of 20
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1/20
IIEGEgvsigppgx ol pbg Idv Iahxdxades ol Egv Gefide`
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"IIMC! ae 416
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2/20
IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
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7/30/2019 Volume 23, Issue 2, 2003
3/20
IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
3
G@APOXADI HODX@
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4/20
IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
0
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
7
coepaewg` lxom ~dfg 4
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0% @afapdi/dediof bqhxa`: vxapaef `afapdi `dpd po laim
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WS de` WJ; `gpgxmaeg` pbdp pbg `afapdi ~oxpaoes ol pbgax 8>>8
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coepaewg` oe ~dfg
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6/20
IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
>0) de``gmoespxdpgs bas sdxpoxadicommapmgep po hoojs de`
com~wpgxs%
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dp pbg sdmg pamg d|oa`s pbg ~xohigms aebgxgep ae afapdi dpd o|gx
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qgs% Hopb vaii bd|g d ioef ialgso ioef ds pbgqia|g pofgpbgx%
Coepaegwg` lxom ~dfg 7
7/30/2019 Volume 23, Issue 2, 2003
7/20
IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
6
Ldax Wsg ae d @afapdi Voxi`Hq @adeg Mwxigq) Eoxpbgdspgxe Wea|gxsapq Scbooi ol Idv Iahxdxq
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Dcp%
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Pbxgg xafbps) pbg xafbp po co~q) pbg xafbp po mdjg `gxa|dpa|g voxjs)de` pbg xafbp po `aspxahwpg co~ags) d~~iq po dii mg`ad% Pbg xafbp po~gxloxm d voxj ~whiaciq d~~iags po iapgxdxq) mwsacdi) `xdmdpac) de`cboxgofxd~bac voxjs) ~depomamgs) de` mopaoe ~acpwxgs de` opbgxdw`ao|aswdi voxjs% Pbg xafbp po ~gxloxm d voxj ~whiaciq hq mgdes old `afapdi dw`ao pxdesmassaoe) a%g%) oe pbg aepgxegp) d~~iags oeiq posowe` xgcox`aefs% Pbg xafbp po `as~idq d voxj ~whiaciq d~~iags poiapgxdxq) mwsacdi) `xdmdpac) de` cboxgofxd~bac voxjs) ~depomamgs)de` ~acpoxadi) fxd~bac) ox scwi~pwxdi voxjs) aeciw`aef pbg ae`a|a`wdiamdfgs ol d mopaoe ~acpwxg ox opbgx dw`ao|aswdi voxj%
We`gx dxpacig A) sgcpaoe 2) cidwsg 2 ol pbg W%S% Coespapwpaoe)
Coefxgss bds pbg ~ovgx po ~xomopg pbg ~xofxgss ol scagecg de`
wsglwi dxps) hq sgcwxaef lox iamapg` pamgs po dwpboxs de` ae|gepoxs
pbg grciwsa|g xafbp po pbgax xgs~gcpa|g vxapaefs de` asco|gxags%
Pbg Laxsp Coefxgss ~dssg` pbg Co~qxafbp Dcp ol 461>) De Dcp lox
pbg Gecowxdfgmgep ol Igdxeaef) hq Sgcwxaef pbg Co~ags ol Md~s)
Cbdxps) de` Hoojs po pbg Dwpboxs de` ^xo~xagpoxs ol Swcb Co~ags%
G|gxq pamg pgcbeoiofq bds `g|gio~g` egv vdqs po co~q ox
`aspxahwpg voxjs) co~qxafbp idv bds bd` po cdpcb w~% D|daidhaiapq
ol ~xaepaef ~xgssgs de` ~bopoco~q mdcbaegs bd|g xgtwaxg`
cbdefgs ae co~qxafbp idv% @afapa{dpaoe as eov xgtwaxaef co~qxafbp
idv po cdpcb w~ dfdae% Cowxps fgegxdiiq xgmdae saigep oe pbg
d~~iacdpaoe ol co~qxafbp idv po egv pgcbeoiofags) hgcdwsg pbg
kw`fgs jeov Coefxgss as voxjaef oe cbdefgs ae pbg idv po
dccommo`dpg pbosg pgcbeoiofags%
Pbg @afapdi Maiigeeawm Co~qxafbp Dcp "@MCD! vds ~dssg` ae
4112 po d``xgss asswgs dxasaef hgcdwsg ol `afapdi pgcbeoiofags de`
po coeloxm W%S% idv vapb pbg xgtwaxgmgeps ol cgxpdae pxgdpags% Somgol pbg mosp am~oxpdep sgcpaoes ol pbg @MCD po iahxdxags aeciw`g
pbg ~xobahapaoe dfdaesp caxcwm|gepaef pgcbeoiofacdi ~xopgcpaoe
mgdswxgs ~wp ae ~idcg hq pbg co~qxafbp ovegx po coepxoi dccgss po
d co~qxafbpg` voxj%
Pbg Pgcbeoiofq) G`wcdpaoe) de` Co~qxafbp Bdxmoea{dpaoe
"PGDCB! Dcp diiovs wsg ol eoe-~gxloxmdecg mg`ad de` ~dxps ol
~gxloxmdecg mg`ad ae `aspdecg g`wcdpaoe) aeciw`aef oe vghsapgs
de` hq opbgx `afapdi mgdes) ~xo|a`g` pbg g`wcdpaoedi aespapwpaoe
mggps xafoxows spde`dx`s we`gx pbg Dcp% Dccox`aef po Mx%
Mc@oeowfb) pbg PGDCB Dcp sgps w~ coeliacps vapb pbg depa-
caxcwm|gepaoe ~oxpaoe ol pbg @MCD%
Co~qxafbp idv `gdis vapb d pxadefwidpaoe ol aepgxgsps) pbosg ol
ovegxs) wsgxs) de` dxpasps% Vapb pbg 416< xg|asaoe ol pbg Co~qxafb
Dcp) vbacb co`alag` lox pbg laxsp pamg pbg ldax wsg `ocpxaeg) iahxdxags
de` dcd`gmacs fop pbg w~~gx bde`% We`gx pbg ldax wsg `ocpxaeg)
co~qaef d co~qxafbpg` voxj lox cxapacasm) commgep) egvs
xg~oxpaef) pgdcbaef) scboidxsba~) ox xgsgdxcb as eop aelxaefgmgep%
Bovg|gx ae pbg 411>s) pbgxg vds d lgdx pbdp pbg whatwapq ol pbg
aepgxegp vowi` gspxoq co~qxafbp ae`wspxags% Hgcdwsg ol pbas lgdx)
co~qxafbp idvs ~dssg` `wxaef pbg 411>s fd|g co~qxafbp boi`gxs
pbg w~~gx bde`% Wepai asswgs dhowp pbg @MCDs com~xomasg ol
ldax wsg dxg xgsoi|g`) ap vaii bd|g d cbaiiaef gllgcp oe iahxdxags de`
wsgxs%
Mx% Mc@oeowfb sda` pbdp g|gxqoeg as coelwsg` dhowp co~qxafbp
idv pbgsg `dqs% Lox bgi~ vapb lafwxaef owp vbdp po `o) bg
xgcommge`g pbg Co~qxafbp ae pbg @afapdi Iahxdxq sapg dp bpp~;//
vvv%wpsqspgm%g`w/ofc/Aepgiigcpwdi^xo~gxpq/i-`afiah%bpm%
Co~qxafbp ae pbg @afapdi Iahxdxq as d ~dxp ol pbg WP Sqspgm Cxdsb
Cowxsg ae Co~qxafbp) vbacb cde hg lowe` dp bpp~;//
vvv%wpsqspgm%g`w/ofc/Aepgiigcpwdi^xo~gxpq/c~xpae`r%bpm%
Mx% Mc@oeowfb diso s~ojg dhowp pbg coepxdcp aef dvdq ol ldax
wsg xafbps pbdp cde occwx vapb iacgesg dfxggmgeps% Oe pbdp asswg)
bg xgcommge`g` Igsigq Giige Bdxxas)Iacgesaef @afapdi Coepgep;
D ^xdcpacdi Fwa`g lox Iahxdxades "Cbacdfo; Dmgxacde Iahxdxq
Dssocadpaoe) 8>>8!% Bg mgepaoeg` somg ol pbg ~xohigms) ldmaiadx
po mosp iahxdxades) vapb ~xo|a`aef scboidxiq mdpgxadis we`gx oeiaeg
swhscxa~paoes) aeciw`aef pbg ~xohigms ol xgspxacpg` dccgss de` pbg
ldcp pbdp vbge pbg iahxdxq spo~s ~dqaef lox pbg oeiaeg
swhscxa~paoe) ap wswdiiq iosgs dccgss po dii pbg coepgep) g|ge
dxcba|gs%
Ap as eop kwsp iahxdxags de` wsgxs vbo dxg hgaef dllgcpg` hq pbg
`qaef edpwxg ol ~bqsacdi `aspxahwpaoe% Dwpboxs dxg eop fgppaef ~da`
d`gtwdpgiq de` dxg iosaef co~qxafbps% Mx% Mc@oeowfb
swffgspg` pbdp dcd`gmacs) vbo mwsp `o xgsgdxcb de` ~whiasb
hgcdwsg ol pbg pgewxg sqspgm) de` iahxdxades loxm ~dxpegxsba~s ae
aepgxegp ~whiasbaef% Pbas vowi` xgswip ae hgppgx com~gesdpaoe ol
dxpasps de` hgppgx dccgss lox xgsgdxcbgxs%
Mx% Mc@oeowfb diso gr~xgssg` coecgxe dhowp pbg dxcba|di
lwecpaoe ol iahxdxags% Pbaefs bg egg`s jgg~ `asd~~gdxaef% Pbg
~whiac as iosaef dccgss po pbg dccwmwidpg` jeovig`fg ol pbg ~dsp
cow~ig bwe`xg` qgdxs hgcdwsg ol pbg @MCD) coepxdcp idv) de`pbg coesoia`dpaoe ol ~whiasbgxs%
Bovg|gx) Mx% Mc@oeowfb ge`g` oe d ~osapa|g eopg% Bg hgiag|gs
pbdp) ds ~go~ig hgcomg moxg ~oiapacdiiq dvdxg) pbgq vaii sw~~oxp
pbg xoig ol iahxdxags ds dxcba|gs) eop kwsp pbg eopaoe ol pxd`apaoedi
xoig ol iahxdxags% Bg diso ~xg`acpg` pbdp vg vaii sgg |acpoxags ae pbg
egrp 4> qgdxs%
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
2
D Ealpq Sgx|acg; \axpwdi Xglgxgecghq Spg~bdeag K% Hwxjg) ^d~~ds Idv Iahxdxq) Hospoe Wea|gxsapq
Scbooi ol Idv
Pxdcq Pbom~soe) Grgcwpa|g @axgcpox ol EGIICO) jacjg` oll pbg
~xofxdm) Mq Hxopbgx Vds Kwsp dxxgspg`) de`Pbg Xgdi
Gr~gxagecg ol \axpwdi Xglgxgecg) vapb d cia~ lxom de Obao egvshxod`cdsp% D xg~oxpgx) ioojaef dp de Obao ~whiac iahxdxqs Jeov Ap
Eov |axpwdi xglgxgecg sgx|acg) cdiig` ap d ealpq sgx|acg% Pvo
~degiasps) IIEGs ove Scopp Mdpbgsoe ol Qdig Idv Scbooi
Iahxdxq) de` Spg|g McJae{ag ol @acjaesoe Coiigfg ae
^geesqi|dead) pbge ~xocgg`g` po `ghdpg pbg mgxaps ol so-cdiig`
ealpq |axpwdi xglgxgecg sgx|acg%
Pbg po~ac vds ol ~dxpacwidx aepgxgsp po EGIICO mgmhgxs vbo dxg
cwxxgepiq pdjaef ~dxp ae d eaeg-moepb ~aiop |axpwdi xglgxgecg
~xofxdm cdiig` Iahxdxq Idviaeg) sgg bpp~;//vvv%egiico%oxf/
iahxdxqidviaeg/% Scopp Mdpbgsoe) d ~xo~oegep ol |axpwdi xglgxgecg)
bds bd` d mdkox xoig ae pbg Iahxdxq Idviaeg sgx|acg% Spg|g
McJae{ag as co-dwpbox vapb Koedpbde Idwgx ol pvo xgcgep dxpacigsoe |axpwdi xglgxgecg) \axpwdi Xglgxgecg; O|gxxdpg`) Aelidpg` de`
Eop G|ge Xgdi) Cbdxigspoe D`|asgx0) eo% 8 "Ocpohgx 8>>8!; 7
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
1
xglgxgecg iahxdxades pdjg lox fxdepg` eov% Mx% Mdpbgsoe spdpg`
pbdp g|gepwdiiq) bde`iaef |axpwdi xglgxgecg vbaig dp pbg xglgxgecg
`gsj vaii iajgiq hg pbg sdmg) vapb xglgxgecg iahxdxades kwffiaef
|axpwdi xglgxgecg ~dpxoes) ae-~gxsoe ~dpxoes) de` pgig~boeg
xglgxgecg%
Oeg ol pbg hgeglaps ol |axpwdi xglgxgecg) hopb ~degiasps dfxgg`)
vds pbg cxgdpaoe ol pxdescxa~ps ol xglgxgecg aepgxdcpaoes% \axpwdi
xglgxgecg aepgxdcpaoes g|oi|g aepo d |diwdhig `dpdhdsg oltwgspaoes de` desvgxs% Hopb diso cdwpaoeg` pbdp pbgxg as somg
`defgx po bd|aef d xgcox` ol xglgxgecg aepgxdcpaoes) de` ~xo~gx
~xocg`wxgs mwsp hg wsg` po sdlgfwdx` pbas aeloxmdpaoe%
Pbg laedi twgspaoe vds pbg ~degiasps |agv ol pbg lwpwxg ol |axpwdi
xglgxgecg% Mx% McJae{ag spdxpg` hq spdpaef pbdp |axpwdi xglgxgecg
`ogs bd|g d ~idcg ae pbg lwpwxg) `g~ge`aef oe pbg coepgrp% ^dpxoes
vbo bd|g po pxd|gi po |asap ~whiac iahxdxags) swcb ds pbosg ae pbg
Obao egvs spoxq vbacb o~geg` pbg ~degi) mdq hg vgii sgx|g` hq
|axpwdi xglgxgecg% Spw`geps dp d smdii xgsa`gepadi coiigfg vbgxg pbg
iahxdxq as ciosg hq mdq eop hg% Foo` xglgxgecg voxj) Mx% McJae{ag
~oaepg` owp) xgtwaxgs jeovig`fg ol pbg ciagep de` pbg
ge|axoemgep) de` d ~gxsoedi coepgrp as grpxgmgiq |diwdhig% \axpwdixglgxgecg ogs bd|g aps ~idcg) aeciw`aef sbovaef pbdp iahxdxades
dxg oe po~ ol pgcbeoiofq% Bovg|gx) bg cdwpaoeg` eop po hg `xdve
ae hq pbg lidsb ol |axpwdi xglgxgecg vbge d moxg pxd`apaoedi loxm
ol xglgxgecg mdq hgppgx sgx|g pbg ~dpxoe commweapq%
\axpwdi xglgxgecg mdq hg d lar hgloxg pbgxg as d ~xohigm) Scopp
Mdpbgsoe d`mappg`) hwp bg sda` |axpwdi xglgxgecg diso sgx|gs de
am~oxpdep lwecpaoe% Ae-~gxsoe xglgxgecg spdpaspacs dxg ove dp
mosp iahxdxags) g|ge pbowfb spw`geps dxg oe cdm~ws de` ae pbg
iahxdxq g|gxq dq% Mx% Mdpbgsoe vgep oe) ~oaepaef owp pbdp ap as
am~oxpdep po aepgfxdpg |axpwdi xglgxgecg aepo pbg mar ol ae ~gxsoe) g-
mdai de` pgig~boeg xglgxgecg% Dipbowfb |axpwdi xglgxgecg eov mdq
pdjg d hap ioefgx) ds ap xgtwaxgs pq~aef pbg gepaxg aepgxdcpaoe) vbge|oacgo|gx A^ de` xgdi pamg |a`go commweacdpaoe am~xo|g) pbg pamg
ol gdcb |axpwdi xglgxgecg aepgxdcpaoe vaii sbxaej% @aspdecg
g`wcdpaoe mdq diso aecxgdsg pbg gmde` lox |axpwdi xglgxgecg%
\axpwdi xglgxgecg) Scopp mdaepdaeg`) vaii hg ~dxp ol pbg ide`scd~g
ol xglgxgecg%
Mo`gxdpox Pxdcq Pbom~soe ~oaepg` owp pbg coepgrp as am~oxpdep
|axpwdi xglgxgecg voxjs vgii ae somg sapwdpaoes) de` eop so vgii
ae opbgxs% Pbg dw`agecg pbge kwm~g` aepo pbg `ghdpg% Kode Sbgdx
ol Hospoe Coiigfg ~oaepg` owp pbdp g|ge vbge sbg hgfaes de
aepgxdcpaoe vapb d ~whiac ~dpxoe) sbg vaii olpge g-mdai d WXI po
pbgm xdpbgx pbde pxq po fa|g d WXI o|gx pbg ~boeg) so |axpwdi
xglgxgecg voxjs vgii% Diso) de dw`agecg mgmhgx ~oaepg` owp pbdp
somgpamgs ~dpxoes `o eop vdep po d`map) ldcp po ldcg) pbdp pbgq `o
eop jeov somgpbaef%
Scopp Mdpbgsoe sda` ap as gdsagx po hwai` d xgidpaoesba~ vapb
~dpxoes) gs~gcadiiq qowx ove ~dpxoes) ldcg-po-ldcg) d``aef pbdp
ho`q idefwdfg de` ~gxsoedi aepgxdcpaoe dxg iosp ae d |axpwdi
xglgxgecg aepgxcbdefg% Spg|g McJae{ag xgmae`g` g|gxqoeg pbdp
g|ge g-mdai cde hg pxacjq) ds mdeq bd|g gr~gxagecg`) vbge pbg
xgca~agep `ogs eop ~gxcga|g pbg mdeegx ae vbacb pbg sge`gx
aepge`g` pbg commweacdpaoe po hg sgep% Asswgs vapb
coela`gepadiapq vgxg diso `ascwssg`) de` g|gxqoeg dfxgg` pbdp
spxoef ~oiacags po ~xopgcp ~dpxoes coela`gepadiapq dxg |apdi po d
swccgsslwi |axpwdi xglgxgecg sgx|acg%
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ae|oi|g` ae pbg EGIICO Iahxdxq Idviaeg ~aiop% D``apaoediiq) pbg
po~ac vds aepgxgspaef lox dii iahxdxades po coesa`gx ds d com~oegep
ol xglgxgecg sgx|acg ae pbg lwpwxg% Pbg mo`gxdpox) ~degiasps de`
dw`agecg dii vgxg gefdfg` de` aepgxgspg` ae pbg xoig |axpwdi
xglgxgecg mdq ~idq ae pbg lwpwxg ol dii xglgxgecg iahxdxades de`iahxdxags%
Ealpq Sgx|acg coepaewg`
@afapdi Iahxdxags; Mqpb) Xgdiapq ox Somgvbgxg ae
Hgpvgge?Hq @adeg @Defgio) Swlloij Wea|gxsapq Idv Iahxdxq
Lox pbg sgcoe` sgssaoe ol pbg `dq) pvo `afapdi iahxdxq fwxws pooj
pbg spdfg% Vaiiadm Hax`sdii as pbg dwpbox olPbg Mqpb ol pbg
Gigcpxoeac Iahxdxq; Iahxdxadesba~ de` Socadi Cbdefg ae
Dmgxacd% @x% Id|gxed Sdwe`gxs as Wea|gxsapq Iahxdxade) @wtwgseg
Wea|gxsapq de` pbg g`apox olPbg G|oi|aef \axpwdi Iahxdxq;\asaoes de` Cdsg Spw`ags de` Pbg G|oi|aef \axpwdi Iahxdxq AA;
^xdcpacdi de` ^baioso~bacdi ^gxs~gcpa|gs%
Haii pooj d ~baioso~bacdi d~~xodcb) bafbiafbpaef pbg baspoxacdi xoig
ol iahxdxags de` cdiiaef oe iahxdxades po xgmgmhgx pbg am~oxpdecg ol
socadi |diwgs de` lwe`dmgepdi bwmde xafbps vbge cxdlpaef afapdi
iahxdxq ~oiacags% Id|gxed d``xgssg` cwxxgep pxge`s de` asswgs pbdp
swxxowe` `afapdi iahxdxags po`dq%
Dccox`aef po Haii) vxapaefs de` spw`ags oe |axpwdi iahxdxags pge` po
locws oe pgcbeoiofacdi asswgs) vapb eo locws oe |diwgs% Ds d
xgswip) iappig dppgepaoe bds hgge fa|ge po pbg |diwgs pbdp sbowi`
fo|gxe |axpwdi iahxdxq ~oiacags% Haii eopg` pbdp) aeloxmdpaoepgcbeoiofq a`goiofq bds xa|ge afapdi iahxdxq ~whiac ~oiacq o|gx
pbg ~dsp pge qgdxs ox so% Pbas pgcbeoiofacdi sidep bds ~xo`wcg`
`afapdi iahxdxq ~oiacags pbdp dxg bafbiq aeliwgecg` hq pbg gcoeomac
mdxjgp de` eop socadi |diwgs% O|gx pbg ~dsp `gcd`g) ca|ai egg`s
bd|g hgge pxwm~g` hq gcoeomac am~gxdpa|gs%
D idxfg cbwej ol Haiis ~xgsgepdpaoe grdmaeg` pxd`apaoedi iahxdxq
|diwgs de` bov pbgq|g hgge pxdesloxmg` o|gx pamg% Vbge ~whiac
iahxdxags vgxg laxsp gspdhiasbg` ae pbg Weapg` Spdpgs) pbgq maxxoxg`
pbg va`giq bgi` a`gd pbdp de ae`a|a`wdis dccgss po jeovig`fg vds
cxapacdi po bd|aef de aeloxmg` capa{ge ae d gmocxdcq% Haii diso
`ascwssg` pbg pbxgg fgegxdpaoes ol xafbps pbdp bd|g aeliwgecg`
iahxdxq ~oiacags; pbg ca|ai de` ~oiapacdi xafbps pbdp vgxg hoxe ae pbg
42pb cgepwxq: xafbps po d`gtwdpg g`wcdpaoe de` bowsaef pbdp vgxg
hq~xo`wcps ol pbg ae`wspxadi xg|oiwpaoe ol pbg idpg 41pb cgepwxq:
de` idspiq) pbg xafbp po commweacdpg) vbacb vds laxmiq gspdhiasbg`
dp pbg ge` ol pbg 8> pb cgepwxq% Haii coepge`s pbg iahxdxq as pbg
aespapwpaoedi gmho`amgep ol pbg xafbp po commweacdpg de` pbdp
vg sbowi` eop dhde`oe pxd`apaoedi |diwgs hwp aepgxpvaeg ox
xgcdsp pbgm vapbae d bwmde xafbps lxdmgvoxj% Ae sboxp) eop oeiq
sbowi` `afapdi iahxdxq ~oiacags sw~~oxp d ~gxsoes xafbp po hg
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
4>
aeloxmg`) pbgq sbowi` diso sw~~oxp de ae`a|a`wdis xafbp po lxggiq
commweacdpg pbdp aeloxmdpaoe%
Ae d afapdi voxi`) Haii dxfwg`) iahxdxades mwsp xg-grdmaeg pbgax
~xolgssaoedi |diwgs de` ~xo|a`g igd`gxsba~ po geswxg pbdp socadi
|diwgs de` hdsac bwmde xafbps hgcomg coxegxspoegs ae `afa pdi
iahxdxq ~oiacags%
Vapb de aeloxmdpa|g ovgx~oaep ~xgsgepdpaoe gepapig`) Pbg@afapdi Iahxdxq; \axpwdi S~dcg , bqsacdi ^idcg) Id|gxed owpiaeg`
cwxxgep pxge`s de` asswgs pbdp ldcg iahxdxades de` sbdxg` bgx
~gxsoedi gr~gxagecgs ds d Iahxdxq @axgcpox% Bgx gefdfaef spqig
gecowxdfg` dw`agecg mgmhgxs po pbaej dhowp pbgax ove iahxdxags
de` sbdxg gr~gxagecgs% Sbg powcbg` oe d ewmhgx ol po~acs swcb
ds massaoe spdpgmgeps) pbg mdxjgpaef ol afapdi xgsowxcgs) pbg
dhwe`decg ol egv gigcpxoeac `g|acgs) dccgss) dwpbgepacdpaoe)
co~qxafbp) ~xa|dcq) hw`fgp xgspxacpaoes) iacgesaef) pbg xgdiiocdpaoe
ol lwe`s) ~bqsacdi lapegss) aepgx~gxsoedi commweacdpaoe sjaiis) pbg
egg` po mdaepdae de` gebdecg pbg iahxdxq ds d ~bqsacdi ~idcg) de`
igd`gxsba~%
Ds iahxdxades spxwffig po jgg~ w~ vapb xd`acdi pgcbeoiofacdid`|decgs de` geswxg pbdp xgsowxcgs dxg d|daidhig ae gigcpxoeac
loxmdps) pbgq mwsp xg|agv de` dmge` pbgax massaoe spdpgmgeps%
Id|gxed wxfg` pbg dw`agecg po coesa`gx |gxq hdsac hwp am~oxpdep
twgspaoes; Vbq dxg vg bgxg? Vbdp as owx massaoe? Vbo `o vg
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xowfbiq 447 IIEGgxs bov mdeq bd` massaoe spdpgmgeps dp pbgax
iahxdxags) dhowp bdil xdasg` pbgax bde`s% Vbge sbg dsjg`) bov
mdeq ol qow xg|asap ap) lgvgx pbde bdil xdasg` pbgax bde`s%
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spw`geps de` ldcwipq oeiq cbgcj sbgi|gs lox ~d~gx mdpgxadis de`
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d|daidhig gigcpxoeacdiiq% Vbaig somg ~dpxoes bd|g `allacwipq
ed|afdpaef gigcpxoeac xgsowxcgs de` bd|g d bdx` pamg fgppaef o|gx
pbg jegg-kgxj xgdcpaoe po iooj ae pbg spdcjs lox ~d~gx xgsowxcgs)
mdeq moxg ~xglgx pbg coe|geagecg ol gigcpxoeac xgsowxcgs%
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wsgxs dxg hgcomaef moxg de` moxg `g~ge`gep oe pbgax id~po~s% Dp
coiigfgs de` wea|gxsapags) pbgq vdep po hg dhig po ~iwf ae de` wsg
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vaxgigss ae pbg egdx lwpwxg%
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aepo pbg afapdi voxi`% Dwpbgepacdpaoe) co~qxafbp) ~xa|dcq) hw`fgps
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@afapdi iahxdxags mdq diso bd|g de d`|gxsg gllgcp oe ~bqsacdi
lapegss de` aepgx~gxsoedi commweacdpaoe sjaiis% Id|gxed gr~idaeg`
pbdp) vg sap poo mwcb ae d `afapdi iahxdxq de` pbas vaii aecxgdsg ds
vg wsg moxg de` moxg `g|acgs% ^go~ig bd|g hgcomg so boojg`
oe pbg coe|geagecg ol gmdai pbdp ldcg po ldcg coe|gxsdpaoesbd~~ge igss de` igss% Id|gxed bds pxag` po fgp dxowe` pbgsg
asswgs hq bd|aef vdijaef mggpaefs% Aespgd` ol spdxaef dp bgx
com~wpgx de` commweacdpaef |ad gmdai ox sappaef lox ioef bowxs
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cdm~ws pxdcj%
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ol pbg mdeq hgeglaps ol mdjaef xgsowxcgs d|daidhig ae |axpwdi
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iahxdxades po sggj owp ~dpxoes de` dsj lox lgg`hdcj% Pbg xgtwgsps
Id|gxed bds bgdx` ae xgcgep qgdxs xdefg lxom cdiis lox moxg lwii-
pgrp `dpdhdsgs po xgtwgsps lox moxg comlq cbdaxs de` collgg hdxs%
Ae iafbp ol pbg weatwg asswgs pbdp ldcg ws ae d afapdi voxi`) Haii de`
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boeg igd`gxsba~ sjaiis% \axpwdi xglgxgecg de` opbgx pgcbeoiofacdi
d`|decgmgeps dxg xg`glaeaef pbg pxd`apaoedi xoig ol pbg iahxdxade%
Iahxdxades mwsp mdjg swxg pbdp coxg socadi |diwgs dxg eop
o|gxioojg` ds pbgsg egv pgcbeoiofags fdae ~o~widxapq%
Lox moxg aeloxmdpaoe oe Haiis `ascwssaoe oe pbg xgidpaoesba~
hgpvgge iahxdxags de` pbg xafbp po commweacdpg) fo po bpp~;//
vvv%xafbppocommweacdpg%oxf/% Po |agv Id|gxeds ^ovgx~oaep
sia`gsbov) fo po bpp~;//vvv%ddiiegp%oxf/cbd~pgx/iieg/dxcba|g/
mggpaefs/S~xaef>3/bde`owps%bpmi
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IIEG Hwsaegss Mggpaef Maewpgs) Mdxcb 82) 8>>3Swhmappg` hq Kgdeeaeg W~~fdx`) IIEG Sgcxgpdxq
^XGSA@GEPS XG^OXP
Majg Bwfbgs vgicomg` g|gxqoeg po pbg mggpaef de` pbdejg`
Hgpsq McJge{ag) Swlloij spdll de` dii pbosg ae|oi|g` ae pbg s~xaef
~xofxdm%
Majg xg~oxpg` pbg loiiovaef;- D pbdej qow igppgx lxom Kdeas Kobespoe vds xgcga|g`
dlpgx bgx |asap dp pbg ldii mggpaef
- DDII Sgdppig mggpaef scbg`wig aeciw`gs;
-IIEG Grgcwpa|g Hodx`) Kwiq 40) 6;>>dm
-IIEG/SEGIID iwecbgoe) Kwiq 47) 44;07dm
-COEGII) Spg~bdeag Hwxjg
-Fxdeps Commappgg) Macbgiig gdxsg) cbdax
-Dcpa|apq pdhig vaii hg sgp w~ oe Kwiq 48
-DDII ae Hospoe 8>>0% Cdpbq Hxgge de` @dxcq Jaxj dxg
co-cbdaxs ol pbg iocdi dxxdefgmgeps commappgg%
-Pbg Eomaedpaef Commappgg bds hgge d~~oaepg`; Dee
@g\gdwr) cbdax vapb Iqee Xde`di de` Coxegiad Pxwhgq%
Cde`a`dpgs vaii hg eomaedpg` lox; \acg-^xgsa`gep/
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-Pbg Coespapwpaoe/Hqidvs xg|asaoes de` Commappgg
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mgmhgxsba~ lox d`o~paoe% PBG XG\ASAOES VGXG
^DSSG@ WEDEAMOWSIQ%
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Iahxdxq
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COMMAPPGG XG^OXPSEgvsigppgx - Macbgiig gdxsg xgmae`g` g|gxqoeg pbdp Mdq 4sp as
pbg gd`iaeg lox swhmappaef mdpgxadi lox pbg egrp asswg% Asswgs dxg
eov d|daidhig gigcpxoeacdiiq |ad pbg vgh sapg de` g-mdai eopalacdpaoe
ol egv asswgs as sgep po g|gxqoeg oe pbg iaspsgx|%
^whiac Xgidpaoes - @d|g Pwxjdio xg~oxpg` pbdp Mgfde Cdxgq vaii hg
pbg egv cbdax ol pbg ^whiac Xgidpaoes Commappgg%
Scboidxsba~s - Swsde Swiia|de xg~oxpg` pbdp Mdxfdxgp Cadeldxaea va
hg pbg egv cbdax% Aeloxmdpaoe dhowp scboidxsba~s as d|daidhig oe pb
vgh sapg% Pvo scboidxsba~s ol 67> gdcb po dppge` pbg DDII Deew
Mggpaef ae Sgdppig) VD vaii hg dvdx`g`%
Sgx|acg - Pbg commappgg bds hgge dcpa|g aeciw`aef ~dxpaca~dpaoe ae
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Spxggp Aee% Mgmhgxs ol pbg commappgg dxg cwxxgepiq xgcxwapaef
~dxpaca~deps lox pbas qgdxs Vdij lox Bwefgx oe Swe`dq) Mdq 0)
8>>3% Vbaig mosp dcpa|apags bd|g hgge ae pbg Hospoe dxgd) pbg
commappgg mgmhgxs dxg ioojaef lox dcpa|apags ae opbgx dxgds%
Pbg IgrasEgras xdllig vds voe hq Iwcae`d Bdxxasoe-Cor) Xofgx
Vaiiadms Wea|gxsapq Scbooi ol Idv Iahxdxq%
IIEG Sgx|acg Commappgg Pdhig `as~idqaef |oiwepggx
o~~oxpweapags po pbg IIEG mgmhgxsba~ dp pbg S~xaef Mggpaef
Eomaedpaoes lox pbg IIEG Grgcwpa|g Hodx`
Pbg IIEG Eomaedpaef Commappgg) coesaspaef ol Dee @g\gdwr)
Iqee Xde`dii) de` Coxegiad Pxwhgq) bds ~xo~osg` pbg loiiovaef
sidpg ol cde`a`dpgs lox pbg Grgcwpa|g Hodx` po sgx|g d pvo-qgdx
pgxm hgfaeeaef ae Kwiq 8>>3;
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Lox pbg ollacg ol Pxgdswxgx - Kwiaded Bdq`ge) W%S% Cowxp ol
D~~gdis 4sp Caxcwap Sdpgiiapg Iahxdxq) Coecox`) EB
Lox pbg ollacg ol G`wcdpaoe @axgcpox - Swsde @xasjo) Eoxpbgdspgxe
Wea|gxsapq Idv Iahxdxq) Hospoe) MD
Pbg gigcpaoe vaii pdjg ~idcg dp pbg Deewdi Mggpaef) oe Kwiq 47)
8>>3) dp pbg IIEG/SEGIID Koaep Cbd~pgx Iwecbgoe%
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
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DHD Hxacjs , Hqpgs Coelgxgecghq Jam @wiae) Eoxpbgdspgxe Wea|gxsapq Scbooi ol Idv Iahxdxq
Swlloij Wea|gxsapq Idv Scbooi bospg` pbg DHDs Hxacjs) Hqpgs
de` Coepaewows Xgeo|dpaoes Coelgxgecg oe Mdxcb 41-88) 8>>3%
Pbg DHD Hxacjs , Hqpgs coelgxgecg ~xo|a`gs fwa`decg oe
~ideeaef idv scbooi hwai`aef de` xgeo|dpaoe ~xokgcps% G|gxq
pbxgg po lowx qgdxs pbg DHD s~oesoxs d Hxacjs , Hqpgscoelgxgecg dp d xgcgepiq xgeo|dpg` ox hwaip idv scbooi% Pbas qgdx)
pbg DHD cbosg Swlloij ds aps bosp sapg%
Pbas vds d voe`gxlwi igdxeaef de` egpvoxjaef o~~oxpweapq lox
Egv Gefide` dxgd idv iahxdxades vbo dxg hwai`aef ox xgeo|dpaef
pbgax iahxdxags) ox kwsp pbaejaef dhowp ap% Gdcb `dq ol pbg pvo `dq
coelgxgecg hgfde vapb d ~igedxq sgssaoe) o~ge po dii dppge`ggs%
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hwai`aef ~xokgcps%
Ae pbg laxsp sgssaoe) Fgoxfgpove @gde Kw`q Dxgge) dioef vapb
mgmhgxs ol bgx hwai`aef commappgg de` dxcbapgcpwxdi pgdm)
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sgssaoe vds grpxgmgiq aeloxmdpa|g) de` ~xo|a`g` d eacg
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d ~degi ol dxcbapgcps ascwssaef pbgax a`gds dhowp swccgsslwi idv
scbooi `gsafe% Oeg ol pbg ~degiasps vds G` Psoa) pbg dxcbapgcp
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fdpbgxg`% Pbas diiovg` pbg dppge`ggs de o~~oxpweapq po
ammg`adpgiq igd|g pbg sgssaoe de` bd|g d iooj dp s~gcalac `gpdais
bg `ascwssg`%
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pbg coelgxgecg vds `g|opg` po hxgdjowp sgssaoes fgdxg` po
s~gcalac po~acs% Oe pbg laxsp dq) pbgxg vgxg pbxgg iahxdxq-xgidpg`
hxgdjowp sgssaoes% Pbg laxsp vds d sgssaoe mo`gxdpg` hq ^geeq
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vaii gr~de` pbxowfb afapdi xgsowxcgs de` aspdecg igdxeaef% Majg
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spdhig) hwp vaii cbdefg ae lwecpaoe% Bg d`|ocdpg` xgpbaejaef
iahxdxq s~dcg po mdjg iahxdxags oeg haf cidssxoom vapb iops ol
spwll ae pbgm de` locws oe owx xoig ds pgdcbgxs% Pbg sgssaoe
fgegxdpg` de deamdpg` de` aepgxgspaef ascwssaoe dmoef pbg
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wecgxpdae lwpwxg%
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pbgoxgpacdi po~acs% Ae oeg sgssaoe) Hgpsq McJge{ag "Swlloij
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Iahxdxq! `ascwssg` ~ideeaef de` `gsafeaef iahxdxq ~whiac sgx|acgs
dxgds% Ae pbg sgcoe` sgssaoe) Hgpsq de` Cdpbq Coexoq "Bdx|dx`
Idv Scbooi Iahxdxq! `ascwssg` ~ideeaef de` `gsafeaef iahxdxq
pgcbeacdi sgx|acgs dxgds% Dii ol pbg s~gdjgxs bd` sia`gs
aiiwspxdpaef pbgax xgs~gcpa|g iahxdxq ~xokgcps% Pbgsg sgssaoes vgxg
iod`g` vapb |diwdhig pa~s oe vbdp voxjs de` vbdp `ogs eop voxj
Pbg sgcoe` `dq ol pbg coelgxgecg aeciw`g` hxgdjowp sgssaoes oe
egv pxge`s ae s~gcadi coiigcpaoes) bov po ae|afoxdpg qowx iahxdxq
vapb pbg d``apaoe ol d cqhgx-cdlg) de` d iahxdxq lwxeasbaefs
sgssaoes lgdpwxaef pbg xgeoveg` lwxeapwxg mdjgx lxom Mdaeg)
Pbomds Mosgx%
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g|ge d maeox xgeo|dpaoe ~xokgcp% Hgpsq McJge{ag de` bgx spdll)
ds vgii ds pbgax coiigdfwgs dp Swlloij) `gsgx|g jw`os lox sgx|aef
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ol pbg ~xolgssaoe vapb pbosg moxg gr~gxagecg` mgmhgxs vbo vdep
po sbdxg pbg jeovig`fg pbgq bd|g figdeg` o|gx pbg qgdxs% Pbg
Mgepox xokgcp ~xo|a`gs) ae de aeloxmdi de` ~gxsoedi sgppaef) pbg
o~~oxpweapq lox mgepoxs de` mgepggs po commweacdpg pofgpbgx
de` hwai` d egpvoxj ol ~xolgssaoedi xgidpaoesba~s%
Pbg Mgepox xokgcp as o~ge po iahxdxades lxom dii pq~gs ol iahxdxags%
Pbgxg as eo xgtwaxgmgep po dppge` pbg Deewdi Coelgxgecg% Gdcb~dxpaca~dep vaii hg mdpcbg` ds ciosgiq ds ~ossahig po opbgx mgmhgx
~xolaig ~xglgxgecgs% Pbg DDII Commappgg oe Mgepoxaef)
Xgpgepaoe) de` COEGII vaii xg|agv dii d~~iacdpaoes%
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bpp~;//vvv%ddiiegp%oxf/commappgg/mgepoxaef/mgepox_~xokgcp%bpmi
de` swhmap qowx mgepox ox mgepgg d~~iacdpaoe hq Kweg 4) 8>>3% Ae
d``apaoe) pdjg d momgep po xg|agv owx sgigcpaoe ol dxpacigs de` pa~s
oe mgepoxaef% Vg iooj loxvdx` po bgdxaef lxom qow%
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DDII @a|gxsapq Sqm~osawm
Papig; Dllaxmdpa|g Dcpaoe dlpgx Fxwppgx , Fxdp{; Vbgxg `o vg fo
lxom bgxg?
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Pamg; 8; >> ~%m% - 7;>> ~%m%
Kw`q Lioq` G|des) Cbdax) Commappgg oe @a|gxsapqDiige Moqg) Sqm~osawm Coox`aedpox) Fgoxfg Mdsoe Wea|gxsapq
Scbooi ol Idv Iahxdxq
Md`giaeg Bghgxp) Sqm~osawm Coox`aedpox) Iowasaded Spdpg
Wea|gxsapq
^dwi M%Bghgxp Idv Cgepgx Iahxdxq
Ds mosp ol ws dxg dvdxg) pbg W%S% Sw~xgmg Cowxp as sgp po xwig oe d
cow~ig ol coesoia`dpg` cdsgs ae|oi|aef pbg Wea|gxsapq ol
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
47
Egv Gefide Idv Iahxdxq Coesoxpawm de Pbg
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EGIICO EGVS
7/30/2019 Volume 23, Issue 2, 2003
16/20
IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
4>4%
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
46
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IIEG Egvs) \oiwmg 83) Ewmhgx 8) 8>>3
42
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7/30/2019 Volume 23, Issue 2, 2003
19/20
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7/30/2019 Volume 23, Issue 2, 2003
20/20
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