Developments in Environmental Science Volume 13 Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges Understanding and Perspectives from Forest Research Edited by R. Matyssek Freising, Germany N. Clarke As, Norway P. Cudlin Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic T.N. Mikkelsen Roskilde, Denmark J.-P. Tuovinen Helsinki, Finland G. Wieser Innsbruck, Austria E. Paoletti Florence, Italy _T AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD ELSEVIER PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Transcript
Developments in Environmental Science
Volume 13
Climate Change, Air
Pollution and Global
ChallengesUnderstanding and Perspectives
from Forest Research
Edited by
R. MatyssekFreising, Germany
N. ClarkeAs, Norway
P. CudlinCeske Budejovice, Czech Republic
T.N. MikkelsenRoskilde, Denmark
J.-P. TuovinenHelsinki, Finland
G. WieserInnsbruck, Austria
E. PaolettiFlorence, Italy
_TAMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD
ELSEVIER PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Contents
Contributors xvii
Preface xxiii
Part I
Introduction into the Scope and Structure
of the Book
1. Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges:Understanding and Perspectivesfrom Forest Research 3
Rainer Matyssek, Nicholas Clarke, Pavel Cudlin,Teis N0rgaard Mikkelsen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen,Gerhard Wieser, and Elena Paoletti
1.1 Why Write This Book? 3
1.2 Aims, Scope and Rationale 10
1.3 Overview of the Book's Structure 13
Acknowledgements 14
References 14
Part II
Interactions Between Trace Gases, Climate
Change and Vegetation2. Gaseous Exchange Between Forests and
the Atmosphere 19
Stan Cieslik, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Manuela Baumgarten,Rainer Matyssek, Patricia Brito, and Gerhard Wieser
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Trace Gas Emissions from the Forest Floor 20
2.3 Effects of Forest Fires 22
2.4 Ozone Deposition 24
2.4.1 Stomatal Uptake 24
2.4.2 Non-Stomatal Sinks 25
2.4.3 Up-Scaling and Measurements 26
2.5 Interactions with Atmospheric Composition and Climate 28
2.6 Conclusions and Further Research Directions 30
Acknowledgements 31
References 31
v
^ vi ) Contents
3. Nutrients or Pollutants? Nitrogen Depositionto European Forests 37
Werner Eugster and Matthias Haeni
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition to Forest Ecosystems 39
3.2.1 What are the Typical Detrimental Effects of
Nitrogen Deposition? 40
3.3 The Components of Nitrogen Deposition 42
3.3.1 Wet Deposition by Rainfall and Snow 42
3.3.2 Occult Deposition by Fog 44
3.3.3 Dry Deposition of Gases and Aerosol Particles 44
3.4 Recent Developments to Assess Effects on Tree Growth 48
3.4.1 Dendrometric Measurements 49
3.4.2 Net Ecosystem Productivity Measurements 50
3.5 Policy Relevance of the Knowledge on Nitrogen
Deposition51
Acknowledgements52
References 53
4. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and
Their Impacts on Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions 57
Francesco Loreto and Silvano Fares
4.1 Generalities on Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds 57
4.2 BVOC and the Atmosphere: Fluxes and Concentrations
(Sinks, Sources) 60
4.3 BVOC and Plant Physiology and Ecology: Membrane
Protection, Anti-oxidants, Plant Communication 64
4.4 BVOC and Climate Change: Warmer = More
Fragrant World?66
References 68
5. Air Pollution Risks to Northern EuropeanForests in a Changing Climate 77
Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Hannele Hakola, Per Erik Karlsson,
and David Simpson
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Interactions and Feedbacks 79
5.3 Risk of Impacts81
5.3.1 Approach 81
5.3.2 Climate Change versus Emission Reductions 83
5.3.3 Arctic Shipping 90
5.4 Discussion and Conclusions 91
Acknowledgements 93
References 94
Contents
Part 111
Significance of Biotic Processes in Forest
Ecosystem Response6. Ozone Research, Quo Vadisl Lessons from
the Free-Air Canopy Fumigation Experimentat Kranzberg Forest
Rainer Matyssek, Gerhard Wieser, Frank Fleischmann,and Ludger Grunhage
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ozone as Part of Factorial Complexes6.3 The Kranzberg Forest Experiment as a
Starting Point
6.3.1 Motivation of the Experiment6.3.2 Outcome
6.3.3 Remaining Uncertainties
6.4 The Ecological Significance of Biotic Factors for
Developing New 03 Research
6.4.1 Biological Relevance of Tree Features for 03
Response6.4.2 Role of Biotic Interactions
6.4.3 Biotic Interactions and Controlled Field
Experimentation6.5 Guiding 03 Research into the Future
6.5.1 Experimentation6.5.2 Monitoring and Modelling6.5.3 Exemplifying Integrated Research
6.6 Quo Vadisi Conclusions, Perspectives and PolicyImplications
References
7. Soil Respiration and Soil Organic Matter
Decomposition in Response to Climate Change
Jorg Kruse, Judy Simon, and Heinz Rennenberg
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Instantaneous Temperature Response of
Soil Respiration7.3 Short-Term Fluctuation of Substrate Supply with
Possible Long-Term Effects on Soil Respiration7.4 Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency as Affected by
Temperature7.5 Scientific Conclusions
7.6 Political ImplicationsReferences
GD
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8. Mycorrhizosphere Complexity
Hojka Kraigher, Marko Bajc, and Tine Crebenc
8.1 Introduction: The Role of Mycorrhizae in EcosystemFunctions and Processes
8.1.1 Mycorrhizal Life Strategies8.1.2 Identification and Characterisation of Types of
Ectomycorrhizae8.1.3 Plant and Ecosystem Services Provided by
Mycorrhizal Fungi8.1.4 Mycorrhizae and Soil Processes
Biodiversity: The Facilitation Concept8.3.1 Carbon Stores and Mycorrhizal Networks
8.3.2 Resource Partitioning and the Facilitation:
Collaboration Concepts8.4 Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research
and MonitoringAcknowledgementsReferences
9. Tree and Forest Responses to InteractingElevated Atmospheric C02 and Tropospneric 03:A Synthesis of Experimental Evidence
John King, Lingli Liu, and Michael Aspinwall
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Survey Methods9.3 Forest Responses to Interacting eC02 and e03
9.3.1 Experimental Design, Duration and ExposureRegimes
9.3.2 Tree Physiology (Gas Exchange and Water
Relations)
9.3.3 Biomass and Net Primary Production
9.3.4 Litter Decomposition and Soil Relations
9.4 Summary of Physiology, Biomass Production and
SOC Cycling Responses to eCC>2 x e03
9.5 Moving Forward
AcknowledgementsReferences
Contents
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10. Belowground Carbon Cycling at Aspen FACE: DynamicResponses to C02 and 63 in Developing Forests 209
Kurt S. Pregitzer and Alan F. Talhelm
10.1 Introduction 209
10.2 The Aspen FACE Experiment 211
10.2.1 Net Primary Productivity and Community Composition 212
10.2.2 Fine Roots Dynamics 213
10.2.3 Mycorrhizal Fungi 216
10.2.4 Soil Respiration 216
10.2.5 Soil Organic Matter 218
10.2.6 Soil Microorganisms and Extracellular Enzymes 220
10.3 Conclusions and Implications 221
Acknowledgements 223
References 223
11. Impacts of Atmospheric Change on
Tree-Arthropod Interactions 227
John J. Couture and Richard L. Lindroth
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Effects of C02 and 03 on Tree Growth and Chemistry11.2.1 Elevated C0211.2.2 Elevated 0311.2.3 Interactions Between C02 and 03
11.3 Effects of C02 and 03 on Canopy and Soil Arthropods11.3.1 Herbivores: Individuals, Populations, and Communities
11.3.2 Predators: Individuals, Populations, and Communities
11.3.3 Decomposers: Individuals, Populations, and Communities
11.4 Effects of C02 and 03 on Arthropod-MediatedEcosystem Processes
11.4.1 Canopy Defoliation
11.4.2 Substrate Deposition and Nutrient Dynamics11.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
11.5.1 Knowledge Gaps11.5.2 Future Research Directions
AcknowledgementsReferences
Part IV
Mechanistic and Diagnostic Understandingfor Risk Assessment and Up-Scaling12. Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for Adult
Beech and Spruce Forests 251
Ludger Grunhage, Rainer Matyssek, Gerhard Wieser,
Karl-Heinz Haberle, Michael Leuchner, Annette Menzel,
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CD Contents
Jochen Dieler, Hans Pretzsch, Winfried Grimmeisen,Lothar Zimmermann, Stephan Raspe, and Matthias
Schroder
12.1 Introduction 252
12.2 The LRTAP Convention's Stomatal Os Flux Approachfor Forest Trees 253
12.3 The Kranzberg Forest Experiment: A Validation Experimentfor the LRTAP Convention's Stomatal Flux Approachfor Forest Trees 257
12.4 Conclusions and Perspectives for Future 03 Risk
Assessments at Stand Level 261
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
13. Integrative Leaf-Level Phytotoxic Ozone Dose
Assessment for Forest Risk Modelling 267
Pierre Dizengremel, Yves Jolivet, Andree Tuzet, Annamaria
Ranieri, and Didier Le Thiec
13.1 Introduction 268
13.2 Ozone and Carbon Metabolism 268
13.2.1 Primary Metabolism 268
13.2.2 Secondary Metabolism 270
13.3 Oxidative Stress and Carbon Metabolism 273
13.3.1 Leaf Cell Response to Ozone Uptake 273
13.3.2 Ozone Flux and Detoxification Capacity 274
13.3.3 Detoxification and Carbon Metabolism 275
13.4 Identification of the Caps 276
13.4.1 The Prominent but Ambiguous Role of ASC in
Counteracting Oxidative Stress 276
13.4.2 Metabolism-Dependent Redox Power Impeded in
Detoxification? 280
13.5 Conclusions 280
13.5.1 Biochemical Markers Identifiable for FosteringSensitivity Thresholds for Ozone? 280
13.5.2 Combination of Ozone with Other Stresses (C02,
Drought, Temperature) 281
13.5.3 Research Needs in the Near Future 282
Acknowledgements 283
References 283
14. Integrated Studies on Abiotic Stress Defencein Trees: The Case of Ozone 289
Dieter Ernst
14.1 Introduction 289
14.2 Ozone Exposure Under Controlled Chamber/Greenhouse
Conditions 293
Contents
14.3 Free-Air Exposure Systems 295
14.3.1 The Aspen Free-Air C02 Enrichment Experiment 296
14.3.2 The Kranzberg Ozone Fumigation Experiment 296
14.3.3 Field Lysimeters 297
14.3.4 Open-Field Ozone Exposure Systems in Kuopio, Finland 298
14.4 Next-Generation Technologies 299
14.5 Conclusions 300
Acknowledgements 301
References 301
15. Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Increase Our
Understanding About Defence Responses and
Genotypic Differences of Northern DeciduousTrees to Elevating Ozone, C02 and Climate Warming 309
Elina Oksanen, Sarita Keski-Saari, Sari Kontunen-Soppela,and Markku Keinanen
15.1 Introduction 310
15.2 Ozone Experiments 311
15.3 Interactions of Ozone with C02 and/or Elevated
Temperature 317
15.4 Key Findings and Specific Questions Arising from the
Ozone Stress Experiments 321
15.4.1 How to Interpret Increased Concentration of Phenolics 321
15.4.2 Search for Indicators of Ozone Tolerance/Sensitivityand Growth Rate 322
15.5 Future Developments and Socio-Economic Aspects 324
References 326
Part V
Global Dimension of Air Pollution as Part
of Climate Change16. Interactive Effects of Air Pollution and Climate
Change on Forest Ecosystems in the United States:
Current Understanding and Future Scenarios 333
Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark Fenn, Steven McNulty,Fengming Yuan, Afshin Pourmokhtarian, Charles Driscoll,and Tom Meixner
16.1 Introduction 334
16.2 Air Pollution, Climate, and Their Interactions:
Present Status and Projections for the Future 335
16.2.1 Ozone 335
16.2.2 Reactive Nitrogen (Nr) 337
16.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphur Deposition 339
16.2.4 Climate Change Scenarios 339
GD Contents
16.3 Present Knowledge on Impacts of Air Pollution, CC,
Biotic Stressors and Management on Growth and
Health of Forests 341
16.4 Possible Future Changes in U.S. Forests Caused byClimate Change and Air Pollution 342
16.5 Projected Hydrological, Nutritional, and Growth Changesin Mixed Conifer Forests of the SBM (Southern California)
Due to CC, N Deposition, and 03 344
16.6 Projecting Hydrological, Nutritional and Growth Responsesof Forested Watersheds at the Hubbard Brook ExperimentalForest, Reflective of the American Northeast 352
16.6.1 CC (Without C02 Effects on Vegetation) 356
16.6.2 CC with C02 Effects 360
16.7 Conclusions 361
16.8 Research and Management Needs 362
Acknowledgements 363
References 363
17. Effects of Ozone on Forest Ecosystems in Eastand Southeast Asia 371
