinking water (FUSDA, 2008).

Hydrological Region (RH-18) of the

River Balsas is one of the most important

Hydrological Regions in the country, occupying

the Central and Southwestern region of the

State of Puebla. The River Atoyac belongs to

this region and comprises the section of river

flowing towards The Southeast and passes

through the municipalities of Atoyatempan and

Molcaxac in the Sierra del Tentzo State

Reserve. (CONABIO, 2011).

From the bibliographical review

conducted on the contamination of the River

Atoyac basin, there are very limited reports,

which have not been updated. With regard to

the contamination of the river in the Tentzo

microbasin, only the microbiological study by

(Rodríguez et al, 2013) was found. It was

concluded that Atoyatempan and Molcaxac are

at risk from the use of water from the river,

with these populations at risk of contracting

diseases produced by the bacteria detected:

Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas sp .; K.

pneumoniae K. oxytoca; And, Morganella sp.

The River Atoyac represents the

economic, social and cultural basis for the

development of the municipalities of

Atoyatempan and Molcaxac.

This study sought to evaluate the quality

of the water and the risk to public health of the

populations of Atoyatempan and Molcaxac as

derived from the various uses of the river water.

It is hoped that this information will lead to

improved planning for the use of the water

resources found in the microbasin. To date, no

physical-chemical studies on the water quality

of the River Atoyac have been reported in the

region.

Methodology

The research was conducted in the period 2012-

2014. Five sampling sites were selected in the

microbasin according to the water use in each

of the municipalities (Figure 1, Table 1). Sixty

samples were undertaken in triplicate (Mitchell,

et al. 1993). This research used the NOM

(Table 2).

Transparency was measured in situ with a

Secchi disk, while the current velocity (m/s),

the pH, the concentration of dissolved oxygen

(mg O2 L-1), the temperature (°C), and the

electrical conductivity (µS/cm) were taken

using the Quanta® Hidrolab probe.

The conservation of the samples was

undertaken according to NMX-AA-003-1980.

The parameters analyzed in the laboratory were

hardness (mg L-1 CaCO3), chlorides (mg L-1),

and carbon dioxide (mg L-1), with the

measurements undertaken using indicators from

Hanna Instruments. Sulfates (mg L-1) were

measured using the Spectronic 20d

spectrophotometer, while the nitrates (mg L-1)

were measured with the Hanna Instruments.

24







The level of ammonium (mg L-1) was

taken with the Hach spectrophotometer and the

biochemical oxygen demand (DBO5 mgL-1) was

taken using the BOD TrakTM II-Respirometric

BOD Apparatus. Each parameter was measured

three times, from which the average value was

obtained.

Figure 1 Geographical location of the Municipalities of

Atoyatempan and Molcaxac in the State of Puebla and

collection sites (INEGI, 2001, 2010)

The Most Probable Number (MPN) and

the confidence limit for the bacteria of 95%

were determined using the multiple tube

technique with three dilutions and three

replicas, in accordance with NMX-AA-42-

1987, for total coliforms, fecal coliforms

(thermo-tolerant), and presumptive Escherichia

coli.

Table 1 Recollection Stations in the micro-basin

The method was based on the inoculation

of aliquots from the sample, diluted or

undiluted, in a series tubes containing liquid

culture medium with lactose. A series of three

dilutions (10 mL-1, 1.0 mL-2 and 0.1 mL-3) were

used and incubated at 35 ± 1°C or 37±1°C for

48 h. The bacterial cultures were examined at

24 and 48 h, with those presenting turbidity and

the production of gas and acid were considered

positive. The positive tubes were placed in

lactoce broth as a confirmatory test in

accordance with NOM-127-SSA1-1994.

Sta Water Use Coordinates Observations

N W

E1

ER

Atoyatempan

River’s

beginning

18°48’45.14” 97°55’39.25” River’s shore with

tropical deciduous

forest vegetation

E2

AP

Water used for

human

consumption in

Atoyatempan

18°46’05.85” 97°55’01.23” Water coming

from springs

nearby the Atoyac

River, then taken

to cisterns

E3

RA

Atoyatempan

water used for

farming

irrigation

18°45’45.04” 97°54’49.38” There is a large

quantity of

garbage

E4

RR

Molcaxac,

water used for

farming and

recreation

18°44’05.67” 97°55’30.60” Puente de Dios,

tropical deciduous

forest vegetation,

geological

formations, caves

and caverns

E5

RS

Water used for

recreation

Molcaxac

River’s end

18°44’00.03” 97°55’41.71” Cola de Caballo,

area visited by

tourists

25







NOM Description

NMX-AA-003-1980 Wastewater. Sampling.

NOM-001-

SEMARNAT-1996. Maximum permissible limits for contaminants in

the discharge of wastewater in national waters. NOM-003-

SEMARNAT 1997. Maximum permissible limits for contaminants in

treated wastewater that is reused for public use. NMX-AA-42-1987 Determination of water quality from the Most

Probable Number (MPN) of total coliforms, fecal

coliforms (thermotolerant) and presumptive

Escherichia coli. NOM-112-SSA1

1994 Goods and services. Determination of coliform

bacteria. Most Probable Number technique.

NOM-127-SSA1-

1994 Environmental health. Water for human use and

consumption – permissible quality limits and

treatments to which water must be submitted for its

purification.

Table 2 The NOM used in this study

The Student's t-test was applied to the

results obtained with a 95% confidence level.

The statistical analysis program used was the R

commander program. The program Minitab was

used to show the behavior of the most

significant results in the variables analyzed in

both the rainy and dry seasons. In order to

identify the relationship between the physico-

chemical variables and the concentration of E.

coli in the sampling sites, for each season of the

year, correlation analysis was conducted using

the Spearman coefficient (rs) with a

significance level of p <α=0.5.

Results and discussion

The River Atoyac in the Sierra del Tentzo

watershed presented average temperature

values of 17°C - 22 °C. The temperature

oscillated between 18°C and 22°C in the rainy

season and 17°C and 20°C in the dry season.

The average values for transparency oscillated

between 0.10 cm and 4.0 m. Station E3RA

presented the highest turbidity levels in the

rainy season from July to October and reached

0.10 cm in the month of April. This behavior

coincided with the increase in water flow, the

current velocity and the loading of a large

quantity of solid waste in suspension (Figure 2),

which constituted a limiting factor in the

development of living organisms (Fernández,

2010).

A minimum turbidity of 4.0 m was

observed at E2AP station in november and

february. The depth of the River Atoyac varied

between 2.20 m in the rainy season and 0.60 cm

in the dry season.

In physical terms, parameters such as

temperature, transparency, and current velocity

and depth show that the behavior of the water

was homogenous across all the months of the

year sampled, and were found to be within the

standards applied. The highest average value

registered for electrical conductivity was at

station E3RA in comparison with the other

sampling sites in the rainy season, with values

oscillating between 60 and 250 µ S/m, while

the lowest registered was at station E2AP,

which was from 50 to 140 µ S/m in the dry

season.

Figure 2 Water flow of the River Atoyac Microbasin in

the rainy and dry seasons

It is important to note that during this

same period, higher concentrations of E. coli

were also found, with the highest recorded at

station E3RA. The lowest levels found were at

station E2AP (Figure 7). These results show

that the increase in the concentrations of ions in

this season could be due to the increase in the

decomposition rates of organic material,

coinciding with those reported by (Chalarca, et

al. 2007; Rodríguez, et al. 2013).

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

M J JL A S O N D E F M A

FLO

W M

3 /S

RAINY-------------------------DRY------------------------

Water flow

26







NOM-127-SSA1-1994 and NOM-001-

SEMARNAT-1996 indicate that the pH values

must be between 6.5 and 8.5. Across all the

stations in both seasons, the average values

vary in a range from 7.3 to 9.0, which is most

likely due to the soil composition, in which

calcium carbonates predominate, which in turn

leads to water with a high level of hardness. In

general, values of pH close to 7.0 are expected

to be found in an aquifer (Chapelle, F. 1993).

The values obtained for calcium carbonate in

the rainy season oscillate between 135 and 480

mg L-1, and between 180 and 570 mg L-1 in the

dry season. In all cases, the values are found to

be below the maximum permissible limit.

The highest concentrations were recorded

in the months of March 570 mg L-1 CaCO3 and

April 540 mg L-1 CaCO3, exceeding the

permissible limit according to NOM-127-

SSA1-1994, which stipulates 500 mg L-1

CaCO3, and the Federal Law, which establishes

400 mg L-1 CaCO3 as a permissible limit. From

the results obtained, it can be inferred that the

water in the watershed is alkaline. It can also be

inferred that the hardness level found in the

rainy season can be classified as moderately

hard, while the hardness found in the low water

season can be classified as very hard, due to the

geology of the microbasin (Navarro, et al.

2013).

The average chloride values recorded at

all the stations, except those recorded at station

E3RA, were less than a 100 mg L-1 and higher

than 50 mg L-1 and were found to be within the

NOM. The levels recorded at station E3RA

during the dry season exceeded NOM-127-

SSA1-1994 and reached values of 1050 mg L-1,

with the maximum acceptable value being 350

mg L-1 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Average values for chlorides obtained at

each station.---Permissible limit (NOM-127-SSA1

-1994)

These results may indicate contamination

in that waste material of animal origin always

has considerable quantities of these salts. These

results coincide with the high levels of

ammonium, above 10.0 mg L-1 (Figure 5),

which indicate ammonia contamination,

produced by the decomposition of urea by

bacteria. Relating these ammonium values to

the low or null levels of dissolved oxygen

recorded in the dry season (Figure 4) values

that coincide with the increase in Escherichia

coli reported by (Yesenia, et al. 2013) (Figure

7) and which is an indicator of fecal

contamination could suggest that the high

concentrations of chlorides recorded at station

E3RA in the dry season show the presence of a

higher quantity of organic material compared to

the other sampling stations in the watershed.

According wing NOM-127-SSA1-1994 (water

for human use and consumption) and NOM-

001-SEMARNAT-1996, did not indicates

permissible levels of oxygen in the water. The

literature reviewed here indicates that while

dissolved oxygen in water does not have an

influence on agriculture, it does constitute a

significant indicator of ecosystem health.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

M J J A S O N D E F M A

LLUVIAS SECASmg

L-1

ChlorideE1ER

E2AP

E3RA

E4RR

E5RS

NOM

27







The average values for dissolved oxygen

are found to be between 4.6 mg L-1 and 10 mg

L-1, with homogenous behavior at all sampling

stations, except for station E3RA. This station

presented maximum oxygen levels of 4.0 - 0

mg L-1, which could be due to both rain and

sediment from decomposing organic material.

From August to September, the value increased

to 2.5 mg L-1, and then decreased dramatically

in the October-April period to 0 mg L-1 (Figure

4).

These results demonstrate anoxic

conditions and a contaminated river (Lampert

and Sommer, 1997). This could be due to

wastewater discharge by the local populations

into what is known locally as Barranca del

Águila of large quantities of organic matter,

which increase the concentrations of bacteria

(Figure 7), which, in turn, on decomposing the

organic material, consume oxygen. This

decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the

water produces, in turn, the death of aquatic

organisms, upon which anaerobiosis and the

consequent bacterial putrefaction of proteins

occur, resulting in the release of methane gas

and hydrogen sulfide, a foul-smelling toxic gas

characteristic of the region (Brooks, D. 2004;

Breitburg, D. 2002; Melrose, et al. 2007).

Figure 4 Average values for the dissolved oxygen

obtained in the rainy and dry season at each sampling

station. (Fernández et al, 2010)

The average values for nitrates varied at

an interval of 10.1 - 39 mg L-1, values which

exceeded the limits established by NOM-127-

SSA1-1994 of 10 mg L-1 NO3, and by the

Federal Law for potable water use, which

indicates that the permissible nitrate limits must

be from 10 to 5 mg L-1 NO3. This increase

could be due to the consumption of nitrogen

compounds, which are commonly used in the

agricultural practices of the region, such as

inorganic fertilizers based on phosphorus and

nitrogen, and which are received in the

watershed. The speed with which these

substances are carried is greater than the speed

with which they are degraded, producing both

soil contamination and the consequent

contamination risk to the River water

(Fernandez, et al. 2010).

In no case did the average sulfate ion

values obtained exceed the permissible limit set

by the NOM, which is < 400 mg L-1. The values

oscillated between 30.2 and 110.7 mg L-1 in the

rainy season and between 6.8 and 98.6 in the

dry season.

The average ammonium values obtained

in the rainy and dry season follow a similar

trend across all sampling sites and exceed the

limits permitted under both the Federal Law,

which stipulates 0.06 mgL-1, and NOM-127-

SSA1-1994. The average values oscillated

between 40 and 75 mg L-1. The highest

ammonium concentration was recorded at

station E3RA, where the water is used for

agricultural irrigation, with values oscillating

between 69 -75 mg L-1. The results show that

the ammonium levels are above 10 mg L-1,

which indicates ammonia contamination caused

by the decomposition of urea by the bacteria

present in wastewater (Figures 5, 6 and 7). 0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0


LLUVIAS SECAS

mg

L-1

Dissolved oxygenE1ER

E2AP

E3RA

E4RR

E5RS

28







Figure 5 Average ammonium values obtained in the

rainy and dry seasons at each sampling station.---

Permissible limit (NOM-127-SSA1-1994)

Relating the ammonium values obtained

to the increase in organic material characteristic

to the region points to an increase in the

bacterial populations and a consequent decrease

in oxygen levels. Once all the oxygen has been

consumed, anaerobic decomposition

commences, producing methane, ammonium,

and hydrogen sulfide, a situation which was

observed at station E3RA. The low

concentration of ammonium in the potable

water at station E2AP, between 0.1 and 5.2

mgL-1 for both seasons of the year, was found

within the limits set by the NOM. The other

sampling stations did not comply with the

NOM (Figure 5). Both the ammonium ion and

the nitrates are typical indicators of water

contamination and indicate the degradation of

organic material.

According to the National Water

Commission (CONAGUA, 2013), DBO5 values

above 30 mg O2 L-1 are characteristic of highly

contaminated water, while values below 3 mg

O2 L-1 indicate very low organic contamination.

Following these criteria, and according to the

DBO5 values obtained at the five sampling

stations, the water from the microbasin is found

to be within the contaminated category

throughout the sampling period (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Values obtained for the biological oxygen

demand (DBO5) in the rainy and dry seasons at each

sampling station

In accordance with NOM-001-

SEMARNAT-1996 for the public and urban use

of water, the DBO5 values obtained oscillate

between 23 and 63.1 mg O2 L-1 were found to

be within the maximum permissible limits,

except E3RA sampling station. The average

values at station E3RA oscillate between 220.2

and 382.3 mg O2 L-1 which, according to the

CONAGUA classification, are found within the

category of heavily contaminated and,

according to NOM-001-SEMARNAT, exceed

the maximum permissible limits for use in

agricultural irrigation (Figure 6).

According to the CONAGUA

classification, the water used at station E2AP is

for human use and consumption and is found

within the acceptable category in the rainy

season and in the contaminated category in the

dry season. Although there is no NOM for

potable water in relation to DBO5, it is clear

that these results correspond to the

concentrations of fecal coliforms counted at

each station in the two seasons of the year that

were sampled (Figure 7).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


LLUVIAS SECAS

mg

L-1

AmmoniumE1ER

E2AP

E3RA

E4RR

E5RS

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

May Jun

Jul

Ago Se

p

Oct

No

v

Dic

Ene

Feb

Mar

Ab

r

Lluvia Secas

mg

L-1

Biological oxygen demandE1ER

E2AR

E3RA

E4RR

E5RS

29







Figure 7 The values obtained for fecal coliforms in the

rainy and dry seasons in each sampling station. NOM-001-

SEMARNAT-1996 (1000 MPN/100 mL) NOM-127-SSA1-

1994 (0 MPN/100 mL).

The average E. coli values in the Atoyac

River watershed varied at an interval between

0.8 and 140E05 NMP/100 mL (Figure 7). The

highest average values were observed at station

E3RA across all the months of the year

sampled. The high concentration of fecal

coliforms is associated with the large quantity

of organic material produced by discharge from

nearby municipalities received by the Barranca

del Águila, which coincides with that reported

by Rodríguez, et al (2013). The lowest

concentrations, 0.8 – 37.0 MPN/100 mL, were

found at station E2EP, where the water is used

as potable water. These values exceed the

permissible limits under NOM-127 SSA1-1994

and indicate the presence of fecal

contamination, highlighting the importance of

disinfecting the water before use and

consumption.

The average values at station E1ER

oscillated between 4.3 and 883.3 MPN/1000

mL and were found to be within the maximum

permissible limits for the discharge of

contaminants into national waters under NOM-

001-SEMARNAT-1996 (1000 MPN/100 mL).

However, they exceed the MPL under

NOM-127 SSA1-1994.

Stations E4RR and E5RS are sites

designed for recreational activities and, for all

the months sampled, presented values that

exceed the MPL under NOM-127 SSA1-1994,

which means that bathers and those consuming

fish are also at a high risk of contracting

diseases. All the sites sampled on the river did

not comply with the MPL under NOM-127

SSA1-1994 and are found to be contaminated

(Figure 7).

These average values for E. coli coincide

with the alterations to the chemical and physical

parameters found when evaluating water

quality, given that they are associated with

organic contamination and are directly related

to the concentration of E. coli.

Conclusions

This study concluded that, in accordance with

the criteria established under NOM-001-

SEMARNAT-1996, NOM-003-SEMARNAT-

1997, NOM-127-SSA1-1994, the Federal Law -

2012, and CONAGUA - 2013, the river water

used for human consumption is classified

between acceptable and contaminated.

Moreover, the water used in agricultural

irrigation is highly contaminated and that used

for recreation is found to be between highly

contaminated and contaminated. Therefore, the

water in the River Atoyac in the Tentzo

microbasin is, in its current condition, not

suitable for use by the inhabitants of the

municipalities of Atoyatempan and Molcaxac.

References

Breitburg, D. (2002). Effects of hypoxia, and

the balance between hypoxia and enrichment,

on coastal fishers and fisheries. Estuaries.

25:767-781.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


LLUVIAS SECAS

MP

N

Fecal coliformsE1ER

E2AP

E3RA

E4RR

E5RS

100-MPN

0 MPN

30







Brooks, D. (2004). Agua, Manejo a nivel local.

Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el

Desarrollo. Primera Edición. Alfaomega.

Ottawa, Canadá.

Chapelle, F. (1993). Groundwater microbiology

and biochemistry. Wiley, Nueva York.

Chalarca, D.A., R. Mejía y N.J. Aguirre. 2007.

Aproximación a la Determinación del Impacto

de los Vertimientos de las Aguas Residuales

Domésticas del Municipio de Ayapel, sobre la

Calidad del Agua de la Ciénaga, Revista

Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de

Antioquia, ISSN: 0120-6230 (en línea), 40.

[Fecha de consulta: 4 de nov. 2015] Disponible

en:

http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rfiua/n40/n40a03.

pdf

Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso

de la Biodiversidad. (2011). La biodiversidad

en Puebla: Estudio de estado. Primera Edición.

CONABIO. México. ISBN: 978-607-7607-54-0

Comisión Nacional del Agua. (2013).

Indicadores de calidad del agua. Disponible en

http://www.cna.gob.mx/Contenido.aspx?n1=3&

n2=63&n3=98&n4=98.

Fernández, M., Gama, J., Pavón, E., Ramírez,

T. y Ángeles, O. (2010). Análisis de calidad del

agua. Relación entre factores bióticos y

abióticos. Editorial Universidad Nacional

Autónoma de México. Pag.69, 76, 83.

Fundación por la Socialdemocracia de las

Américas, A. C. (2008). Medio ambiente y

desarrollo: hacia un manejo sustentable del

agua. Disponible en

http://www.fusda.org/revista11pdf/ Revista

11%20-5 El Agua en Mexico %20.pdf.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.

(2001). Mapas cartográficos de escala 1:50 000,

cartas topográficas E1B54 y E14B64.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.

(2010). Censo de población y vivienda 2010.

Disponible en

http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifra

s/default.aspx?e=21

Lambert, W. y Sommer, U. (1997).

Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and

Streams. Oxford University Press.N. York,

Pág.382. ISBN: 01888897.

Melrose, D. E.; Ovita, C. A. y Berman, M. S.

(2007). Hypoxic events in Narragansett Bay,

Rhode Island, during the summers of 2001.

Estuaries and Coasts. 70:47-53.

Mitchell, M., Stapp W. y Bixby, K. (1993).

Manual de campo del proyecto río. Una guía

para monitorear la calidad del agua en el río

Bravo. 3ra edición. New México, United States

of America.

Navarro, A., Herrera, J., Caso, L. y Marrugo, J.

(2013). Calidad del agua del río Nexapa:

tendencia espacio-temporales y sus

implicaciones. Ciencias Naturales y Exactas

Hand Book. Congreso Interdisciplinario de

cuerpos académicos.

Norma Oficial Mexicana NMX-AA-003-1980.

Aguas residuales. Muestreo.

Norma Oficial Mexicana NMX-AA-042-1987.

Calidad del agua determinación del Número

Más Probable (NMP) de coliformes totales,

coliformes fecales (termotolerantes) y

Escherichia Coli presuntiva.

Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-112-SSA1-

1994. Bienes y servicios determinación de

bacterias coliformes. Técnica del Número Más

Probable.

31







Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-127-SSA1-

1994. Salud ambiental, agua para uso y

consumo humano-límites permisibles de

calidad y tratamientos a que debe someterse el

agua para su potabilización.

Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-001-

SEMARNAT-1996. Límites máximos

permisibles de contaminantes en las descargas

de aguas residuales en aguas y bienes

nacionales.

Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-003-

SEMARNAT-1997. Límites máximos

permisibles de contaminantes para las aguas

residuales tratadas que se reusen en servicios al

público.

Rcommander. (2013). Disponible en

http://rcom.univie.ac.at/

Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos

Naturales. (2002). Informe de la Situación del

Medio Ambiente en México 2002. Compendio

de Estadísticas ambientales. Agua. pág. 143.

Disponible en

http://www.paot.org.mx/centro/ine-

semarnat/informe02/estadisticas_2000/informe

_2000/img/cap4.pdf

Yesenia Rodríguez, Anabella Handal, Moisés

Carcaño, Lucia López, Sonia Silva y Gladys

Linares. 2013. Contaminación enterobacteriana

del agua del río Atoyac en la microcuenca de la

Reserva Estatal Sierra del Tentzo, Puebla. Rev.

Int. Contam. Ambie. 29 (Supl. 1). ISSN:

01884999.

ECORFAN Journal- Republic of Nicaragua

Instructions for authors

A. Submission of papers to the areas of analysis and modeling problems of the:

Agriculture

Forest Pathology

Sustainable Forest Management

Horticulture

Engineering and Integrated Water Use

B. The edition of the paper should meet the following characteristics:

-Written in English. It is mandatory to submit the title and abstract as well as keywords. Indicating the

institution of affiliation of each author, email and full postal address and identify the researcher and the

first author is responsible for communication to the editor

-Print text in Times New Roman #12 (shares-Bold) and italic (subtitles-Bold) # 12 (text) and #9 (in

quotes foot notes), justified in Word format. With margins 2 cm by 2 cm left-right and 2 cm by 2 cm

Top-Bottom. With 2-column format.

-Use Calibre Math typography (in equations), with subsequent numbering and alignment right:

Example;

𝑟𝑖 =𝑝𝑖−𝑝𝑗

𝑝𝑗=

𝑝𝑖

𝑝𝑗− 1 (1)

-Start with an introduction that explains the issue and end with a concluding section.

- Items are reviewed by members of the Editorial Committee and two anonymous. The ruling is final in

all cases. After notification of the acceptance or rejection of a job, final acceptance will be subject to

compliance with changes in style, form and content that the publisher has informed the authors. The

authors are responsible for the content of the work and the correct use of the references cited in them.

The journal reserves the right to make editorial changes required to adapt the text to our editorial

policy.

C. Items can be prepared by self or sponsored by educational institutions and business. The manuscript

assessment process will comprise no more than twenty days from the date of receipt.

D. The identification of authorship should appear in a first page only removable in order to ensure that

the selection process is anonymous.

E. Charts, graphs and figures support must meet the following:

-Should be self-explanatory (without resorting to text for understanding), not including abbreviations,

clearly indicating the title and reference source with reference down with left alignment number 9 with

bold typography.


-All materials will support gray scale and maximum size of 8 cm wide by 23 cm tall or less size, and

contain all content editable.

- Tables, grpahs and figures should be simple and present relevant information. Prototype;

Graph 1 Agriculture Factor Productivity

F. References are included at the end of the document, all its components will be separated by a comma

and must the following order:

- Articles: Babcock, B. A. (2015). Geographical indications, property rights, and value-added

agriculture. Iowa Ag Review, 9(4), 1.

- Books: Ohkawa, K., Johnston, B. F., & Kaneda, H. (2015). Agriculture and economic growth: Japan's

experience. Princeton University Press.

- WEB Resources: www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca, see: (August, 25-2015)

The list of references should correspond to the citations in the document.

G. The notes to footnotes, which should be used and only to provide essential information.

H. Upon acceptance of the article in its final version, the magazine tests sent to the author for review.

ECORFAN-Republic of Nicaragua only accept the correction of types and errors or omissions from the

process of editing the journal fully reserving copyright and dissemination of content. Not acceptable

deletions, substitutions or additions which alter the formation of the article. The author will have a

maximum of 10 calendar days for the review. Otherwise, it is considered that the author (s) is (are) in

accordance with the changes made.

I.Append formats Originality and Authorization, identifying the article, author (s) and the signature, so

it is understood that this article is not running for simultaneous publication in other journals or

publishing organs.


Leon, Republic of Nicaragua ____, ____ 20_____

Originality Format

I understand and agree that the results are final dictamination so authors must sign before starting the

peer review process to claim originality of the next work.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Article

_____________________

Signature

_____________________

Name


Leon, Republic of Nicaragua ____, ____ 20_____

Authorization Form

I understand and accept that the results of evaluation are inappealable. If my article is accepted for

publication, I authorize ECORFAN to reproduce it in electronic data bases, reprints, anthologies or any

other media in order to reach a wider audience.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Article

_____________________

Signature

_____________________

Name


ECORFAN Journal-Republic of Nicaragua

“The wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) of

western Mexico, an alternative food, nutritional, and socio-

economic”

ARRIAGA-RUÍZ, María Cruz, RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN,

Eduardo, PIMIENTA-BARRIOS, Enrique and SÁNCHEZ-

MARTÍNEZ, José.

Universidad de Guadalajara

“Feasibility survey of water purification facility: Project – based

learning”

PUIG-BRITO-Jessica, HILARIO-SALINAS, Oscar.,

CAMPOS-MADRIGAL, Ana Laura., FRANCO-AGUILAR,

Norma.

Universidad Tecnológica Emiliano Zapata del Estado de Morelos

“Humidification and dried seed like alternative as recover of

germination and vigor deteriorate seed corn”

ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ, Luis Javier, PADILLA-GARCÍA,

José Miguel, CRESPO-GONZÁLEZ, Marcos Rafael and

ARELLANO-ZARAGOZA, Diana Yarel

Universidad de Guadalajara

“Water quality of the Atoyac river in the Tentzo microbasin Puebla,

México”

HANDAL-SILVA, Anabella, RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, Yesenia,

LÓPEZ-REYES, Lucia and MORÁN-PERALES, José L.

Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Date post:	09-Mar-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

Volume 2, Issue 3 July December-2016 - ECORFAN...BARRIOS, Enrique and SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, José. The...

Documents