United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statementfor the

Keystone XL ProjectVolume IMarch 2013Applicant for Presidential Permit: TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, LP

United States Department of StateDraft Supplemental Environmental Impact StatementFor the

KEYSTONE XL PROJECTApplicant for Presidential Permit: TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, LP

Volume IGenevieve Walker NEPA Contact & Project Manager United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs 2201 C Street NW, Room 2726 Washington, DC 20520

Cooperating Agencies U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) U.S. Department of AgricultureFarm Service Agency (FSA) U.S. Department of AgricultureNatural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) U.S. Department of AgricultureRural Utilities Service (RUS) U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) U.S. Department of InteriorBureau of Land Management (BLM) U.S. Department of InteriorNational Park Service (NPS) U.S. Department of InteriorU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) U.S. Department of TransportationPipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety (PHMSA) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Assisting Agencies U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ) Various State and Local Agencies in Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas

March 1, 2013

Volume I1.0 2.0 3.0 Introduction Description of the Proposed Project and Alternatives Affected Environment

Volume II4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Environmental Consequences Alternatives List of Preparers Distribution ListSupplemental EIS or Executive Summary Index

Volume IIIAppendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Governor Approval of the Keystone XL Project in Nebraska PHMSA 57 Special Conditions for Keystone XL and Keystone Compared to 49 CFR 195 Market Analysis Supplemental Information Waterbody Crossing Tables and Required Crossing Criteria for Reclamation Facilities Record of Consultation Scoping Summary Report Construction, Mitigation, and Reclamation Plan (CMRP)

Volume IVAppendix H Appendix I 2012 Biological Assessment Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plan, and Emergency Response Plan Sections Appendix J Basin Electric Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Project Routing Report Appendix K Historical Pipeline Incident Analysis Appendix L Oil and Gas Wells within 1320 ft of Proposed Right-of-Way Appendix M Soil Summary for Montana, South Dakota, and Nebraska Appendix N Supplemental Information for Compliance with MEPA Appendix O Socioeconomics Appendix P Crude Oil Material Safety Data Sheets Appendix Q Pipeline Risk Assessment and Environmental Consequence Analysis Appendix R Construction/Reclamation Plans and Documentation Appendix S Pipeline Temperature Effects Study Appendix T Literature Review Appendix U Screening Level Oil Spill Modeling Appendix V Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Project Descriptions Appendix W Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petroleum Products from WCSB Oil Sands Crudes Compared with Reference Crudes Appendix X Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Appendix Y Pipeline Construction in Sand Hills Native Rangelands Appendix Z Estimated Criteria Pollutants, Noise, and GHG Emissions

Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Keystone XL Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1.1-1 1.1.1 Overview and Structure of the Supplemental EIS ..................................................... 1.1-2 1.1.2 References .................................................................................................................. 1.1-8 1.2 Overview of Proposed Project ....................................................................................... 1.2-1 1.2.1 Proposed Project Delivery Amounts and Commitments............................................ 1.2-1 1.2.2 Project-Specific Special Conditions ........................................................................... 1.2-2 1.2.3 References .................................................................................................................. 1.2-2 1.3 Purpose and Need .......................................................................................................... 1.3-1 1.3.1 Project Purpose and Need .......................................................................................... 1.3-1 1.3.2 Department of State Purpose and Need...................................................................... 1.3-2 1.3.3 Department of InteriorBureau of Land Management Purpose and Need............... 1.3-3 1.3.4 Western Area Power Administration Purpose and Need ........................................... 1.3-3 1.4 Market Analysis ............................................................................................................. 1.4-1 1.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1.4-1 1.4.2 PADD Regions in the U.S. Crude Oil Market ........................................................... 1.4-2 1.4.3 Market Analysis Presented in 2011 Final EIS ........................................................... 1.4-3 1.4.4 Market Developments Since the 2011 Final EIS ....................................................... 1.4-7 1.4.4.1 Reduction in U.S. Demand ................................................................................. 1.4-8 1.4.4.2 Refined Product and Crude Oil Exports ........................................................... 1.4-14 1.4.4.3 Increase in United States Crude Oil Production ............................................... 1.4-17 1.4.4.4 Increase in Projected Canadian Crude Oil Production ..................................... 1.4-24 1.4.5 Pipeline Capacity out of WCSB ............................................................................... 1.4-26 1.4.6 Crude Oil Transportation ......................................................................................... 1.4-28 1.4.6.1 Increases in Pipeline Capacity .......................................................................... 1.4-28 1.4.6.2 Increases in Rail Capacity................................................................................. 1.4-33 1.4.6.3 Rail Potential to Transport WCSB Crude Oil ................................................... 1.4-42 1.4.7 Additional Issues in Market Outlook ....................................................................... 1.4-61 1.4.8 Additional Market Issues From Scoping CommentsCrude Price Differences and Gasoline Prices .................................................................................................. 1.4-64 1.4.9 References ................................................................................................................ 1.4-66

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1.5 Agency Participation ...................................................................................................... 1.5-1 1.5.1 Federal Lead AgencyU.S. Department of State ..................................................... 1.5-1 1.5.2 Cooperating Agencies ................................................................................................ 1.5-2 1.5.2.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .............................................................. 1.5-2 1.5.2.2 U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management ............................... 1.5-2 1.5.2.3 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service ..................................... 1.5-3 1.5.2.4 U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ....................... 1.5-3 1.5.2.5 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service ....... 1.5-3 1.5.2.6 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency ..................................... 1.5-4 1.5.2.7 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Service .................................... 1.5-4 1.5.2.8 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ........................................................................... 1.5-4 1.5.2.9 U.S. Department of Energy................................................................................. 1.5-5 1.5.2.10 U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety .......................................................... 1.5-6 1.5.3 Assisting Agencies and Other State Agencies ........................................................... 1.5-6 1.5.4 References .................................................................................................................. 1.5-7 1.6 Tribal and SHPO Consultation ...................................................................................... 1.6-1 1.6.1 Tribal Consultation..................................................................................................... 1.6-1 1.6.2 SHPO Consultation .................................................................................................... 1.6-1 1.7 Environmental Review of the Canadian Portion of the Keystone XL Project .............. 1.7-1

1.8 Preparation of Publication.............................................................................................. 1.8-1 1.8.1 Previous Keystone XL EIS Documents ..................................................................... 1.8-1 1.8.1.1 Preparation of Draft EIS for the 2011 Final EIS Process ................................... 1.8-1 1.8.1.2 Preparation of Supplemental Draft EIS for the 2011 Final EIS Process ............ 1.8-2 1.8.1.3 Preparation of the 2011 Final EIS ....................................................................... 1.8-2 1.8.2 Scoping for the Supplemental EIS ............................................................................. 1.8-2 1.9 2.0 Permits, Approvals, and Regulatory Requirements ....................................................... 1.9-1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES .......... 2-1

2.1 Overview of the Proposed Project ................................................................................. 2.1-1 2.1.1 Pipeline Route ............................................................................................................ 2.1-2 2.1.2 Land Requirements .................................................................................................. 2.1-14 2.1.3 Borrow Material Requirements ................................................................................ 2.1-14 2.1.4 Aboveground Facilities ............................................................................................ 2.1-16 2.1.4.1 Pump Stations ................................................................................................... 2.1-19 2.1.4.2 Pigging Facilities .............................................................................................. 2.1-20

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2.1.4.3 Densitometer Facilities ..................................................................................... 2.1-20 2.1.4.4 Mainline Valves ................................................................................................ 2.1-22 2.1.5 Ancillary Facilities ................................................................................................... 2.1-24 2.1.5.1 Additional Temporary Workspace Areas ......................................................... 2.1-24 2.1.5.2 Pipe Storage Sites and Contractor Yards .......................................................... 2.1-24 2.1.5.3 Fuel Transfer Stations ....................................................................................... 2.1-26 2.1.5.4 Construction Camps .......................................................................................... 2.1-27 2.1.6 Access Roads............................................................................................................ 2.1-32 2.1.6.1 Development of Access Roads ......................................................................... 2.1-32 2.1.6.2 Roadway Maintenance, Repair, and Safety ...................................................... 2.1-32 2.1.7 Pipeline System Design and Construction Procedures ............................................ 2.1-33 2.1.7.1 Pipeline Design ................................................................................................. 2.1-35 2.1.7.2 Pipeline Construction Procedures ..................................................................... 2.1-38 2.1.8 Special Pipeline Construction Procedures................................................................ 2.1-50 2.1.8.1 Road, Highway, and Railroad Crossings .......................................................... 2.1-51 2.1.8.2 Pipeline, Utility, and Other Buried Feature Crossings ..................................... 2.1-51 2.1.8.3 Steep Terrain ..................................................................................................... 2.1-53 2.1.8.4 Unstable Soils ................................................................................................... 2.1-53 2.1.8.5 Ripping.............................................................................................................. 2.1-54 2.1.8.6 Construction near Structures ............................................................................. 2.1-54 2.1.8.7 Fences and Grazing ........................................................................................... 2.1-55 2.1.9 Waterbody Crossings ............................................................................................... 2.1-55 2.1.9.1 Open-Cut Crossing Methods............................................................................. 2.1-56 2.1.9.2 Wetland Crossings ............................................................................................ 2.1-60 2.1.9.3 Aboveground and Ancillary Facilities Construction Procedures...................... 2.1-61 2.1.10 Construction Schedule, Workforce, and Environmental Inspection ........................ 2.1-62 2.1.10.1 Schedule and Workforce ................................................................................... 2.1-62 2.1.10.2 Environmental Inspection ................................................................................. 2.1-64 2.1.11 Operations and Maintenance .................................................................................... 2.1-64 2.1.11.1 Normal Operations and Routine Maintenance .................................................. 2.1-65 2.1.11.2 Abnormal Operations ........................................................................................ 2.1-66 2.1.12 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 2.1-74 2.1.12.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 2.1-75 2.1.12.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 2.1-78 2.1.12.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 2.1-81 2.1.13 Proposed Project Decommissioning......................................................................... 2.1-87 2.1.13.1 Proposed Project Life ........................................................................................ 2.1-87 2.1.13.2 Decommissioning ............................................................................................. 2.1-87 2.1.14 References ................................................................................................................ 2.1-89

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2.2 Description of Reasonable Alternatives......................................................................... 2.2-1 2.2.1 Rationale for Considering Alternatives ...................................................................... 2.2-1 2.2.2 Overview of Alternatives ........................................................................................... 2.2-1 2.2.3 No Action Alternative ................................................................................................ 2.2-2 2.2.3.1 Identification and Screening of No Action Alternative Scenarios...................... 2.2-6 2.2.3.2 Rail/Pipeline Scenario ......................................................................................... 2.2-9 2.2.3.3 Rail/Tanker Scenario ........................................................................................ 2.2-19 2.2.3.4 Scenarios Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Analysis ......................... 2.2-26 2.2.4 Major Pipeline Route Alternatives ........................................................................... 2.2-40 2.2.4.1 Screening of Reasonable Major Route Alternatives ......................................... 2.2-41 2.2.4.2 Steele City Segment-A1A Alternative .............................................................. 2.2-51 2.2.4.3 2011 Steele City Alternative ............................................................................. 2.2-52 2.2.4.4 I-90 Corridor Alternative .................................................................................. 2.2-55 2.2.5 Other Alternatives Considered ................................................................................. 2.2-60 2.2.5.1 Route Variations ............................................................................................... 2.2-60 2.2.5.2 Alternative Pipeline Design .............................................................................. 2.2-60 2.2.6 Summary .................................................................................................................. 2.2-62 2.2.7 References ................................................................................................................ 2.2-62 3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Geology .......................................................................................................................... 3.1-1 3.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.1-1 3.1.2 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................ 3.1-1 3.1.2.1 Geological Resources.......................................................................................... 3.1-1 3.1.2.2 Paleontological Resources .................................................................................. 3.1-8 3.1.2.3 Potential Fossil-Bearing Geologic Formations ................................................... 3.1-9 3.1.2.4 Fossil Fuel and Mineral and Resources ............................................................ 3.1-18 3.1.2.5 Geologic Hazards .............................................................................................. 3.1-19 3.1.3 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 3.1-24 3.1.3.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 3.1-24 3.1.3.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 3.1-29 3.1.3.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 3.1-29 3.1.4 References ................................................................................................................ 3.1-29 3.2 Soils................................................................................................................................ 3.2-1 3.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.2-1 3.2.2 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................ 3.2-1 3.2.2.1 Montana .............................................................................................................. 3.2-2 3.2.2.2 South Dakota....................................................................................................... 3.2-2 3.2.2.3 Nebraska ............................................................................................................. 3.2-4

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3.2.2.4 Kansas ................................................................................................................. 3.2-7 3.2.2.5 North Dakota ....................................................................................................... 3.2-7 3.2.3 Connected Actions ..................................................................................................... 3.2-7 3.2.3.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ................................................................................. 3.2-7 3.2.3.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ................................................. 3.2-7 3.2.3.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ..................................................... 3.2-8 3.2.4 References .................................................................................................................. 3.2-8 3.3 Water Resources ............................................................................................................ 3.3-1 3.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.3-1 3.3.2 Groundwater ............................................................................................................... 3.3-1 3.3.2.1 Hydrogeologic Setting ........................................................................................ 3.3-1 3.3.2.2 Proposed Pipeline Area Hydrogeologic Conditions ........................................... 3.3-8 3.3.3 Surface Water ........................................................................................................... 3.3-26 3.3.3.1 Montana Surface Water .................................................................................... 3.3-26 3.3.3.2 South Dakota Surface Water ............................................................................. 3.3-30 3.3.3.3 Nebraska Surface Water ................................................................................... 3.3-33 3.3.4 Floodplains ............................................................................................................... 3.3-38 3.3.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 3.3-42 3.3.6 References ................................................................................................................ 3.3-42 3.4 Wetlands ........................................................................................................................ 3.4-1 3.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.4-1 3.4.2 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................ 3.4-1 3.4.2.1 Montana .............................................................................................................. 3.4-3 3.4.2.2 North Dakota ....................................................................................................... 3.4-4 3.4.2.3 South Dakota....................................................................................................... 3.4-4 3.4.2.4 Nebraska ............................................................................................................. 3.4-5 3.4.2.5 Kansas ................................................................................................................. 3.4-6 3.4.3 Wetlands of Special Concern or Value ...................................................................... 3.4-7 3.4.3.1 Sensitive Wetland Areas ..................................................................................... 3.4-7 3.4.3.2 Protected Wetlands ............................................................................................. 3.4-8 3.4.3.3 Important Habitat for Wildlife and Threatened/Endangered Species ................. 3.4-9 3.4.4 Federal and State Regulatory Setting ......................................................................... 3.4-9 3.4.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 3.4-13 3.4.6 References ................................................................................................................ 3.4-14 3.5 Terrestrial Vegetation .................................................................................................... 3.5-1 3.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.5-1 3.5.2 Ecoregions .................................................................................................................. 3.5-1 3.5.3 General Vegetation Resources ................................................................................... 3.5-2

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3.5.4 Biologically Unique Landscapes and Vegetation Communities of Conservation Concern .................................................................................................................... 3.5-21 3.5.4.1 Native Grasslands ............................................................................................. 3.5-21 3.5.4.2 Rainwater Basin ................................................................................................ 3.5-22 3.5.4.3 Sagebrush Steppe .............................................................................................. 3.5-22 3.5.4.4 Riparian Habitats and Bottomland Hardwood .................................................. 3.5-22 3.5.4.5 Forest Communities .......................................................................................... 3.5-29 3.5.4.6 Traditionally Used Native Plants ...................................................................... 3.5-29 3.5.5 Wetland and Conservation Easements ..................................................................... 3.5-30 3.5.6 Noxious Weeds ........................................................................................................ 3.5-30 3.5.7 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 3.5-33 3.5.8 References ................................................................................................................ 3.5-33 3.6 Wildlife .......................................................................................................................... 3.6-1 3.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.6-1 3.6.2 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................ 3.6-1 3.6.2.1 Big Game Animals .............................................................................................. 3.6-2 3.6.2.2 Small Game and Furbearers ................................................................................ 3.6-3 3.6.2.3 Waterfowl and Game Birds ................................................................................ 3.6-5 3.6.2.4 Non-Game Animals ............................................................................................ 3.6-7 3.6.3 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 3.6-13 3.6.4 References ................................................................................................................ 3.6-13 3.7 Fisheries ......................................................................................................................... 3.7-1 3.7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.7-1 3.7.2 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................ 3.7-1 3.7.2.1 Fisheries Resources ............................................................................................. 3.7-2 3.7.2.2 Types of Fisheries Affected ................................................................................ 3.7-7 3.7.2.3 Connected Actions ............................................................................................ 3.7-10 3.7.3 References ................................................................................................................ 3.7-11 3.8 Threatened and Endangered Species and Species of Conservation Concern ................ 3.8-1 3.8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.8-1 3.8.2 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................... 3.8-1 3.8.2.1 Federal Regulations ............................................................................................ 3.8-1 3.8.2.2 State Regulations ................................................................................................ 3.8-3 3.8.3 Federally Protected and Candidate Species ............................................................... 3.8-4 3.8.3.1 Federally Protected Mammals ............................................................................ 3.8-6 3.8.3.2 Federally Protected and Candidate Birds ............................................................ 3.8-9 3.8.3.3 Federally Protected Fish ................................................................................... 3.8-14

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3.8.3.4 Federally Protected Invertebrates ..................................................................... 3.8-17 3.8.3.5 Federally Protected Plants................................................................................. 3.8-19 3.8.4 Bureau of Land Management Sensitive Animals and Plants ................................... 3.8-21 3.8.5 State-Protected Species ............................................................................................ 3.8-25 3.8.5.1 Montana State Protected Species ...................................................................... 3.8-27 3.8.5.2 South Dakota State Protected Species .............................................................. 3.8-27 3.8.5.3 Nebraska State Protected Species ..................................................................... 3.8-32 3.8.5.4 Kansas State Protected Species ......................................................................... 3.8-33 3.8.6 Animals and Plants of Conservation Concern.......................................................... 3.8-34 3.8.7 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 3.8-35 3.8.7.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 3.8-35 3.8.7.2 Big Bend to Witten 240-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 3.8-36 3.8.7.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 3.8-36 3.8.8 References ................................................................................................................ 3.8-36 3.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................................ 3.9-1 3.9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3.9-1 3.9.2 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................ 3.9-1 3.9.2.1 Land Ownership .................................................................................................. 3.9-1 3.9.2.2 Conservation Programs ....................................................................................... 3.9-4 3.9.2.3 Visual Resources ................................................................................................. 3.9-7 3.9.3 Connected Actions ..................................................................................................... 3.9-9 3.9.3.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ................................................................................. 3.9-9 3.9.3.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 3.9-10 3.9.3.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 3.9-11 3.9.4 References ................................................................................................................ 3.9-13 3.10 Socioeconomics ........................................................................................................... 3.10-1 3.10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3.10-1 3.10.2 Environmental Setting .............................................................................................. 3.10-3 3.10.2.1 Population ......................................................................................................... 3.10-7 3.10.2.2 Housing ........................................................................................................... 3.10-10 3.10.2.3 Local Economic Activity ................................................................................ 3.10-12 3.10.2.4 Environmental Justice ..................................................................................... 3.10-25 3.10.2.5 Public Services, Tax Revenues, and Property Values .................................... 3.10-34 3.10.2.6 Traffic and Transportation .............................................................................. 3.10-40 3.10.3 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 3.10-44 3.10.3.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................. 3.10-44 3.10.3.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................. 3.10-45 3.10.3.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 3.10-46 3.10.4 References .............................................................................................................. 3.10-49

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3.11 Cultural Resources ....................................................................................................... 3.11-1 3.11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3.11-1 3.11.2 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................. 3.11-1 3.11.2.1 Section 106 National Historic Preservation Act ............................................... 3.11-1 3.11.2.2 National Register of Historic Places ................................................................. 3.11-3 3.11.2.3 Properties of Religious and Cultural Significance (Including TCPs) ............... 3.11-4 3.11.2.4 Archaeological Resources Protection Act and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ....................................................................... 3.11-4 3.11.3 Cultural Setting ........................................................................................................ 3.11-5 3.11.3.1 Cultural Context ................................................................................................ 3.11-5 3.11.3.2 Area of Potential Effect .................................................................................... 3.11-5 3.11.3.3 Cultural Resources Surveys .............................................................................. 3.11-6 3.11.3.4 Programmatic Agreement ............................................................................... 3.11-28 3.11.4 Consultation ........................................................................................................... 3.11-28 3.11.4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3.11-28 3.11.4.2 Federal and State Agency Consultation .......................................................... 3.11-29 3.11.4.3 Tribal Consultation ......................................................................................... 3.11-29 3.11.5 Public Involvement ................................................................................................ 3.11-33 3.11.6 Unanticipated Discovery Plans .............................................................................. 3.11-34 3.11.7 Tribal Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................... 3.11-34 3.11.8 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 3.11-35 3.11.8.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................. 3.11-35 3.11.8.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................. 3.11-35 3.11.8.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 3.11-36 3.11.9 References .............................................................................................................. 3.11-36 3.12 Air Quality and Noise .................................................................................................. 3.12-1 3.12.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3.12-1 3.12.2 Air Quality................................................................................................................ 3.12-3 3.12.2.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 3.12-3 3.12.2.2 Regulatory Requirements.................................................................................. 3.12-7 3.12.3 Noise....................................................................................................................... 3.12-22 3.12.3.1 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 3.12-22 3.12.3.2 Regulatory Requirements................................................................................ 3.12-25 3.12.4 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 3.12-27 3.12.4.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................. 3.12-27 3.12.4.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................. 3.12-27 3.12.4.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 3.12-27 3.12.5 References .............................................................................................................. 3.12-28

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3.13 Potential Releases ........................................................................................................ 3.13-1 3.13.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3.13-1 3.13.2 Crude Oil Characteristics ......................................................................................... 3.13-1 3.13.3 General Description of Proposed Pipeline Transported Crude Oils ........................ 3.13-3 3.13.3.1 Synthetic Crude Oil........................................................................................... 3.13-4 3.13.3.2 Dilbit ................................................................................................................. 3.13-4 3.13.3.3 Bakken Shale Oil .............................................................................................. 3.13-7 3.13.3.4 Flammability and Explosion Potential .............................................................. 3.13-7 3.13.3.5 Acidity and Corrosivity Potential ..................................................................... 3.13-7 3.13.4 Pipeline and Component Integrity Threats............................................................... 3.13-9 3.13.4.1 Time-Dependent Threats ................................................................................ 3.13-10 3.13.4.2 Stable Threats.................................................................................................. 3.13-14 3.13.4.3 Time-Independent Threats .............................................................................. 3.13-16 3.13.4.4 Potential Spill Sources .................................................................................... 3.13-17 3.13.5 Potential Spill Receptors ........................................................................................ 3.13-18 3.13.5.1 High Consequence Areas ................................................................................ 3.13-20 3.13.5.2 Other Resources .............................................................................................. 3.13-22 3.13.6 Spill Magnitudes .................................................................................................... 3.13-23 3.13.6.1 Small Spills ..................................................................................................... 3.13-23 3.13.6.2 Medium Spills ................................................................................................. 3.13-23 3.13.6.3 Large Spills ..................................................................................................... 3.13-23 3.13.7 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 3.13-24 3.13.8 References .............................................................................................................. 3.13-25 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES .................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Geology .......................................................................................................................... 4.1-1 4.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.1-1 4.1.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.1-1 4.1.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.1-2 4.1.3.1 Geological Resources.......................................................................................... 4.1-2 4.1.3.2 Paleontological Resources .................................................................................. 4.1-3 4.1.3.3 Mineral and Fossil Fuel Resources ..................................................................... 4.1-5 4.1.3.4 Geologic Hazards ................................................................................................ 4.1-6 4.1.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ........................................................................ 4.1-7 4.1.5 Connected Actions ..................................................................................................... 4.1-8 4.1.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ................................................................................. 4.1-8 4.1.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ................................................. 4.1-8 4.1.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ..................................................... 4.1-8 4.1.6 References .................................................................................................................. 4.1-8

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4.2 Soils................................................................................................................................ 4.2-1 4.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.2-1 4.2.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.2-1 4.2.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.2-2 4.2.3.1 Construction Impacts .......................................................................................... 4.2-2 4.2.3.2 Operation Impacts ............................................................................................... 4.2-9 4.2.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.2-10 4.2.4.1 Construction ...................................................................................................... 4.2-10 4.2.4.2 Operation........................................................................................................... 4.2-11 4.2.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.2-11 4.2.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.2-11 4.2.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 4.2-11 4.2.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.2-12 4.2.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.2-12 4.3 Water Resources ............................................................................................................ 4.3-1 4.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.3-1 4.3.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.3-2 4.3.2.1 Groundwater ....................................................................................................... 4.3-2 4.3.2.2 Surface Water...................................................................................................... 4.3-3 4.3.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.3-4 4.3.3.1 Groundwater ....................................................................................................... 4.3-4 4.3.3.2 Surface Water.................................................................................................... 4.3-12 4.3.3.3 Operational-Related Impacts ............................................................................ 4.3-18 4.3.3.4 Floodplains ........................................................................................................ 4.3-19 4.3.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.3-20 4.3.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.3-23 4.3.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.3-23 4.3.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 4.3-24 4.3.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.3-24 4.3.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.3-25 4.4 Wetlands ........................................................................................................................ 4.4-1 4.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.4-1 4.4.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.4-1 4.4.3 Potential Wetland Impacts ......................................................................................... 4.4-3 4.4.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.4-13 4.4.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.4-14 4.4.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.4-14 4.4.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-Kilovolt (kV) Transmission Line .............................. 4.4-14

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4.4.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.4-15 4.4.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.4-17 4.5 Terrestrial Vegetation .................................................................................................... 4.5-1 4.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.5-1 4.5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.5-1 4.5.3 General Vegetation Impacts ....................................................................................... 4.5-2 4.5.4 Potential Impacts to Biologically Unique Landscapes and Vegetation Communities of Conservation Concern ................................................................... 4.5-11 4.5.5 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.5-17 4.5.6 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.5-17 4.5.6.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.5-17 4.5.6.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 4.5-18 4.5.6.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.5-18 4.5.7 References ................................................................................................................ 4.5-20 4.6 Wildlife .......................................................................................................................... 4.6-1 4.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.6-1 4.6.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.6-1 4.6.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.6-1 4.6.3.1 Big Game Species ............................................................................................... 4.6-6 4.6.3.2 Small Game Species and Furbearers................................................................... 4.6-7 4.6.3.3 Waterfowl and Game Bird Species ..................................................................... 4.6-8 4.6.3.4 Non-game Animals ............................................................................................. 4.6-8 4.6.3.5 Mitigation Measures ......................................................................................... 4.6-12 4.6.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.6-14 4.6.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.6-14 4.6.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.6-14 4.6.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 4.6-14 4.6.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.6-15 4.6.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.6-17 4.7 Fisheries ......................................................................................................................... 4.7-1 4.7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.7-1 4.7.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.7-1 4.7.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.7-1 4.7.3.1 Introduction of Invasive/Non-Native Species ..................................................... 4.7-2 4.7.3.2 Construction Impacts .......................................................................................... 4.7-2 4.7.3.3 Proposed Project Operational Impacts .............................................................. 4.7-12 4.7.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.7-13 4.7.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.7-14

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4.7.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.7-14 4.7.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 4.7-14 4.7.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.7-15 4.7.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.7-15 4.8 Threatened and Endangered Species and Species of Conservation Concern ................ 4.8-1 4.8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.8-1 4.8.2 Impact Assessment and Methodology........................................................................ 4.8-1 4.8.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.8-1 4.8.3.1 ESA Federally Protected and Candidate Species................................................ 4.8-2 4.8.3.2 Bureau of Land Management Sensitive Animals and Plant Species ................ 4.8-23 4.8.3.3 State Protected Animals and Plants .................................................................. 4.8-25 4.8.3.4 Animals and Plants of Conservation Concern .................................................. 4.8-33 4.8.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.8-35 4.8.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.8-35 4.8.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.8-35 4.8.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................... 4.8-36 4.8.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.8-36 4.8.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.8-40 4.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................................ 4.9-1 4.9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4.9-1 4.9.2 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 4.9-1 4.9.3 Potential Impacts ........................................................................................................ 4.9-2 4.9.3.1 Land Ownership .................................................................................................. 4.9-2 4.9.3.2 Land Use ............................................................................................................. 4.9-2 4.9.3.3 Recreation and Special Interest Areas .............................................................. 4.9-11 4.9.3.4 Visual Resources ............................................................................................... 4.9-11 4.9.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation ...................................................................... 4.9-12 4.9.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................... 4.9-12 4.9.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................... 4.9-12 4.9.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-Kilovolt (kV) Transmission Line .............................. 4.9-13 4.9.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................... 4.9-15 4.9.6 References ................................................................................................................ 4.9-18 4.10 Socioeconomics ........................................................................................................... 4.10-1 4.10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4.10-1 4.10.2 Impact Assessment Methodology ............................................................................ 4.10-1 4.10.3 Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 4.10-2 4.10.3.1 Construction ...................................................................................................... 4.10-2 4.10.3.2 Operations ....................................................................................................... 4.10-24

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4.10.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation .................................................................... 4.10-27 4.10.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 4.10-27 4.10.5.1 Bakken Marketlink.......................................................................................... 4.10-28 4.10.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................. 4.10-32 4.10.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 4.10-36 4.10.6 References .............................................................................................................. 4.10-39 4.11 Cultural Resources ....................................................................................................... 4.11-1 4.11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4.11-1 4.11.2 Impact Assessment Methodology ............................................................................ 4.11-1 4.11.3 NRHP Eligibility, Effects, and Mitigation ............................................................... 4.11-2 4.11.4 Types of Potential Impacts ....................................................................................... 4.11-3 4.11.4.1 Construction ...................................................................................................... 4.11-4 4.11.4.2 Operations ......................................................................................................... 4.11-4 4.11.5 Potential Impacts to Identified Cultural Resources .................................................. 4.11-5 4.11.5.1 Montana ............................................................................................................ 4.11-5 4.11.5.2 South Dakota..................................................................................................... 4.11-9 4.11.5.3 Nebraska ......................................................................................................... 4.11-12 4.11.5.4 North Dakota ................................................................................................... 4.11-15 4.11.5.5 Kansas ............................................................................................................. 4.11-15 4.11.6 Recommended Additional Mitigation .................................................................... 4.11-15 4.11.7 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 4.11-15 4.11.7.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................. 4.11-15 4.11.7.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................. 4.11-15 4.11.7.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 4.11-16 4.12 Air Quality and Noise .................................................................................................. 4.12-1 4.12.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4.12-1 4.12.2 Impact Assessment Methodology ............................................................................ 4.12-1 4.12.2.1 Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 4.12-1 4.12.2.2 Noise ................................................................................................................. 4.12-3 4.12.3 Potential Impacts ...................................................................................................... 4.12-3 4.12.3.1 Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 4.12-3 4.12.3.2 Greenhouse Gases ............................................................................................. 4.12-9 4.12.3.3 Noise ............................................................................................................... 4.12-12 4.12.4 Recommended Additional Mitigation .................................................................... 4.12-19 4.12.4.1 Air Quality ...................................................................................................... 4.12-19 4.12.4.2 Greenhouse Gases ........................................................................................... 4.12-20 4.12.4.3 Noise ............................................................................................................... 4.12-20

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4.12.5 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 4.12-21 4.12.5.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................. 4.12-21 4.12.5.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV-Transmission Line ............................................. 4.12-21 4.12.5.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 4.12-22 4.12.6 References .............................................................................................................. 4.12-22 4.13 Potential Releases ........................................................................................................ 4.13-1 4.13.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4.13-1 4.13.2 Historical Pipeline Incidents Analysis ..................................................................... 4.13-4 4.13.2.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 4.13-4 4.13.2.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4.13-5 4.13.2.3 Method .............................................................................................................. 4.13-5 4.13.2.4 Pipeline Incident Information Sources.............................................................. 4.13-5 4.13.2.5 PHMSA Historical Data ................................................................................. 4.13-10 4.13.2.6 Applicability of Crude Oil Data...................................................................... 4.13-16 4.13.3 Spill Impact Assessment ........................................................................................ 4.13-17 4.13.3.1 Spill Volumes and Potential Impact ............................................................... 4.13-17 4.13.3.2 Spill Propagation ............................................................................................. 4.13-19 4.13.3.3 Effect of Soil Type, Soil Cover, and Temperature on Flow ........................... 4.13-21 4.13.3.4 Types of Spill Impact ...................................................................................... 4.13-23 4.13.4 Potential Impacts .................................................................................................... 4.13-31 4.13.5 Recommended Additional Mitigation .................................................................... 4.13-64 4.13.5.1 PHMSA 57 Special Conditions ...................................................................... 4.13-64 4.13.5.2 Spill Response................................................................................................. 4.13-68 4.13.6 Connected Actions ................................................................................................. 4.13-80 4.13.6.1 Bakken Marketlink Project ............................................................................. 4.13-80 4.13.6.2 Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Line ............................................. 4.13-80 4.13.6.3 Electrical Distribution Lines and Substations ................................................. 4.13-80 4.13.7 References .............................................................................................................. 4.13-80 4.14 Climate Change Impacts on the Proposed Project ....................................................... 4.14-1 4.14.1 Setting and Context .................................................................................................. 4.14-1 4.14.1.1 Historical Climate Trends ................................................................................. 4.14-1 4.14.1.2 Projected Climate Change Effects .................................................................... 4.14-2 4.14.2 Impacts on the Proposed Project .............................................................................. 4.14-7 4.14.2.1 Construction ...................................................................................................... 4.14-7 4.14.2.2 Operation........................................................................................................... 4.14-7 4.14.3 References ................................................................................................................ 4.14-8

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4.15 Cumulative Effects Assessment ................................................................................... 4.15-1 4.15.1 Methods and Scope of the Cumulative Impacts Analysis ........................................ 4.15-2 4.15.2 Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Projects ................................................ 4.15-3 4.15.2.1 Cumulative Impacts from Past Projects ............................................................ 4.15-4 4.15.2.2 Cumulative Impacts from Present Projects ..................................................... 4.15-15 4.15.2.3 Cumulative Impacts from Reasonably Foreseeable Future Projects .............. 4.15-18 4.15.2.4 Cumulative Impacts from Connected Actions ................................................ 4.15-21 4.15.2.5 Summary of Key Geographically Overlapping Project Areas ........................ 4.15-21 4.15.3 Cumulative Impacts by Resource ........................................................................... 4.15-25 4.15.3.1 Geology ........................................................................................................... 4.15-26 4.15.3.2 Soils................................................................................................................. 4.15-32 4.15.3.3 Water Resources ............................................................................................. 4.15-34 4.15.3.4 Wetlands ......................................................................................................... 4.15-38 4.15.3.5 Terrestrial Vegetation ..................................................................................... 4.15-43 4.15.3.6 Wildlife ........................................................................................................... 4.15-46 4.15.3.7 Fisheries .......................................................................................................... 4.15-49 4.15.3.8 Threatened and Endangered Species .............................................................. 4.15-51 4.15.3.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................. 4.15-56 4.15.3.10 Socioeconomics .............................................................................................. 4.15-63 4.15.3.11 Cultural Resources ......................................................................................... 4.15-65 4.15.3.12 Air Quality and Noise..................................................................................... 4.15-68 4.15.3.13 Potential Releases ......................................................................................... 4.15-108 4.15.4 Extraterritorial Concerns ...................................................................................... 4.15-109 4.15.4.1 Canadian National Energy Board Environmental Analysis of the Proposed Project ........................................................................................... 4.15-110 4.15.4.2 Influence of the Proposed Project on Oil Sands Development in Canada .... 4.15-110 4.15.4.3 Environmental Effects of Oil Sands Development in Alberta ...................... 4.15-111 4.15.4.4 Protected Bird Species in Canada ................................................................. 4.15-114 4.15.5 References ............................................................................................................ 4.15-117 4.16 5.0 Summary of Impacts .................................................................................................... 4.16-1 ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 No Action Alternatives .................................................................................................. 5.1-1 5.1.1 Status Quo Scenario ................................................................................................... 5.1-3 5.1.2 Rail/Pipeline Scenario ................................................................................................ 5.1-3 5.1.2.1 Geology ............................................................................................................... 5.1-5 5.1.2.2 Soils..................................................................................................................... 5.1-6 5.1.2.3 Water Resources ................................................................................................. 5.1-6 5.1.2.4 Wetlands ............................................................................................................. 5.1-9

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5.1.2.5 Terrestrial Vegetation ....................................................................................... 5.1-10 5.1.2.6 Wildlife ............................................................................................................. 5.1-11 5.1.2.7 Fisheries ............................................................................................................ 5.1-12 5.1.2.8 Threatened and Endangered Species ................................................................ 5.1-14 5.1.2.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................... 5.1-15 5.1.2.10 Socioeconomics ................................................................................................ 5.1-16 5.1.2.11 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................ 5.1-22 5.1.2.12 Air and Noise .................................................................................................... 5.1-23 5.1.2.13 Climate Change Effects on the Scenario .......................................................... 5.1-27 5.1.2.14 Potential Risk and Safety .................................................................................. 5.1-28 5.1.3 Rail/Tanker Scenario ................................................................................................ 5.1-30 5.1.3.1 Geology ............................................................................................................. 5.1-32 5.1.3.2 Soils................................................................................................................... 5.1-33 5.1.3.3 Water Resources ............................................................................................... 5.1-34 5.1.3.4 Wetlands ........................................................................................................... 5.1-36 5.1.3.5 Terrestrial Vegetation ....................................................................................... 5.1-36 5.1.3.6 Wildlife ............................................................................................................. 5.1-37 5.1.3.7 Fisheries ............................................................................................................ 5.1-38 5.1.3.8 Threatened and Endangered Species ................................................................ 5.1-40 5.1.3.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................... 5.1-40 5.1.3.10 Socioeconomics ................................................................................................ 5.1-41 5.1.3.11 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................ 5.1-46 5.1.3.12 Air and Noise .................................................................................................... 5.1-46 5.1.3.13 Climate Change Effects on the Scenario .......................................................... 5.1-49 5.1.3.14 Potential Risk and Safety .................................................................................. 5.1-51 5.1.4 References ................................................................................................................ 5.1-56 5.2 Route Alternatives ......................................................................................................... 5.2-1 5.2.1 2011 Steele City Alternative ...................................................................................... 5.2-2 5.2.1.1 Geology ............................................................................................................... 5.2-5 5.2.1.2 Soils..................................................................................................................... 5.2-7 5.2.1.3 Water Resources ................................................................................................. 5.2-8 5.2.1.4 Wetlands ........................................................................................................... 5.2-11 5.2.1.5 Terrestrial Vegetation ....................................................................................... 5.2-15 5.2.1.6 Wildlife ............................................................................................................. 5.2-17 5.2.1.7 Fisheries ............................................................................................................ 5.2-20 5.2.1.8 Threatened and Endangered Species ................................................................ 5.2-22 5.2.1.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................... 5.2-26 5.2.1.10 Socioeconomics ................................................................................................ 5.2-29 5.2.1.11 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................ 5.2-32

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5.2.1.12 Air Quality and Noise ....................................................................................... 5.2-34 5.2.1.13 Climate Change ................................................................................................. 5.2-35 5.2.2 I-90 Corridor Alternative ......................................................................................... 5.2-35 5.2.2.1 Geology ............................................................................................................. 5.2-36 5.2.2.2 Soils................................................................................................................... 5.2-37 5.2.2.3 Water Resources ............................................................................................... 5.2-39 5.2.2.4 Wetlands ........................................................................................................... 5.2-41 5.2.2.5 Terrestrial Vegetation ....................................................................................... 5.2-43 5.2.2.6 Wildlife ............................................................................................................. 5.2-45 5.2.2.7 Fisheries ............................................................................................................ 5.2-48 5.2.2.8 Threatened and Endangered Species ................................................................ 5.2-49 5.2.2.9 Land Use, Recreation, and Visual Resources ................................................... 5.2-52 5.2.2.10 Socioeconomics ................................................................................................ 5.2-54 5.2.2.11 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................ 5.2-58 5.2.2.12 Air Quality and Noise ....................................................................................... 5.2-59 5.2.2.13 Climate Change ................................................................................................. 5.2-60 5.2.3 References ................................................................................................................ 5.2-61 5.3 Comparison of Alternatives ........................................................................................... 5.3-1 5.3.1 Proposed Project Versus Major Route Alternatives ................................................... 5.3-1 5.3.2 Proposed Project Versus No Action Scenarios .......................................................... 5.3-2 6.0 7.0 8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS .................................................................................................. 6-1 DISTRIBUTION LISTSUPPLEMENTAL EIS OR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7-1 INDEX.............................................................................................................................. 8-1

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LIST OF APPENDICESTitle Provided in Print Version x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Provided only in Electronic Version

Governor Approval of the Keystone XL Project in Nebraska B PHMSA 57 Special Conditions for Keystone XL and Keystone Compared to 49 CFR 195 C Market Analysis Supplemental Information D Waterbody Crossing Tables and Required Crossing Criteria for Reclamation Facilities E Record of Consultation F Scoping Summary Report G Construction, Mitigation, and Reclamation Plan (CMRP) H 2012 Biological Assessment I Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plan, and Emergency Response Plan Sections J Basin Electric Big Bend to Witten 230-kV Transmission Project Routing Report K Historical Pipeline Incident Analysis L Oil and Gas Wells within 1320 ft of Proposed Right-ofWay M Soil Summary for Montana, South Dakota, and Nebraska N Supplemental Information for Compliance with MEPA Attachments: 1. MDEQ Environmental Specifications for the Proposed Keystone XL Project 2. MDEQ Requirements of Short-term Narrative Water Quality 3. Keystone Rate Study and Responses to Public Comment O Socioeconomics P Crude Oil Material Safety Data Sheets Q Pipeline Risk Assessment and Environmental Consequence Analysis R Construction/Reclamation Plans and Documentation S Pipeline Temperature Effects Study T Literature Review U Screening Level Oil Spill Modeling V Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Project Descriptions

A

x x x x x x x x

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Title

W Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petroleum Products from WCSB Oil Sands Crudes Compared with Reference Crudes X Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Y Pipeline Construction in Sand Hills Native Rangelands Z Estimated Criteria Pollutants, Noise, and GHG Emissions

Provided in Print Version x

Provided only in Electronic Version

x x x

LIST OF TABLESComparison of 2010 and 2012 AEO U.S. Product Import and Export Volumes .......................................................................................................... 1.4-15 Table 1.4-2 Comparison of Transport Costs for Routes to Asian Markets ........................ 1.4-16 Table 1.4-3 Comparison of PADD 3 Crude Oil Imports and Sources, 2009 vs. 2012 Year to Date .................................................................................................... 1.4-19 Table 1.4-4 Heavy Crude Import Trends in PADD 3, 2009 and 2012 (through June 2012), mmbpd......................................................................................... 1.4-19 Table 1.4-5 Gulf Coast Area Refiners Heavy Crude Processing, JanuaryJune 2012 ...... 1.4-20 Table 1.4-6 U.S. Heavy and Canadian Heavy Crude Oil Refined ..................................... 1.4-22 Table 1.4-7 Major New Crude Oil Transportation Expansion Projects, Late 2011 to Current ........................................................................................................... 1.4-29 Table 1.4-8 Rail Off-Loading Projects Providing Access to Gulf Coast Refineries .......... 1.4-34 Table 1.4-9 Publically Reported Producers Currently Shipping or Announced Shipping WCSB Crude by Rail 2013, bpd ..................................................... 1.4-43 Table 1.4-10 Economic Threshold for New Oil Sands Projects .......................................... 1.4-52 Table 1.4-11 Estimated Potential Change in Oil Sands Production per $5 Increase in Cost per barrel of Oil in Different Outlooks ................................................... 1.4-56 Table 1.4-12 Delivered Costs of WCSB Heavy Crude Compared to Maya Crude ............. 1.4-61 Table 1.8-1 Summary Comments Received on Environmental Issues during the Public Scoping Process for the Proposed Project ............................................. 1.8-3 Table 1.9-1 Permits, Licenses, Approvals, and Consultation Requirements for the Proposed Project ............................................................................................... 1.9-1 Table 2.1-1 Ancillary Facilities Supporting Operations by State ........................................ 2.1-1 Table 2.1-2 Pipeline Route Modifications ........................................................................... 2.1-2 Table 2.1-3 Summary of Lands Affected ............................................................................. 2.1-8 Table 2.1-4 Borrow Material Requirements by State......................................................... 2.1-16 Table 2.1-5 Total Borrow Material Requirements by Facility Type .................................. 2.1-16 Table 1.4-1

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Table 2.1-6 Table 2.1-7 Table 2.1-8 Table 2.1-9 Table 2.1-10 Table 2.1-11 Table 2.1-12 Table 2.1-13 Table 2.1-14 Table 2.1-15 Table 2.1-16 Table 2.1-17 Table 2.1-18 Table 2.1-19 Table 2.2-1 Table 2.2-2 Table 2.2-3 Table 2.2-4 Table 2.2-5 Table 2.2-6 Table 2.2-7 Table 2.2-8 Table 2.2-9 Table 2.2-10 Table 2.2-11 Table 2.2-12 Table 3.1-1 Table 3.1-2 Table 3.1-3

Aboveground Facilities ................................................................................... 2.1-17 Proposed Project Pump Station Locations ...................................................... 2.1-19 Intermediate Mainline Valve Locations.......................................................... 2.1-22 Dimensions and Acreage of Typical Additional Temporary Workspace Areas ............................................................................................................... 2.1-24 Locations and Acreages of Proposed Pipe Storage Sites, Railroad Sidings, and Contractor Yards ...................................................................................... 2.1-25 Construction Camp Permits and Regulations ................................................. 2.1-28 Pipe Design Parameters and Specification ..................................................... 2.1-36 Pipeline Construction Spreads Associated with the Proposed Project ........... 2.1-39 Minimum Equipment Required for Selected Construction Activities ............ 2.1-44 Minimum Pipeline Cover................................................................................ 2.1-46 Structures Located Within 25 Feet and 500 Feet of the Construction ROW.. 2.1-54 Waterbodies Crossed Using the Horizontal Directional Drilling Method ...... 2.1-58 Representative Cross-Country Construction Times Based on Estimates of Schedule...................................................................................................... 2.1-62 Electrical Power Supply Requirements for Pump Stations............................. 2.1-82 Crude Oil by Rail to Oklahoma/Pipeline to Gulf Coast Area Scenario: New Construction and Specifications ............................................................. 2.2-15 Estimated Cost of New Facilities and Estimated Jobs Created for Crude by Rail/Pipeline Option................................................................................... 2.2-18 Rail Costs from Lloydminster, SK to Stroud, OK, and Bakken Crude Oil from Epping, ND to Stroud, OK ..................