VOLUME: 6 SUMMER, 2006

More onDioscorides’EtruscanHerbs

by John ScarboroughUniversity of Wisconsin

In his “An Etruscan Herbal?” (EtruscanNews, 5 [Winter, 2006]), Kyle P. Johnsonmakes some interesting points regarding themanuscript traditions that include alternativenames for the plants and herbs in Dioscorides’Materia medica.1 It was beyond the scope ofJohnson’s brief introductory note, however,and hence it is the goal of this article, to sug-gest how and why these synonyms, notincluded by Dioscorides in his original work,2enter the manuscript history, and more impor-tantly, why these names might indicate a par-ticularly Etruscan herbalism.The synonym-lists were compiled separate-

ly by lexicographers, collectors of words inwhat we would call “dictionaries” on dis-parate subjects, including the vocabularies ofmedicine and related disciplines.3 As scribescopied and re-copied the Materia medica,sometimes rearranging Dioscorides’ originalformat (called by Riddle a “drug affinity sys-tem”),4 those scribes attached portions of theseparate synonym-lists to the text itself, andover the centuries the alternative names fre-quently wandered into the body of the workitself. With the advent of printed editions inthe Renaissance, a number of the earliestprinted versions simply replicated the com-posite Greek texts (or the Latin translations ofthose manuscripts) so that medical studentsand professors of pharmacology in theRenaissance universities often learned all ofthe names as if they had been part of the orig-

Pimpernel, from the Vienna Dioscurides(Wikimedia Commons)

inal work.5In establishing his Greek text of the

Materia medica, Max Wellmann pulled mostof the alternative nomenclatures from themain text, and placed them as part of hisapparatus criticus with the designation RV. Itis among these “alternative names” that onefinds the Etruscan terms for some plants andherbs. These are, indeed, remnants of whatcould be called an “Etruscan herbal:” bits sur-viving from lexicographers’ hungry search forarcane words, a literary genre that flourishedthroughout the centuries,6 and which is withus today.Wellmann lists sixteen Etruscan words that

appear in the RV,7 but significantly theEtruscan terms are only one of twenty-six lan-guages recorded by Pamphilus and other lexi-cographers. Etruscan –– by comparison withthe “Roman,” “words of the [Egyptian]seers,” “Egyptian,” “Gallic,” “Dacian,” andothers8 –– is a tiny fraction of the terminolo-

by Antonella MagagniniCuratore Archeologo, Musei Capitolini

On December 23, 2005, the CapitolineMuseums, after a long effort coordinated byAnna Mura Sommella, Director of the MuseiCapitolini, and a great financial commitment,were enriched by a new wing, focused on alarge light-filled, glassed-in hall in the spacespreviously occupied by the Roman Garden ofthe Palazzo dei Conservatori. The originalbronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aureliushas finally found its worthy home in this piaz-za-like space, along with the large bronzesdonated by Sixtus IV to the Roman people in1472. From this hall one can marvel at theenormous, imposing remains of the founda-tions of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinerevealed by recent archaeological excava-tions.

In the galleries next to the so-called“Giardino Romano” are exhibited the variouscollections. The renewed Galleria degli Hortiand the nearby galleries feature the sculpturesthat once adorned the luxurious Imperial resi-dences and their parks and gardens; thesecame to light in the course of excavations ofthe second half of the 19th c. in the areas ofthe Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline hills. TheCastellani Collection, given to the CapitolineMuseums by Augusto Castellani, a well-known goldsmith and collector in Rome inthe mid- to late 19th c., is now displayed inthree galleries adjacent to the large glassed-inhall according to material type, a division thatCastellani himself established.

As is well known, Augusto Castellani puttogether over the course of several decades arich collection of objects covering a widechronological range, from the most importantarchaeological sites of Etruria, Latium, andMagna Graecia. The 700 or so objects givenby Castellani to the museum included a largequantity of pottery, both imported fromGreece and locally made. In the first gallery anumber of these vases are displayed inchronological order, allowing the visitor tofollow the development of Greek productionfrom the 7th to the 4th c. B.C. through impor-tant and well-preserved examples. The Atticvases, in particular, are important for anunderstanding of the history and the artisticproduction of the craftsmen, not only ofGreek culture but also of contemporary cul-tures in the Mediterranean.The second gallery exhibits locally pro-

duced ceramics from the necropoleis of themajor Etruscan cities as well as from thetombs of Latium and the Faliscan Territory,e.g. Civita Castellana. Unfortunately, evenmore than for the Greek vases, Castellaniavoided recording their exact provenance or

The Capitoline Museum andthe Castellani Collection

Top: Aristonothos Crater with the blindingof the Cyclops Polyphemos, and theartist’s signature. From Cerveteri. 7thcentury B.C. Rome, Capitoline Museum.

Bottom: Aristonothos Crater with a battlebetween a war ship and a merchant ship.7th century B.C. Rome, CapitolineMuseum.

original context; recent research carried outon related objects, however, has made it pos-sible to identify some of the production cen-ters.

Other collections of the 19th c. include thatof the Museo Artistico Industriale, conceivedby Augusto Castellani and his brotherAlessandro along with other important figuresof 19th c. culture in Rome, on the model ofsimilar museums in London and Paris. Thenew display includes a few noteworthy exam-ples of Attic vases from the archaeologicalsection of this rich collection, which came tothe museum in the 1950s.

Also on exhibit is the oinochoe fromTragliatella (Cerveteri), given to the museumin 1964 in memory of Tommaso Tittoni, aRoman statesman and collector of the end ofthe 19th c. The interpretation of the figures on

[See “Herbs” on page 9]

[See “Castellani” on page 9]

Page 2

ETRUSCAN NEWSEditorial Board, Issue #6, May 2006

President of the U.S. Larissa Bonfante lb11@nyu.eduSection of the Istituto di Classics DepartmentStudi Etruschi ed Italici, New York Universityex officio 25Waverly Place

New York, NY 10003

Editor-in-Chief Jane Whitehead jwhitehe@valdosta.eduModern and Classical LanguagesValdosta State UniversityValdosta, GA 31698

Language Page Editor RexWallace rwallace@classics.umass.eduClassics DepartmentUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003

Editor for the Fellows Elizabeth de G. Colantoni elizabeth.colantoni@oberlin.eduClassics DepartmentOberlin CollegeOberlin. OH 44074

Book Review Editor Francesco de Angelis fda2101@columbia.eduArt History and ArchaeologyColumbia UniversityNew York, NY 10027

Submissions, news, pictures, or other material appropriate to this newsletter may be sent toany of the editors listed above. The email address is preferred. For submission guidelines,see Etruscan News 3 (2003) 9. Nominations for membership in the Section may be sent toLarissa Bonfante at the above address.

To the Editors:I gave a paper for AIAC in May (which is

of course listed in EN!). The neatest thing wasthat Alessandro Naso knew who I was, andgave me a very kind introduction, based onEtruscan News. So thank you!

Hilary Becker

To the Editors:Congratulations on the latest EN - splendid!

It looks really good. I was particularly inter-ested in the herbal refs on the front page, fol-lowing our research into Galen’s ointment forOlympic athletes with black eyes. But I lookforward to reading it all, and thank you verymuch for including the sistrum. I hope some-one might come up with some comments.

Judith SwaddlingThe British Museum

To the Editors:At the time of writing my article “A

Possible South Etruscan Tomb Group,”(Etruscan News 5) I was unaware of tworecent articles by Jennifer Neils which dis-cussed the bird askos now in the ClevelandMuseum. The first is entitled “Hercle inCleveland” (Cleveland Studies in the Historyof Art, 1998 pg. 6-21), the second appears inthe CVA (USA 35, Cleveland Museum of Art2, 2000). In these works, Neils refers to thestylistic connection between the Clevelandaskos, the other pieces I mention in my articleand several other Italian Geometric vases.These should be included in any bibliographyfor the items.

Angela Murock Hussein

This askos from the Cleveland Museumof Art is the subject of Jennifer Neils’ twoarticles. The central panel was thoughtby Frank Brommer to represent the mythof Herakles and the Cyrenaian Hind. Ifthe attribution is correct, this would bethe earliest representation of that myth.

Letters to the Editors

AddendumWe want to thank Alicia Dillon for the pho-tograph of the Archaeological Tours grouppublished in Etruscan News 5, on page 2,and apologize for failing to credit her at thattime.

AA rr tt ii cc ll ee ss

The Study of EtruscanReligionExcerpt from the Introduction toThe Religion of the Etruscans

by Nancy T. de Grummond

In antiquity the study of and theorizingabout Etruscan religion was already welldeveloped, with scholarship that we may dis-tribute into three main categories: canonicaltexts, philosophical treatises, andhistorical/antiquarian writings.The Canonical TextsThere were studies of the many different

Etruscan texts having to do with the Etruscadisciplina, that body of original Etruscan reli-

gious literature describingthe cosmos and theUnderworld, as well asprescribing various rituals

and ways to interpret and actupon messages from the gods. The

names of the texts that have survivedinclude the Libri rituales, Libri fatales,

Libri de fulguratura (“on lightning”) andLibri Acheruntici (concerning Acheron, i.e.,the Underworld), as well as books namedafter the two principal Etruscan prophets, whowere called Tages and Vegoia in Latin: LibriTagetici and Libri Vegontici. Both Etruscansand Romans were involved in this study,which included translating and interpretingthe old texts and teaching them to appropriateindividuals. The practitioners of this type ofstudy perhaps relate to their material in amanner similar to that of the Jewish and EarlyChristian scholars who studied, taught, andcommented on their religious literature.Unfortunately, we know so little of these

writings and teachings that we are unable todiscern what, if any, may have been their the-ological concerns or what debates may haveenlivened their encounters. Further, it is aperennial frustration in studies of Etruscanreligion that little about Etruscan prophetic orpriestly texts can be confidently traced backearlier than the first century BCE, when infact Etruscan civilization had become fullysubmerged in the dominant Roman culture.

Among the names that have survived areindividuals who lived in the first centuryBCE, such as Aulus Caecina from Volterra,friend of Cicero, who wrote De Etrusca disci-plina, a publication that has been described asa “major event” in the intellectual life of theLate Republic; the admired and eruditeNigidius Figulus, who composed books ondreams, private augury, divining from entrailsand a brontoscopic calendar (the latter surviv-ing in a Greek translation) and TarquitiusPriscus, friend of Varro, known to have writ-ten an Ostentarium Tuscum, a translation ofan Etruscan work on prodigies and signs, aswell as a book on prognosticating from trees.Tarquitius also produced a translation of thecosmic prophecies of the nymph Vegoia, afragment of which has survived. Another fig-ure in this category is Cornelius Labeo, whosedate is unknown but who seems to have writ-ten translations and commentaries, in fifteen

books, on the prophecies ofVegoia and Tages.Also in this category are the many shadowy

figures who are mentioned as being consultedfor advice by the Romans, the soothsayingpriests or haruspices, as for example,Umbricius Melior, described as “mostskilled,” the Early Imperial soothsayer ofGalba. Sulla had his haruspex Postumius, andthe famous Spurinna tried to warn Caesarabout the Ides of March. There must havebeen many more Romanized Etruscansinvolved in these pursuits (there are a fewmore such figures whose names alone havecome down to us), for we know that as a gen-eral principle, the Romans thought theEtruscan teachings to be so important thatthey had a practice of sending their sons toEtruria to study this ancient lore.

Philosophical TextsThe foregoing individuals we have men-

tioned may be recognized as real practitionersof Etruscan or Etruscan-style religion, and assuch they had their own bias. Our seconddivision is related, but it manifests a differentapproach: intellectuals with a concern for phi-losophy. There is no more significant surviv-ing text for the study of Etruscan religiouspractice than the treatise on divination byCicero, written around the time of the death ofCaesar, ca. 44 BCE. In De divinatione Ciceropresents a vivid debate on the reliability ofdivination in its various manifestations, withthe principal interlocutors represented as hisbrother Quintus and himself. The evidencepresented on both sides is all the more inter-esting because Cicero had intimate knowl-

edge of the subject from his own experiencesas an augur of state religion.This first-century Roman debate is of

course sophisticated and probably showssome thought patterns well beyond any pres-ent in Etruscan religious teaching. QuintusCicero supports credence in divination fromthe standpoint of Stoic philosophy, andMarcus Cicero, while rejecting actual faith indivination, in the end admits the importanceof traditional rites and ceremonies solely forpolitical aims. He has great contempt formostdivinatory practices and heaps scorn upon, forexample, the important Etruscan revelationmyth of the prophetic child Tages. What ismost important in the treatise for our purpos-es is the abundant evidence about the princi-pal Etruscan methods of divining, by readingof entrails and by interpretation of lightning.When we can sort these out from Romaninterpolation, we have some of the mostmeaningful reports from antiquity onEtruscan practices.The treatise of Seneca, Quaestiones natu-

rales, written shortly before his death in 65CE, also promotes philosophy but is fascinat-ing for its sympathetic presentation of thepoint of view of Etruscan priests. We have aclear statement of the contrast of thoughtbetween the two sides, in the famous declara-tion that “this is the difference between us[philosophers] and the Etruscans, who haveconsummate skill in interpreting lightning:we think that because clouds collide, light-ning is emitted; but they think the clouds col-lide in order that lightning may be emitted.”

Letter to our ReadersDear Readers,

With this issue we hope to establish a different and more regular rhythm to the appearanceof Etruscan News.We are extremely pleased with the enthusiastic reception of Etruscan News 5.We received

many compliments on the contents of the issue: one colleague remarked that we are manag-ing to combine the immediacy of a newspaper with the scholarly material of a journal.The immediacy is even more served by our new interactive web site, Etruscan News

Online (www.umass.edu/etruscannews), which serves as a place for people to present worksin progress, and as a forum for discussions of issues and articles. The more recent volumesof Etruscan News can be accessed here in PDF format; all of the volumes are available in thissame format on the web site of the Center for Ancient Studies (www.nyu.edu/fas/center/ancientstudies) at NYU.We plan to add an Index for issues 1-6 soon.

On the scholarly side, we are happy to present articles on Etruscan glosses by two well-known international scholars, John Scarborough and Dominique Briquel. These articles takeup the subject from very different points of view, and represent an example of the kind of fol-low-up that we hope to inspire: the subject of glosses was raised by in the front-page articleby Kyle Johnson on a possible Etruscan herbal in Etruscan News 5.

Although Etruscan News will now be freely available on line, many people, includinglibraries, prefer the newsprint version.We ourselves are fond of this format, and will contin-ue to print the edizione cartacea (we like that word).We hope of course that you will contin-ue to send us contributions for your subscriptions. In any case please be sure to send us youremail addresses, either by contacting one of us directly or communicating with us by way ofthe web site, so that we can know our readership and plan to address their interests.We hopeto continue to inform you of interesting programs at home and abroad, including our own.Please let us know your thoughts, your interests, and your plans.

With best wishes,

Larissa Bonfante, lb11@nyu.eduJane Whitehead, jwhitehe@valdosta.edu

Page 3

In fact, we know little about the Etruscanstudies of the natural sciences, but the passagein Seneca tends to confirm suspicions thattheir observation of natural phenomena wascarried out with religious premises and con-clusions.

Historical/Antiquarian TextsA third and rather different brand of scholar-

ship is that of the historians, philologists, andantiquarians. Livy (d. 12 or 17 CE) transmitteda great deal of information in his narratives ofRoman/Etruscan politics and war, such as inhis frequent references to the Etruscan federalsanctuary of the shrine of Voltumna (3.23.5,25.7, 61.2; 5.17.6; 6.2.2). Verrius Flaccus, thetutor of the grandsons of Augustus, wrote atreatise on Etruscan matters (Libri rerumEtruscarum) that has not survived, but we dohave some of his observations as preserved inthe epitome by Festus of hisDe significatu ver-borum, which contained rare and obsoletewords and accompanying archaic antiquarianlore. Vitruvius, a practicing architect of thetime ofAugustus, has left a precise account ofthe theoretical and practical aspects of buildingand locating an Etruscan temple (De architec-tura 1.7.1-2, 4.7).The pure antiquarians are especially useful.

They were intrigued with the past and record-ed information objectively about Etruscan reli-gion out of curiosity. A great variety ofEtruscan topics was treated by themost learnedof all Romans, Varro (116-127 BCE), rangingfrom the practice of sacrificing a pig for a ritu-al pact (De re rustica 2.4.9), to the Etruscan ritefor laying out a city (Etruscus ritus; De linguaLatina 5.143). He wrote a treatise on humanand divine matters of antiquity (i.e., what wasancient at that time, 47 BCE), the loss ofwhichis most unfortunate. It contained fascinatingmaterial on the lore of lightning, such as that

other gods beside Jupiter, for example,Minerva and Juno, were allowed to throwlightning bolts. It was Varro who provided thefamous and precious reference toVertumnus asthe “principal god of Etruria” (De linguaLatina 5.46).

He was of course frequently quoted by otherantiquarians, such as Pliny the Elder (d. 79CE),who drew from him information about thedecoration of Etruscan shrines, in his book onpainting and modeling sculpture (HN 35.154),and about the tomb of Porsenna, in his sectionon building stones and architecture (HN36.91). Pliny included a good bit of Etruscanmaterial in his encyclopedicHistoria Naturalisas part of his goal of being compendious, andin this way he preservedmany interesting frag-ments of information from various sources,such as lore about signs from the birds in hissections on zoology; he refers to an illustratedEtruscan treatise (HN 10.28, 30, 33, 35-49).

Among the antiquarians we may also classi-fy selected Latin poets who drew on earlyRoman and Etruscan antiquities for one reasonor another, during that period of the first centu-ry BCE when we detect so much other activityregarding Etruscan religion. Vergil, exposed toEtruscan culture in his native Mantua, has leftus his stirring description of the warrior priestfrom Pisa, Asilas, skilled in the interpretationof all the signs from the gods, embracingentrails, the stars, birds, and lightning (Aeneid10.246-254).

No text from the Romans is more importantfor studying Etruscan divinity than the poem ofthe Umbrian Propertius about the statue ofVertumnus set up in Rome (4.2). It expressesvividly the Etruscan tendency to be vague orambivalent about the gender and other charac-teristics of a particular deity.

Ovid, too, has related the myth of

Vertumnus, and interestingly has the godchange sex to appear as an old woman in thestory of the courtship of Pomona (Meta.14.623-771). His calendar in the Fasti, repletewith lore of early religion in Rome, is relevantbutmust be usedwith caution, both because thepoet is sometimes inaccurate in his citations(and he does not tell his sources) and becausethe material on the Etruscans is certainly col-ored by the Roman context. Of course, all thepoetic literature—of Vergil, Propertius, Ovid,and others—must be read critically as just that,rich in allusions, sometimes created for theoccasion by the poet and not necessarilyreflecting Etruscan belief or practice.

After this, we can note a crowd of laterRoman polymaths who took an interest inEtruscan culture, probably most often usingsome of the writers we have already cited.Festus (second century CE), as noted, preparedan epitome of Verrius Flaccus, and this was inturn epitomized by Paulus Diaconus in theeighth century. The grammarian Censorinus(third century CE) wrote on a wide range oftopics such as the origin of human life andtime. The indefatigable and generally trustwor-thy Servius (fourth century CE) has left anabundance of observations on the Etruscans inhis commentary on Vergil’s works. He took agreat interest in augural lore, and though he didnot always refer directly to the Etruscans, hiscomments are useful in augmenting our knowl-edge of this important branch of Etruscan reli-gious praxis. Macrobius (probably fifth centuryCE), whose Saturnalia is a potpourri of anti-quarian, scientific, and especially philologicallore, provides in his dilettante’s way littlenuggets of Etruscan information, for example,on the use of the sacred bronze plow in found-ing a city (Sat. 5.19.13) or on the good omenseen in the wool of sheep when it was natural-ly tinted purple or golden (Sat. 3.7.2). Finally,we may include in this group Arnobius, arhetorician and Christian convert living inAfrica in the late fourth and early fifth centuryCE, who assembled his text intelligently fromother sources, as shown by his passage quotingVarro on the group gods such as the Penatesrecognized by the Etruscans (Adv. nat., 3.40).

An absolutely singular case is that ofMartianus Capella. He, too, flourished in theatmosphere of NorthAfrica in the fifth century,leaving as his chief work a compendiouspedantic allegory on the marriage of Mercuryand Philology (De nuptiis Mercurii etPhilologiae). Regarded as eccentric, tedious,and superficial in its discourse on the seven lib-eral arts, the text ofMartianus is nonetheless ofthe greatest importance for Etruscan studies. Itcontains the single most significant text inLatin for understanding the Etruscan pantheonand cosmos (1.45-61). Martianus sets the stagefor the wedding of Mercury and Philology bysending out invitations to gods all around thesky, and he depicts them as inhabiting sixteenmain divisions.Scholars are united in regarding this number

as a clue that Martianus was following theEtruscan system of dividing the sky (cf. Cicero,De div. 2.18.42), and have found that thescheme agrees in some striking details with thatother famous document of the Etruscan cos-mos, the bronze model of a sheep’s liver fromPiacenza. The use of deities who may be read-ily equated with well-known Etruscan gods,along with divinities who are completelyobscure in Roman religion, suggests that wemay indeed have here a reflection of an origi-nal Etruscan doctrine.

New York ArchaeologicalConsortiumThe Center for Archaeology at Columbia

University has renewed the New YorkArchaeological Consortium, in which gradu-ate students and faculty in Art History,Classics, andAnthropology hold open discus-sions of their current research projects. Themain objective of the recent event, which tookplace Friday, March 24, was to divulge cur-rent research projects and to establish contactsbetween alumni and faculty of different col-leges within the city. The topics presentedinvolved the fields of anthropology, archaeol-ogy, art history, history of architecture, andhistory of religion.

For more information contact CarolaGarcia Manzano, CCA Program Coordinator,at cm2418@columbia.edu

AIAC Presentations inRomeTwo Meetings of AIAC, Associazione

Internazionale di Archeologia Classica, wereheld in the spring of 2006. Since 2000 theAssociation has been organizing monthlymeetings in the various national archaeologi-cal institutes to permit young scholars, doctor-al researchers, grant recipients, etc., to presenttheir work and to meet each other.

The first meeting took place on January 23at the Swedish Institute on the subject“Nascondere la profondità nella superficie.”The moderator was Helga Di Giuseppe. Thespeakers and topics were:

José Carlos Sánchez Pardo (ScuolaSpagnola), Territorio e popolamento traAntichità e il Pieno Medioevo: analisispaziale e GIS.

Olaf Satijn (Istituto Olandese), A socio-economic and political landscape archaeolo-gy of transition: southern Lazio from the lateRoman period to incastellamento.

Dunia Filippi (Università di Roma “LaSapienza”), Il Velabro e le origini del Foro.

The second meeting took place on March6, 2006, at the Villa Lante, the InstitutumRomanum Finlandiae, on the subject “Orareet donare.” Vincent Jolivet was the modera-tor. The papers delivered were;Sophie Helas (Deutsches

Archaeologisches Institut Rom), Santuaripunici a Selinunte.

Letizia Ceccarelli (Cambridge University),Materiale votivo di età’ medio-repubblicanada Ardea

Antonio Ferrandes (Università di Roma“La Sapienza”), Ceramica e santuari urbani.Produzione, distribuzione e consumo di man-ufatti ceramici a Roma tra IV e III secoloa.C.: il contributo dei depositi votivi.

Internet: http://www.aiac.orgContatti: helga.digiuseppe@aiac.org

PPaasstt CCoonnffeerreenncceess

[See “Conferences” on page 8]

LL aa nn gg uu aa gg ee PP aa gg ee

Notes on an InscribedKyathos from Cerveteri

by Rex WallaceUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst

Over a decade ago,MariaAntonietta Rizzoand Mauro Cristofani published an Etruscaninscription incised on the conical base of akyathos from a tomb (no. 1) excavated in thelocality of San Paolo (Cerveteri).1 Thekyathos was recovered broken into fragments,but conservators were successful in restoringthe cup to something close to its original state.The inscription, which was incised in a spiralaround the conical foot of the cup, survived ingood shape, except for two places. Two lettersare missing at the beginning, and a few lettersare missing about two-thirds of the waythrough the inscription. Cristofani recon-structed the text of the inscription as follows:

[mi]˜̃i venel paiººinåå[s mu]luvnice

Given that this inscription is a dedication,an exceedingly common epigraphic type inarchaic Etruscan,2 the forms restored byCristofani are in no way controversial. Heobserves that the verb form [mu]luvnice ismissing a vowel in the ante-penultimate sylla-ble and that it should be emended to[mu]luv<a>nice. And he points out that thefamily name paiººina[s] may be compared topaiººunas, which is found at Volsinii (ET Vs3.4), and to paiººnas, which is attested atVulci(ET Vc 2.41).3 It turns out, however, that amuch more compelling comparandum exists.The family name paiººinaie was incised on afragment of the conical base of a kyathosrecently recovered at Poggio Civitate (ETP353).4 Formally, paiººinaie is a derivative in -ie built from the patronymic base *paiºena-,the ancestor of the forms attested at Vulci andVolsinii and, according to Cristofani, of theform on the San Paolo kyathos.The similarities between these two inscrip-

tions and the bucchero ceramic on which theywere incised may run deeper than an etymo-logical relationship connecting the familynames. The kyathos from Poggio Civitate wasnot a locally produced product; the buccherofragments of this cup are unlike other buc-chero products produced at the site.5 Thekyathos is, therefore, an import and one thatmay well have been made in a workshop atCaere. Consider the similarities: (1) ThePoggio Civitate kyathos and the San Paolokyathos were incised with dedicatory inscrip-tions in sinistroverse direction spiralingaround the conical bases of the cups. (2) Bothinscriptions have Object - Subject -Verb wordorder, which is relatively rare in this type oftext.6 (3) In both inscriptions the lettergamma has the form of a shepherd’s staff, P,and the letter theta is a small circle withoutany internal punctuation, O.7 This combina-tion of letters is a rarity on Etruscan inscrip-tions from this early period.8

Page 4

These facts conspire to suggest that thefamily name on the kyathos recovered at SanPaolo be completed as paiººina[ie] orpaiººina[ies] rather than paiººina[s] and thatthe inscription be restored as in (2). The fam-ily name on the San Paolo inscription wouldthen find a perfect match with the familyname on the kyathos recovered at PoggioCivitate.9

[mi]ni venel paiººina[ie(s)mu]luv<a>nice(ETP 196)

If the family name on the San Paolokyathos is restored as paiººina[ie(s)], it is pos-sible to connect the two inscribed kyathoi andspeculate along the lines offered by Colonnain his note on the Poggio Civitate kyathos.10First of all, members of the same immediatefamily, perhaps brothers, perhaps father andson, had these two cups inscribed. Second, amember of the paiººina[ie(s)] family fromCaere was in contact with the residents of theOrientalizing complex at Poggio Civitate andhad a finely decorated and inscribed kyathossent there as a gift. We might imagine anexchange of gifts to cement political or eco-nomic ties, which is an intriguing idea giventhe geographical distance between the twocommunities. There is also another, moreintriguing, possibility that deserves to bemen-tioned. The kyathos from Poggio Civitate wasrecovered from the remains of the so-calledOC3/Tripartite Building. We might imagine,if the Tripartite Building at Poggio Civitatehad a religious function, 11 that this cup wasoffered as a votive dedication to the deity ordeities worshipped there.

FOOTNOTES

1. Rizzo& Cristofani 1993. The inscriptionwas also published in Sgubini Moretti 2001:166-167.2. For this variety of ‘iscrizione parlante’,

see Agostiniani 1981.

3. Etruscan inscriptions arecited from Rix et al. 1991 = (ET)and fromWallace, Shamgochian,and Patterson 2004-2006 =(ETP).4.Wallace (in press). Colonna

2005: 331 reads this section ofthe inscription in a differentmanner: paiººina ÇÇe[. His readingcannot be correct, however.There is no doubt that the letterthat he takes to be a ÇÇ is in factan ""5. Neilsen and Tuck 2001: 44,

50-55.6. See Schulze-Thulin 1992:

180.7. For discussion of the distri-bution of these letters oninscriptions from theOrientalizing period seeBagnasco Gianni 1993.

8. The only other inscription with this com-bination of letterforms is ET Cr 0.1, whichwas incised on a kyathos recovered from theTomba Calabresi at Cerveteri.9. The two inscribed kyathoi were dis-

cussed by Colonna 2005: 332, but he took thefamily names to be paiººina-, which is impos-sible for the inscription on the Poggio Civitatekyathos. The cups and inscriptions can be con-nected only if the family name on the SanPaolo kyathos is restored as paiººina[ie(s)].Colonna also notes that ETP 4 fromVetulonia,of which only a small fragment remains ([ – –– ]e p[ – – – ]), could well belong to thissame group.10. Colonna 2005: 332.11. Tuck 2000: 111.

REFERENCES

Agostininani, Luciano. Le ‘iscrizioni par-lanti’ dell’ Italia antica (Florence 1981).

Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, “A propositodi tre kyathoi in bucchero a rilievo,”Produzione artigianale ed esportazione nelmondo antico — il bucchero etrusco (Milano,10-11 maggio 1990) (Milano 1993) 207-216.—, cat. no., II.D.1.1, in Sgubini Moretti,

Anna Maria, ed., Veio, Cerveteri, Vulci. Cittàd’Etruria a confronto. Catalogo della MostraRoma 2001) 166-67.

Colonna, Giovanni, “Ager Clusinus:Murlo.” Studi Etruschi 70, REE 51 (2005)331-332.

Nielsen, Erik and Anthony Tuck, “AnOrientalizing Period Complex at PoggioCivitate,” Etruscan Studies (2001) 8.35-63.Rix, Helmut et alii. Etruskische Texte.

Editio minor. Bd. I. Einleitung, Konkordanz,Indices; II. Texte. (Tübingen 1991).Rizzo, M. A. & Mauro Cristofani, “Un

kyathos e altri vasi iscritti dale tombe oriental-izzanti di San Paolo a Cerveteri,” Bolletinod’Arte del Ministro per i Beni Culturali eAmbientali 82 (1993)1-10.Schulze-Thulin, Britta, “Zur Worstellung

im Etruskischen,” SE 58 (1992)177-195.Tuck, Anthony, “Architecture and

Community at Poggio Civitate,” EtruscanStudies 7 (2000)109–112.Wallace, Rex, Michael Shamgochian &

James Patterson. 2004-2006, Etruscan TextsProject Online, etp.classics.umass.edu.Amherst, MA: University of MassachusettsAmherst.Wallace, Rex. (In press). “Etruscan

Inscriptions on Fragments of BuccheroKyathoi Recovered at Poggio Civitate,” StudiEtruschi 71.

Base of the Poggio Civitate kyathos (Drawing by DylanDeWitt)

Etruscan Glossesby Dominique Briquel

Ernout used to speak of “the poverty of theinformation that has come down to us.”1 Thispoverty is further accentuated by the fact that,though particular aspects of the Etruscanvocabulary are relatively well represented inthe very limited total number of glosses thathave come down to us, they are not necessar-ily those that we would consider the mostimportant for our understanding of the lan-guage. Twenty-four out of the 60 or so gloss-es, almost 45%, concern two specific sectorsof the lexicon: names of the months andbotanical terms.2

In the former category are indications of thenames of eight months of the year, fromMarch to October.3 These are included in avery late source, the medieval compilation ofthe eighth-century Liber Glossarum or “bookof glosses.” Its information was taken upagain –– with the exception of the month ofApril, Cabreas, which does not appear here–– by an even more recent collection, Papias’Elementarium, a glossary of the middle of the11th century.The Liber Glossarum is comprised of a

series of 116 words dealing with the terms forthe months in different languages. These arealways introduced with the same standard for-mula: “N: X-orum lingua N mensis dicitur.”4.In this manner are given are the names of themonths among the Hebrews (Hebraeorum lin-gua), the Egyptians (Aegyptorum lingua), theSyrians (Syrorum lingua), the Cappadocians(Cappadocum lingua), the Etruscans(Tuscorum lingua, often variously written asTucorum, Tuquorum, Turcorum lingua), theAthenians (with the designation Thenerumlingua in the Liber Glossarum, Teucrum, orTeucrorum lingua in Papias), theMacedonians (Macedonum lingua), theBithynians (Bithiniensium lingua), thePerinthians (Perinthiorum lingua), theByzantines (Bizantinorum lingua), and thosedesignated as Greek (Hellenorum lingua).One can thus reconstitute 11 lists of names ofthe months; among these figure a list ofEtruscan terms, reduced to eight, with asequence beginning in March –– the begin-ning of the year according to the ancientRoman system – and ending with the monthof October, the tenth month of a year begin-ning in January.This is not the only instance of a truncated

list – only the Cappadocian and Byzantinelists are complete. These lists also quite clear-ly have errors. For the Etruscan list, one canshare a priori the skepticism of the Englishscholar, J.F. Mountford,5 who carefullyrecorded these mistakes, toward (H)ermius asa term for August, because JErmaios is thename of a Greek month (November in theByzantine list), and the god Hermes, forwhom it is named, does not have this name inEtruscan; the god who corresponds to him andshares his image is Turms.

But we should not reject out of hand thetrustworthiness of this source of information.6The indications that it gives have been in partconfirmed by authentic Etruscan documents.Two of our longest Etruscan documents, thelinen book of Zagreb and the Capua “Tile,”are ritual calendars, which stipulate the cere-monies to be performed at different dates ofthe year. The former of these, in its calendarindications, mentions festivals occurring inwhat appear to be successive months: acate,qucte, celi.7 The first name very likely corre-sponds to the aclus of the Liber Glossarum,i.e. June, and celi to Celius, i.e. September.

It is true that qucte does not resemble any-thing that appears in this work. We mightexplain this, with Massimo Pallottino, as aresult of differences in the names in differentplaces and times, and think that Qucte referseither to Traneus or to the (H)ermius of theglosses, as another name for July or August.Otherwise we might accept, as did J. F.Mountford, the suspect character of the nameof August as it is given in the LiberGlossarum, and assume that that of Traneus,which evokes the name of the EtruscanVenus,Turan, is more trustworthy for July, and wethus might conclude that the actual Etruscanname of the month of August is qucte.

But the names of June and September arefound in the glosses and also in our longestEtruscan text, the ritual on the linen book nowin the museum at Zagreb, found in Egypt,where, cut up into strips, it served to wrap amummy. The second-longest text, inscribedon a plaque improperly called a “tile,” discov-ered in the necropolis of Capua in the 19thcentury and now in the Berlin Museum, isalso a ritual calendar. It also gives us thenames of the months in formulas of succes-sive dates:8 there apparently occur, in thelocative, the month of apirase, the monthanpilie, and finally the month acalve.

Here again a comparison with the glossescan bemade: anpilie resembles Ampiles,May,and acalve suggests Aclus, June –– which alsoseems to be found in the acule of the Zagreblinen book, a document of the first centuryB.C., four centuries later than the Capua tile.Apirase has been proposed as the name for themonth of April. The word for April, it is true,is given as Cabreas in the Liber Glossarum,but, as errors have managed to slip into theselate glosses, one might suggest that the initialC is a false addition, and that we could per-haps reconstruct Abreas, which comes veryclose to apirase and which might possibly belinked to the Latin Aprilis.9The lists of the Etruscan months that one

can gather from these two medieval glossaries–the only texts remaining to us – would havepreserved, long after the disappearance ofEtruscan as a spoken and even a written lan-guage, a sequence of the months of theTyrrhenian year. It is probable that an anti-

Page 5

quarian interested in the year and its divisionshad collected these, no doubt in a source onthe subject of the Etruscan disciplina andmore precisely in the ritual books, libri rit-uales, which could have listed them arrangedaccording to their place in the calendar.10This series of glosses, in spite of the very

late date of the texts in which they occur,could thus have preserved relatively trustwor-thy information on this particular aspect of theEtruscan language.

(Excerpted and translated by Jane K.Whitehead)

1. A. Ernout, “Les éléments étrusques duvocabulaire latin,” Bulletin de la Société deLinguistique de Paris 30 (1930) 82 =Philologica I (Paris 1946) 21.2.We are not yet asking the question at this

point whether the words presented as such areactually Etruscan. A. Ernout, op. cit, speaks of“the names of plants, more or less exact” sup-plied by the botanical glosses.3. TLE 856: Velcitanus Tuscorum lingua

Martius mensis dicitur; TLE 818: CabreasTuscorum lingua Aprilis mensis dicitur; TLE805: Ampiles Tuscorum lingua Maius mensisdicitur; TLE 801: Aclus Tuscorum linguaIunius mensis dicitur; TLE 854: TraneusTuscorum lingua Iulius mensis dicitur; TLE836: [H]ermius Tuscorum lingua Augustusmensis dicitur; TLE 824: Celius Tuscorumlingua September mensis dicitur; TLE 858:Xosfer Tuscorum lingua October mensis dici-tur.4. On this question the study by J. F.

Mountford, “De mensium nominibus,”Journal of Hellenic Studies 43 (1923) 102-116, has not been superseded. One might alsoconsult T. Mommsen, “Handschriftliches, 5,Glossarien,” Rheinisches Museum 16 (1861)145-147, G. Keil, Corpus GlossariorumLatinorum 6 (Leipzig 1899) 691-692.5. J. F. Mountford, op. cit., 108.6. A particular problem is posed by the form

of themonth of October, Xosfer. The initial X,in this word as in other terms in the samesource, may have the value of the Greek chi(E. Fiesel, “Etruskisch ‘acht’ und ‘Oktober,’”Studi Etruschi 10 [1936] 324-325). But onemight also attribute to this X the value of anumber — the month of October being thetenth month of the solar year.7. See M. Pallottino, “Il contenuto del testo

della mummia di Zagabria,” Studi Etruschi 11(1937) 203-237 = Saggi di Antichità 1 (Rome1979) 547-578 ; in particular “Il contenuto:rituale in forma di calendario religioso,” 210-217 = 554-561.8. See K. Olzscha, “Götterformel und

Monatdaten in der grossen etruskischenInschrift von Capua,” Glotta 34 (1955) 71-93;the analysis is taken up again inM. Cristofani,Tabula Capuana, un calendario festivo etr-usco di età arcaica (Florence 1995) esp. 60-61.9. Let us remember that since the [b] did not

exist in Etruscan, abreas can be restored to aform with apr-, which might result in a prim-itive apir-.10. On the importance of the Etruscan reli-

gious science as ultimate source of this infor-mation, see M. Torelli, “Glosse etrusche:qualche problema di trasmissione,” esp. 1004for the names of the months.

MM uu ss ee uumm NN ee ww ss

MFA head plans Rome tripto discuss disputed works

by Geoff EdgersGlobe staff

Reprinted from the Boston Globe,March 16, 2006

Amonth after theMetropolitanMuseum ofArt in New York agreed to return to Italyobjects suspected of being looted, theMuseum of FineArts announced that directorMalcolm Rogers will travel to Rome to meetwith government officials making similarclaims on MFA works.The visit, announced yesterday and

planned for late April, resulted from anexchange of letters between Rogers andItalian Culture Minister Rocco Buttiglionethis month. The trip will come in the midst ofthe high-profile trial of former J. Paul GettyMuseum curator Marion True and art dealerRobert Hecht. They are accused of being partof an art smuggling ring that placed worksillegally taken from Italian soil in Americanmuseums, including the MFA.The Getty and the Met have already agreed

to return a number of antiquities. Italian offi-cials say they would favor an arrangementsimilar to that made with the Met, whichrequires the museum to send back 21 objectsand, in return, receive loans of equal valuefrom the state collection.

MFA spokeswoman Dawn Griffin said yes-terday that it is too early to know what willresult from themeeting. A group ofMFA offi-cials will join Rogers for the Rome meeting.“What we hope comes out of this is the

exchange of information, information wehave not received yet, “ she said. “Right now,we don’t even have a list of the objects [theItalians believe were looted and sold to theMFA].”

For years, the MFA has said it has no evi-dence any works in its collection were looted.But a 1998 Globe study, conducted with thehelp of several classical scholars, determinedthat only 10 of 71 classical artifacts donatedor sold to the museum in the mid-1980s hadany recorded ownership history, or prove-

nance. Archaeologists have long argued thatthis is a giveaway that the works were exca-vated and smuggled from Italy – a violationof a 1939 Italian law.

In the past, museums have largely ignoredItalian claims. But the 2004 conviction of artdealer Giacomo Medici and the trial of Hechtand True have led to museum dealers beingmore responsive.“The question, of course, is what is being

negotiated,” said archaeologist Malcolm Bell,whose study of works suspected of havingbeen looted from Italy was included in thecase file of the recent Met agreement. “But Ithink the most important thing is that they’replanning to talk.”

Malcolm BellComments Further

Malcolm Bell III, a professor of art historyat the University of Virginia, is the vice pres-ident for professional responsibilities at theArchaeological Institute of America. Hiscomments here appeared in the New YorkTimes.“Paolo Ferri, the Italian prosecutor who is

investigating the purchases of antiquities bymajor American museums, has hit hardest atthe J. Paul Getty Museum inMalibu, which inrecent decades rapidly built up an impressivecollection of Greek and Roman art… Ferri’soutrage at the looting of Italy’s heritage is jus-tified.“By laying bare the archives andwarehous-

es of major dealers, he has revealed corrup-tion at the core of themarket. But in prosecut-ing True, he has used decades-old evidenceagainst a curator who brought needed reformto the Getty Museum, and I can only hope theItalian courts recognize the good she hasdone.“If there is one major lesson to be learned

from Ferri’s investigations, it is that collectorsand museums, in America and around theworld,must take into account not just the aes-thetic value of the objects they acquire butalso the ethical and legal consequences oftheir acquisition policies.”

January 21, 2006 saw the opening of thenew archaeological galleries of the Museumof Rocca Albornoz at Viterbo, with the findsfrom the excavations of the Etruscan sites ofSan Giovenale and Acquarossa. Objects fromthe excavated habitation site near Blera willbe exhibited to the public for the first time.This exhibition has been organized by theArchaeological Soprintendenza of Lazio andthe Swedish Institute of Classical Studies, andsponsored by the Comune of Viterbo.

Present at the inauguration were the Mayorof Viterbo, Giancarlo Gabbianelli, the

Viterbo, Etruscan Museum: The finds from BleraSuperintendent, Valeria d’Atri, and theSwedish ambassador, Stàffan Wrigstad, aswell as important Scandinavian representa-tives. Their presence was due to the fact thatthe Swedish Institute sponsored the excava-tion campaigns in this area of Etruria, Tuscia,from the 1950s to the 1980s, excavations thatincluded, along with many other participants,Gustavus VI Adolphus, King of Sweden.

Corriere della Sera, Cronaca di Roma,January 21, 2006.

Maurizio GualtieriLa Lucania romana.Cultura e Società nella doc-umentazione archeologica.Napoli. 2003 (272 p.)

By R. Ross HollowayInstitute for Archaeology and theAncient World, Brown University

In 1947 Emilio Magaldi published the firstvolume of his study of ancient Lucania, LaLucania Romana I, a source book on everyaspect of this region of ancient Italy. Its use-fulness has hardly diminished over the sixtyyears that have intervened since its publica-tion. The second volume of Magaldi’s study,which was to have been devoted to Lucaniaunder the Roman Empire, was never pub-lished. This task has now been taken up byMaurizio Gualtieri, who with Helena Fracchiais the excavator of two exceptional Lucaniansites, Roccagloriosa and Masseria Ciccotti(Oppido Lucano).

In conversation, the late Charles AlexanderRobinson asserted more than once thatarchaeology is the only source of fundamentalnew knowledge in ancient history; the truth ofthis statement emerges clearly from the fash-ion in which our conception of the history ofthe third region of Augustan Italy has beenchanged over the last half century. While

Page 6

Gualtieri does not undermine the written evi-dence, which has been exploited on numerousoccasions by historians of the Middle andLate Republic, he has placed it in a new per-spective so as to illustrate how ancient histo-rians dramatized, and in dramatizing exagger-ated, both the splendors and the shadows oftheir subject. The depth of the documentationoffered by Gualtieri’s book is particularlyimpressive, especially since in Italian archae-ology, where the catalogues of exhibitions,conferences, and poorly circulated publica-tions form a growing percentage of the bibli-ography, mastery of the available material fora such wide area as ancient Lucania is anachievement that must be recognized.

Arnold Toynbee (Hannibal’s Legacy vol. 2[London 1965]) ended his chapter on the dev-astation in southern Italy and Sicily wroughtby Hannibal’s invasion and Rome’s revengeon rebellious cities with these words, “At thetime of writing,A.D. 1962, the marks of dirusHannibal’s presence in South-Eastern Italyduring the fifteen years 217-203 B.C. werestill discernible.” According to Toynbee, thestagnation in the south under the Bourbons,the indifference of the United Kingdom ofItaly, the shadow of Byzantium and the incur-sions of the Saracens all bow in their conse-quences to the enduring wounds suffered dur-ing the Hannibalic War and its aftermath. Hisstory of Magna Graecia after Hannibal is oneof devastation leading to the impoverishmentof the cities and to unsteady waves of recov-ery in the countryside; recovery was healthier

when middle-sized properties were the rule,less so as the estates worked by slave laborcame to predominate. The elements ofToynbee’s scenario are all present in the pic-ture drawn by Gualtieri but the shadows arefainter, the detail is infinitely expanded, andunder the Empire Hannibal appears far less anelement in the history of Lucania than factorsemanating from Rome. These factors are bothpolitical, as seen in the growth of the holdingsof magnates and the imperial family, whichcreated a villa system independent of thecities, and economic, the result of the forceexerted by the demands of Rome on thesouth’s resources in cereals, livestock, oil, andwine. In all periods, however, these factorsexist against a background of middle-sizeholdings and agricultural villages (vici).The populating of the country in inland

Lucania, as distinct from the hinterlands ofthe Greek colonies of the coast, is evidentwell before Hannibal. Nor was town life cata-strophically affected by the wars of the thirdcentury B.C. (or successive slave revolts).Documentation of farmsteads and the villas ofmedium size has multiplied, and the testimo-ny of inscriptions, notably at Volcei and in theVallo di Diana, suggests that the owners insome cases were Lucanian families antedatingthe confiscations after the Hannibalic Wars.These people had never lost their estates orhad quickly reclaimed them.

By the beginning of the Empire, Romanmagnates had begun to assemble the proper-ties that are the preludes to the great estates ofthe later times. A special place in the archae-ology of ancient Lucania must be reserved forthe evidence of magnificent villas and theirowners in the Late Empire. Not unlike theEnglish country houses of a later time, theseestablishments rivaled the great houses ofRome in their size and architecture and at thesame time served as the headquarters of vastfarming enterprises.

On the other hand, the results of surfacesurvey, if not of excavation, point to the con-tinued existence of the settlements bestdescribed as vici in the Republican andImperial ages. And it has been estimated thatdespite the growth in large estates, 64% of thevillas with an Augustan phase were stillinhabited still in the fifth century A.D.

Gualtieri’s book gives a new dimension tothe study of Roman Lucania, not by seekingto discredit or replace the previous generalworks on the area and period, but by showingthe continuities that exist alongside moresalient developments that are frequently givenmore emphasis by the general historian. Thecities of Lucania did not sink into insignifi-cance in the Roman period. The countrysidewas not the preserve of the latifundia. In a truesense Lucania profited from the alma paxwhich the survivors of the turbulent centuriesof Roman expansion greeted with such relief,and as devotees of the imperial cult (a pointthat Gualtieri illustrates at length), they wouldhave attributed their condition far more toAugustus than to Hannibal.

Etruscan Religion:Some RecentPublications

reviewed by Francesco de Angelis,Columbia University

The Religion of the Etruscans, edited byNancy T. de Grummond and Erika Simon.Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 2006.Religion in Ancient Etruria. by Jean-René

Jannot. Translated by Jane K. Whitehead.Madison: Univ. ofWisconsin Press, 2005.Thesaurus cultus et rituum antiquorum

(ThesCRA), vv. 1-3. Los Angeles: The J. PaulGetty Museum, 2004-2005.Stranieri e non cittadini nei santuari

greci. Atti del Convegno Internazionale,Udine, novembre 2003, edited by AlessandroNaso. Florence: Le Monnier, 2006.

The study of religion is certainly one of themost fascinating and rewarding topics forthose who are interested in the Etruscans,whom Livy famously characterized as “morethan any other [people] dedicated to religion,all the more since they excel in practicing it.”And indeed there is no scarcity of essays andarticles devoted to this matter in the field ofEtruscan studies. To mention only one of themajor publications on the topic, the proceed-ings of the conference Les plux religieux deshommes: État de la recherche sur la religionétrusque (“The Most Religious of Men: TheState of Research on Etruscan Religion”),held in Paris in 1992, include essays fromscholars with very different backgrounds andexpertises, but also with a common interest inEtruscan culture.The recent publication of the books listed

above also deserves a warm welcome, espe-cially by the readers of Etruscan News, for atleast two reasons. First, up to now there hasbeen no monograph in English focused exclu-sively on Etruscan religion. Now we havetwo, both American enterprises, namely thecollective volume edited by Nancy deGrummond and Erika Simon, and the transla-tion of a French book whose author is Jean-René Jannot. As we will see, despiteinevitable similarities, they are different innature and approach the subject from differentperspectives.Second, notwithstanding constant scholarly

interest in this subject, there are still aspectsof it that are underinvestigated, or not investi-gated on a systematic basis. All the titles inour list, especially the two by de Grummondand Jannot, contribute to fill some of thesegaps.

1. The Religion of the Etruscans is thehappy final outcome of a conference held in1999 in honor of Erika Simon, who at thattime was Langford Eminent Scholar in

RR ee vv ii ee ww AA rr tt ii cc ll ee ss

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Classics at Florida State University, animportant American center for Etruscan stud-ies. This event brought together some of themost prominent scholars in the field, whosecontributions have been subsequently collect-ed and edited in this volume. These are, how-ever, much more than mere conference pro-ceedings. Each of the contributors wasinstructed to focus on a single issue or set ofrelated issues, so that in the end all the mostrelevant aspects of Etruscan religion are cov-ered. The result can best be characterizedwith the title of Simon’s own article, “Gods inHarmony.”The Etruscan pantheon, Simon argues,

“had a special power to integrate gods fromoutside, which was strengthened by the ten-dency for harmony among the members” (p.45). In a similar way, this book integrateschapters by scholars from foreign countries(viz. Germany and Italy) into what is the firstcomprehensive American volume on the sub-ject of Etruscan religion. It is no coincidencethat one of the co-editors of the book isNancy de Grummond, who is well known forhaving directed a similar collective enter-prise, A Guide to Etruscan Mirrors (1982),still the best introduction to that particularsubject.The first two chapters deal with the written

sources on religion, both literary and epi-graphic. In the first, Nancy de Grummondpresents a useful survey of the informationavailable about ancient authors and textsdealing with the disciplina Etrusca. (Thebeginning of her chapter is reprinted in thisissue of Etruscan News, p. 2). In the next,Larissa Bonfante shows, through carefullychosen examples, the many ways in whichwriting played a central role in Etruscan reli-gion.The following two chapters can also be

seen as forming a couplet. They concern theprincipal human and divine actors of theEtruscan religious world. Nancy deGrummond reviews the evidence aboutprophets and priests, and Erika Simon intro-duces us to the Etruscan pantheon. A usefulglossary of the principal gods worshipped inEtruria concludes Simon’s chapter.

Beliefs and rituals are the subject of thenext two articles, by Ingrid Krauskopf andJean MacIntosh Turfa. The former author isconcerned with the funerary sphere, the latterwith votive offerings. Issues of sacred spaceand architecture are addressed in the last twocontributions: Ingrid Edlund-Berry deals withthe general relevance of the spatial dimensionin Etruscan religion, while Giovanni Colonnadiscusses more specifically the sanctuariesand the religious buildings inside them.

A final — and very substantial — gift isoffered to the reader with the Appendices,which present all the principal ancientsources on Etruscan religion in both the orig-inal texts and translations. These include thebrontoscopic calendar transmitted to us by theByzantine author Johannes Lydus, whosecontents go back to a Latin translation, byNigidius Figulus, of an Etruscan sacred text

which was attributed to the prodigy childTages. It has to be stressed that this version,by Jean MacIntosh Turfa, is the first Englishtranslation of this highly interesting text. Thisby itself wouldmake owning the book amust.

2. Religion in Ancient Etruria is the trans-lation, by Jane K. Whitehead, of Jean-RenéJannot’s 1998 book Devins, dieux et démons.Regards sur la religion de l’Étrurie antique.Being the work of only one scholar, it com-pensates with consistency what it may lack invariety. In this regard a look at the index ofcontents is telling. Not surprisingly, we findmany of the same themes that are present alsoin the previously discussed volume.Nevertheless, the two lists do not overlapcompletely, and furthermore they arearranged in a different order.

As in the other book, the first block ofchapters deals with those sides of Etruscanreligion that are connected with writing.Nevertheless it differs from it in that Jannothighlights the practices as they were pre-scribed in its sacred texts. Two chapters arethus explicitely devoted to rituals, the first,divinatory, the second, funerary. Discussionof the rites pertaining to the passage from theworld of the living to the world of the deadnaturally leads to a chapter on the under-world, or rather the “afterworld,” as the trans-lator puts it. “The traditional termUnderworld, which is generally used for theRoman and Greek place of the afterlife,seemed inappropriate in that the Etruscansappear to conceive of death as ‘away’—across a body of water — not ‘below.’ Theterm Afterlife, also traditional, conveys astate of existence but not a sense of location.‘The Beyond’ evokes the U.S. Air Force,somehow. Thus I have settled on the termAfterworld, which makes room for the ratherconcrete, though fantastic, geographies ofEtruscan belief” (p. xiii).The subsequent chapters, on sanctuaries

and on temples, bring us back to real spacesand architectures. Attention then turns topriests and worhsippers. Interestingly, thetreatment of the divine protagonists ofEtruscan religion, which concludes the book,is subdivided into two parts: the gods and thedivine. In fact, Jannot stresses the fact that thepicture of the Etruscan pantheon as it isknown from the bulk of our sources— espe-cially the iconographic ones — does notreflect, or reflects only in part, Etruscannotions of the divine. He points to the factthat, as literary sources tell us, just as impor-tant as the individual gods, whose names andaspects we are able specify beyond doubt(they are often modelled after their Greekcounterparts), were their nameless and collec-tive colleagues.“Etruria is the homeland of anonymous

gods. These were grouped into ‘colleges’ orentities, and their number is both unknownand unknowable” (172). Far from detractingfrom their relevance, these features were typ-ical for some of the most mighty Etruscandivinities, like the di involuti, whose authori-

Page 7

zation Tinia/Zeus himself had to ask beforeusing his most powerful thunderbolt.Similarly, the di consentes, who had no name,form, sex, and even no cult or sanctuary,acted as counselors of Tinia/Zeus, and weresubsequently adopted also by the Romans.The emphasis that Jannot lays on these

notions of the divine, which he rightly sees aspeculiarly Etruscan, explains why he tends toattribute little religious relevance to Greekmythology in the Etruscan context.According to him, “Etruscan thought (as werather ambitiously claim to know it) was notmythic. For the Etruscansmyth was only alle-gorical. Greek myths do not describe theworld of the Etruscan gods, who were definednot by stories and acts, but by states of being,abilities, and functions” (170). Given the per-vasiveness of Greek mythology in Etruscanculture, one may wonder if this view is nottoo clear-cut, and if the interaction betweenGreek and Etruscan religious notions did notproduce more complex situations.Nevertheless it is undeniable that Etruscanreligion can hardly be understood if we try toassimilate it too strongly to the Greek; andeven the peculiar fluidity of mythologicalimagery in Etruria may be due, at least inpart, to this radically peculiar nature of theirnotion of what a god was.

3. The Thesaurus Cultus et RituumAntiquorum—or ThesCRA, as it asks to (andundoubtedly will) be called—is an interna-tional Swiss-based scholarly enterprise con-ceived and planned in the wake of theLexicon Iconographicum MythologiaeClassicae (a.k.a. LIMC), that most invaluableof tools for everybody interested in Greco-Roman (and Etruscan) art and culture. Not bychance this new project is dedicated to thememory of Lilly Kahil (1926-2002), theinspiration and soul of the LIMC.Rather than focusing on the figures and

characters of ancient mythology, the newseries of volumes (three of which have seenthe light so far) intends to present ancient reli-gion in its cultic and ritual dimension.Drawing on the extensive visual material col-lected for the preparation of the LIMC, theThesCRA includes iconographic and archaeo-logical sources in addition to literary ones.The subject matter has been subdivided

according to three “levels:” 1) a “dynamiclevel,” covering all the traditional activities ofcult practice (the three published volumesbelong to this “level”); 2) a “static level,”regarding cult places, personnel, and instru-ments of cult; 3) a third “level,” dealing withthose aspects of religious behaviour pertain-ing to the conduct of everyday life, such asmarriage and death.

As in the LIMC, the Etruscan world is wellrepresented in the ThesCRA. It is stated in theIntroduction that Etruscan culture has been“included for its kinship to the Classical,”although “there is generally less attentionpaid to religion at the periphery of theClassical world, unless it is firmly based onhomeland practice” (p. XII).

Thus, it is basically the proximity to Greekand Roman religion which has promptedattention to the Etruscans. Nevertheless, thepicture of Etruscan religious features thatresults from the ThesCRA entries is far frombeing biased by classicizing views. Whenchapters are further subdivided according tocultural area, Etruria is often present with asub-section of its own. This happens not onlyfor areas where one would expect it, such as“Divination” (A. Maggiani), but also in lessobvious cases, such as “Music” (J.-R. Jannot)or “Prayer” (A. Maggiani again), which pres-ent highly interesting syntheses on these sub-jects. Etruscan votive offerings are presentedalong with Italic ones in the chapter on“Dedications” by A. Comella, J.M. Turfa, andI.E.M. Edlund-Berry. There is of course atreatment of “Sacrifices” in Etruria (L.Donati), which includes a discussion of theinteresting issue of human sacrifice —although one would have liked to see includ-ed in the bibliography the important book byD. Steuernagel, Menschenopfer und Mord amAltar (“Human Sacrifice and Murder at theAltar,” 1998).

Notwithstanding the superficial similarityin structure with the LIMC (numbers in boldare assigned to each of the various pieces ofevidence mentioned), the ThesCRA chaptersare better read as independent, separateessays on the various topics than as referenceentries. In fact, the very nature of the evi-dence makes it impossible to aim at the samelevel of completeness as in the LIMC. Whendealing with votive offerings, for example,there is no alternative but to proceed accord-ing to samples of types which have to betaken as representative of thousands more. Inthe end, thus, this oeuvre can be defined as asibling, but certainly not a twin, of its precur-sor.

4. Alessandro Naso, whose focus has longbeen a study of Etruscan and Italic material intheAegean (see Etruscan News 2, 2003, page6), was very appropriately the organizer ofthe important conference Stranieri e non cit-tadini nei santuari greci, held in Udine underthe auspices of the Alexander von HumboldtStiftung. Dealing with the evidence for thepresence of foreigners and non-citizens inGreek sanctuaries, the twenty-two contribu-tions are divided into three sections, each ofwhich is followed by a discussion: I.Historical, chaired by Peter Funke; II.Archaeological, chaired by Helmut Kyrieleis;and III. Literary, with the discussion moderat-ed by Gianpiero Rosati.What did it mean to be a “foreigner,” or

“barbarian,” in various periods in the Greekcontext? The various essays provide answersto this question from different perspectives,as is evident also from those that focus onEtruscan and Italic people. In this respect wecan mention the religious-historical discus-sion by A. Mastrocinque on possible relationsbetween the cult of Apollo at Delphi and thatof Apollo Soranus in the Faliscan territory,

[Continued on next page]

Joint ICAHM andUNESCO StatisticsInstitute (USI) meeting,Montreal, January 6, 2006

by Christophe Rivet, Secretary, ICAHM

Present were representatives of: theUNESCO Statistics Institute; the UNESCOWorld Heritage Centre; the GettyConservation Institute; the World MonumentsFund; and the UN World TourismOrganization.

Presenters were asked to address the issueof defining statistical indicators for the con-servation of archaeological sites that are onthe World Heritage List. Willem Willems(Netherlands, VP Europe) gave the presenta-tion prepared on behalf of ICAHM byWillemWillems, Christophe Rivet (Canada,Secretary) and Doug Comer (US, VP North-America).The presenters addressed the issue of meas-

uring the impact of tourism, the impact ofavailability of government resources for siteconservation, multiple values, criteria for sitemonitoring, and the objective of site conser-

with its peculiar priests able to walk on hotcoals; or the epigraphic and prosopographicinvestigation by S. De Vido and C. Antonettiinto the interactions between Greeks andindigenous Elymian frequenters of the sanc-tuaries at Selinus in Sicily. To A. Naso him-self we owe an extremely interesting and use-ful overview of objects dedicated as votiveofferings by Etruscans and other Italic wor-shippers in Greek sanctuaries.

Also worth reading are the reports of thediscussions that followed the various presen-tations, which were recorded and have beenincluded in the volume. We thus learn thatafter the historical talks there was a discus-sion on the issue of Delphic treasuriesbelonging to communities of ancient Italy, atopic that had already attracted scholars likeD. Briquel (“Le città etrusche e Delfi,” Annalidella Fondazione Museo Faina 5 [1998] 143-169). The treasuries of Caere and Spinareflected economic and cultural contacts inthe Mediterranean and the Adriatic respec-tively. It is also intriguing to note that theimportance of prophecy and divination atDelphi matches in some way its importancein Etruscan religion. An investigation intothis and related questions definitely con-tributes to an understanding of the place ofthe Etruscans in Greek thought, and of theextent to which the Greeks distinguished thevarious Etruscan cities at different momentsof their history.To sum up, although neither the ThesCRA

nor the book on sanctuaries edited by Naso isdevoted specifically to Etruscan culture, bothcontain extensive as well as intensive discus-sions and treatments of the Etruscan situation,and provide new insights on topics whoseinformation potential is still far from havingbeen fully exploited.

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RR ee vv ii ee ww ss

Wikander, Charlotte, andÖrjanWikander. EtruscanInscriptions from theCollections of Olof AugustDanielsson. Addenda toCIE II, 1, 4.(Medelhavsmuseet Memoir10, 2003.) Pp. 162, figs. 36.Museum of Mediterraneanand Near EasternAntiquities, Stockholm2004.

Reviewed by Larissa Bonfante

The authors of this valuable little book,themselves distinguished Etruscan scholarsteaching in Sweden, have carried out excava-tions in the archives of the University Libraryat Uppsala, the location of Olof AugustDanielsson’s papers – diaries and letters. Thepublication of their finds concerns mostly hispainstakingly careful reading of Etruscaninscriptions, but it also illuminates our under-standing of the scholarly history of the period,including the character, lives and interrela-tionships of some of the great scholars of thepast, and informs us about the scandals andhardships that beset them and that accompa-nied this ambitious undertaking.The second part makes up the bulk of the

volume, and presents the epigraphic materialrelating to CIE II, I, 4 (for which see review,JRS 66, 1976, 243-244) organized as adden-da. The divisions follow those of the CIE vol-ume, with provenances for the inscriptionsfrom Bomarzo, Ferento-Acquarossa, Orte,Tuscania, Musarna, Castel d’Asso, Norchia,Blera, San Giuliano, the Ager Tarquiniensis.Cerveteri (though these make up more thanhalf the number in CIE II, I, 4, they are unfor-tunately almost missing in Danielsson’s col-lection), Santa Marinella, and Civitavecchia.Designations are those used by Helmut Rix inhis standard collection of inscriptions,Etruskische Texte, Editio Minor (Tübingen1991).

A longer version of this review appearedin AJA (2006).

Imagined EtruscanLandscapes

by Larissa Bonfante

A recent review of a biography of D.H.Lawrence: The Life of An Outsider in TheNew York Times Book Review (December 4,2005)1 ignored the enduring popularity ofLawrence’s best travel book, Etruscan Places.Yet the author has deeply influenced the waypeople see and experience the landscapes ofTuscany that continue to enthrall moderntourists, residents of Chiantishire, readers ofThe New York Times Travel Section, and audi-ences of the film, Under the Tuscan Sun.Unlike Sea and Sardinia, or The PlumedSerpent, which have little to do with Sardiniaor Mexico, Etruscan Places actually doescapture the atmosphere of the place – the sur-prisingly colorful underground tomb paintingsof ancient Tarquinia, the olive groves andvineyards of Tuscany. We who belong to anearlier generation can even somehow imaginethe desolate malaria-ridden maremma,ofLawrence’s time.

I was surprised to find that Lawrence’sdescriptions resonated with the seventeen-and eighteen-year old students of a Freshmanhonors class to whom I assigned the book twoyears ago. Though none of them had everheard of D.H. Lawrence, or knew anything ofLady Chatterley’s Lover, they were thrilled byhis personal, colorful take on a scholarly sub-ject; one of my students proudly reported thata subway rider who had been reading the bookover her shoulder jotted down the title for fur-ther reference when she got off the train.What gives the book its power today?

Certainly Lawrence’s invocation of the con-trast between the vitality of ancient Etruscan“phallic” art and the plodding militarism ofancient Rome, by which he meansMussolini’s Rome, reflected a conflict thatsuited his personal artistic view, as well as thereality of the historical moment. As AnthonyBurgess points out in his introduction to thePenguin edition of D.H. Lawrence in Italy,Lawrence became fascinated by the Etruscansas early as 1920. In 1927, when he visitedtheir sites with an American friend, Italy wasjust about to become the country admired byMiss Jean Brodie and the ladies of Tea withMussolini; “Mussolini had not yet made thetrains run on time…”2 Etruscan Places waspublished posthumously in 1932.

For a long time Etruscan Places wasenjoyed by a public fascinated by the“Etruscan mystery,” and appreciated by artistsand writers. Scholars and intellectuals consid-ered it to be too romantic to be taken serious-

ly. In 1972, Burgess remarks, “Lawrencealways lacked the discipline and objectivity ofapproach which mark the true scholar…Nevertheless, his highly idiosyncraticapproach to the Etruscans has probably beenmore influential –– among nonspecialists, ofcourse –– than the works of true scholars.” Inan essay published in 19573 MassimoPallottino already notes instances of caseswhere Lawrence’s understanding of Etruscanart, and even of Etruscan history, was moreaccurate than that of scholars less involved inthe reality of the monuments and the land-scape: he noticed, for example, that theEtruscan tumuli of the necropolis of Cerveteriwere a local phenomenon, blending into thenature of the surrounding landscape, eliminat-ing the necessity of explanations involvingforeign influence for their forms. Scholarshipand art and literature had become isolatedfrom each other in the nineteenth century; buta good scholar needs to have the passion andlove of life of an artist.Today, in what is in so many ways a newly

romantic era, when young people are moreopen to feelings, when objectivity is not nec-essarily a virtue, and the issue of conservationlooms large, we can better appreciateLawrence’s romantic attitude towards nature,and share many of his concerns. On theimportance of the original context: “If onlywe would realize it, and not tear things fromtheir settings. Museums anyhow are wrong.But if one must have museums, let them besmall, and above all let them be local.” Onmen and women: “The Etruscans shared thebanqueting bench with their wives, which ismore than the Greeks or Romans did, at thisperiod.” On the role of tomb guardians: “So,on the other hand from the deer, we havelionesses and leopards. These, too, are maleand female… So these fierce ones guard thetreasure and the gateway…”4

1. Francine Prose, “Slayer of Taboos,”review of JohnWorthen, D.H. Lawrence: TheLife of An Outsider, in The New York TimesBook Review, December 4, 2005, page 56.2. Anthony Burgess, “Introduction,” in

D.H. Lawrence in Italy. Harmondsworth 1997(originally published 1972) page x.3. Massimo Pallottino, “Scienza e poesia

alla scoperta dell’Etruria,” Quadernidell’Associazione Culturale Italiana 24(1957), reprinted in D.H. Lawrence: Paesietruschi, Siena, Nuova imagine, 1985, pages9-26.4. D.H. Lawrence, Etruscan Places (1932),

“The Painted Tombs of Tarquinia,” passim.vation.The ICAHM presentation focused on the

World Heritage nomination process, the toolsused in this process (the OperationalGuidelines, the management regime require-ments and especially the criteria), and thebasic principles of conservation as stated inthe charters, to suggest a framework to devel-op indicators for site conservation. The mainarguments were that the main criteria (the 6cultural criteria + authenticity and integrity)and the management requirements detailed inthe nomination proposal were effective to

develop indicators.The conclusion of the sessionwas that there

is a need to continue the discussion in a moresubstantial format and to address the manyconcerns associated with indicators in differ-ent fora. ICAHM has expressed its availabili-ty to continue the discussion on indicators forsite conservation issues.

For more information, please visit the fol-lowing link (for a brief abstract):http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.ph

p?page=10248The presentations will be made publicly in

the near future by the USI. We will keep themembership informed of any future develop-ment.

ConferencesContinued from page 4

gies appearing in the manuscript tradition.Botanical terms in Etruscan perhaps hadbecome fairly rare by Pamphilus’ day; or,given the Egyptian provenance of Pamphilus’original dictionary, it is quite likely that thealternatives in Egyptian predominate theman-uscript traditions in company with “Greek”and “Roman.” Those Etruscan sixteen areimportant, in spite of their small fraction ofthe whole, since careful identifications of thespecies and the drugs made from them canindicate some aspects of a particularlyEtruscan herbalism.

Materia medica, II, 175 (Wellm., I, pp.242-243) is a description of the batrav-cion, probably the lesser celandine or pile-wort (Ranunculus ficaria L.), and the“Tuscan” name (RV) is given as a[pioum>rJanivnoum>. These terms are similar to theGreek a[pion (“pear”) or Latin apium (“cel-ery” or “parsley”), and Latin’s rana (“frog”).9Dioscorides also says that it is called sevli-non a[grion (“wild celery”) in Sardinia: nota particularly significant detail until oneremembers that Sardinia was part of theEtruscan orbit in the western Mediterranean.Pliny’s translation of “little frog” for theGreek reflects the frog-like (or fig-like) shapeof the moist and swollen root-tubers of thisperennial. The common name, “pilewort”records the historical herbal use of the roots inthe treatment of hemorrhoids: a logical resultfrom the presence in leaves and roots of tan-nins, ascorbic acid, and antemol, all extreme-ly astringent natural substances. Suggestivetoo is the use of the leaves and stems as pre-scribed by Dioscorides for the treatment ofmange, wart-removal, as a sternutatory, andfor relief of the pains of a toothache. Etruscanherbalists, by contrast, employed the “froggyroots” for hemorrhoids, a use not mentioned

in the Materia medica.

NOTES1. Greek text: MaxWellmann, ed., Pedanii

Dioscuridis Anazarbei De materia medica, 3vols. (Berlin 1906-1914, reprinted 1958).Expertly translated from the Wellmann edi-tion by Lily Y. Beck, with introduction byJohn Scarborough, Pedanius Dioscorides ofAnazarbus De materia medica (Berlin andNew York 2005).2. The basic essay remains MaxWellmann,

“Pamphilos,” Hermes 51 (1916) 1-64.3. E.g. the “Hippocratic Terminologies”

compiled by Erotian in Greek, sometime inthe Flavian era. Ernst Nachmanson, ed.,Erotiani Vocum Hippocraticarum collectio(Göteborg 1918). Erotian is evidence thatDioscorides’Materia Medica achieved imme-diate popularity, since MM, IV, 76 (Wellm. II,237 [“aconite”]) is quoted. Earlier“Hippocratic” lexica appeared beginning inthe 3rd cent. B.C. Wesley D. Smith, TheHippocratic Tradition (Ithaca 1979) s.v. indexentries, Bacchius [of Tanagra].4. John M. Riddle, Dioscorides on

Pharmacy and Medicine (Austin 1985).5. Especially evident in the unsatisfactory

translation produced by John Goodyer some-time after 1650 (but not published until 1934),lightly edited by Robert T. Gunther as TheGreek Herbal of Dioscorides (Oxford 1934;reprinted New York 1959).6. Extant are many such listings in Greek

ranging from Hesychius and the ByzantineSuda, to the gigantic compilation known asthe Etymologicon Magnum.7.Wellmann, Vol. III, p. 358.8. “Alpha’” under “Romana” (ibid. 350-

351) alone has 46 entries and numbers ofalternatives. “Aegyptiaca” (ibid. 327-329) has150 entries, etc.9. Pliny, Natural History, XXV, 172, trans-

lates batrachion into Latin’s ranunculus (“lit-tle frog”).

Violet, from the Vienna Dioscurides (Wikimedia Commons)

Fig. 3: Etruscan terracotta statuette of aseated ancestor from the Tomb of theFive Chairs, Cerveteri. 7th century B.C.Rome, Capitoline Museum.

Fig. 4: Antonella Magagnini, CuratoreArcheologa dei Musei Capitolini.

the three registers of this famous Etrusco-Corinthian vase,made between 630-600 B.C.,is still controversial.

Etruscan objects of particular importanceare displayed separately. The Aristonothoskrater, acquired by Augusto Castellani atCerveteri around 1869 (Bollettino diCorrispondenza Archeologica), later came tothe CapitolioneMuseum. In its new display inthe center of the gallery, the decoration of thisimportant find, dating from 675-650 B.C., canbe studied from all directions: on one side isthe blinding of the Cyclops Polyphemos, andon the other, a battle between two ships.Prominently displayed on the vase is the sig-nature of Aristonothos, the artist who createdit.

Another case contains the terracotta stat-uette of a seatedmale figure from the Tomb ofthe Five Chairs in Cerveteri; another twowere sold by Castellani to the BritishMuseum. He acquired the group in 1866 and

HerbsContinued from page 1

CastellaniContinued from page 1

Page 9

included this one in his first donation ofobjects to the Museo Capitolino. There wereoriginally five statuettes, dated 650-600 B.C.,seated on five chairs carved into the tufa of aside chamber intended to represent a smalldomestic sanctuary for the ancestor cult. Theobject is thus to be seen as an ancestor,invoked in ritual ceremonies.

In the first gallery are exhibited on a wood-en base two terracotta sarcophagi, one with afemale figure, the other with a male. Thesewere part of Castellani’s first donation to theCapitoline collections in 1866 and werealmost certainly acquired by him in Tuscania,where they were found in tomb contexts ofthe mid-2nd c. B.C. A recent study of its con-servation has shown how radical 18th c. inter-ventions were in restorations of ancientobjects. The study also revealed that both sar-cophagi were inscribed: on the one of thefemale figure with an Etruscan inscriptionpainted in black, on the one with the male fig-ure, with a Latin inscription in dark graypaint. These are the only inscriptions knownup to now on the 46 terracotta sarcophagimade in Tuscania.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 1: Attic red-figure cup by theOnesimos Painter, with athlete seenfrom the back. 5th century B.C.Rome, Capitoline Museum.

Fig. 2: Attic red-figure cup by theOnesimos Painter, with athletedrawing water from a well. 5thcentury B.C. Rome, CapitolineMuseum.

Page 10

“Regionalism andGlobalism in Antiquity”Keynote Speaker: Professor Lord Colin

Renfrew(Cambridge University)

The Classical Association of the CanadianWest (CACW) and the Classical Associationof the Pacific Northwest (CAPN) will hold ajoint conference March 16 - 17, 2007, to behosted by the Department of Classical, NearEastern, and Religious Studies at theUniversity of British Columbia, inVancouver,British Columbia, Canada.The theme of this conference is regionalism

and globalism in antiquity. As in the worldtoday, ancient life at the local level wasshaped by regional and global phenomena.This conference seeks to explore their effectson the local spatial dimension. We invitepapers and thematic panels on this subjectfrom scholars, including graduate students,interested in any aspect and time-period inantiquity, in the Mediterranean basin andlands beyond. Papers in all fields are encour-aged—literature, epigraphy, history, philoso-phy, oratory, religion, and art and archaeolo-gy.We encourage a wide variety of approach-es — disciplinary and interdisciplinary, theo-retical and empirical, and comparative andcross-cultural — and the participation of awide variety of scholars, not just classicists,but also Near Eastern scholars, Eurasian pre-historians, and any others interested in theconference theme.

Explanations of regional and global phe-nomena have often been couched in terms of“influences” disseminated from areas of high-er andmore powerful culture to ones of weak-ness and lower abilities. Recently, however,there have been more nuanced discussions ofthe mechanics of interregional and intercul-tural contact and interaction that could beinvestigated further. Work elsewhere in thehuman sciences also suggests a role for psy-chological and “epidemiological” factors inthe creation of regionalism and globalism thatdeserve more attention in the study of antiqui-ty. Here the brain has been shown to act like acommon denominator in sociocultural devel-opment and culture to spread like an epidem-ic or virus.

Papers are particularly encouraged on top-ics related to this theme. Questions and

CC aa ll ll ss ff oo rr PP aa pp ee rr ss

“The Romans and Water:Management, Technologyand Culture”

Place: Columbia UniversityDate: September 22-23, 2006

The Center invites abstracts of papers fromall interested scholars, including graduate stu-dents. The conference is open to all aspects ofthe subject, including nautical technology,irrigation, aqueducts, dispute settlement, rivermanagement, religion, baths, water-mills, andeconomics of transport. Hellenistic submis-sions also welcome.The underlying purpose of the conference

is to consider how the Romans—meaning bythis, the peoples of the whole Roman Empire— reacted to and managed both the sea andtheir fresh-water resources, as part of a largerdiscussion about their interaction with theirnatural environment. Speakers are encouragedto consider the longue durée but may alsoconcentrate on the particular when it seemsilluminating to do so.

Abstracts will be considered as they comein. We can accommodate 20-, 30- and 40-minute papers. Send abstracts (not completepapers, please) toW.V. Harris, wvh1@colum-bia.edu.

“Terracotta Figurines inthe Greek and RomanEastern MediterraneanProduction and Diffusion,Iconography andFunction”

Date: June 2-6, 2007Venue: Izmir, Turkey

An international conference on the terra-cotta figurines of the Eastern MediterraneaninAntiquity (7th c. B.C.-A.D. 4th c.) will takeplace on June 2nd-6th, 2007 at Dokuz EylulUniversity (DEU) in Izmir, Turkey.The aim of this meeting is to report on the

state of research concerning the terracotta fig-urines of antiquity in a broad sense, betweenca. 7th century B.C. and 4th century A.D. inthe Greek and Roman Eastern Mediterranean.The geographical areas concerned are Turkey,Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, Syria, Israel,Lebanon, Jordan, the rest of the Near East andthe Black Sea countries. The focus is, howev-er, Asia Minor. Intended to bring togetherTurkish, European, Mediterranean, and NorthAmerican scholars to discuss a range of issuesconcerning terracotta figurines, this confer-ence should be an excellent opportunity toincrease our knowledge of this material.The quantities of figurines that have come

to light on numerous sites, as well as recentresearch on the various collections from thesegeographical areas, allow us to make signifi-cant additions to the archaeological evidence,as has been done in coroplastic research inwestern Europe. The goal of the colloquium isnow to concentrate on unpublished finds orcollections from the Eastern Mediterraneanand Asia Minor, in order to focus on a seriesof questions. These can be grouped as fourprincipal, interlinked and overlapping themes:production and diffusion, iconography andfunction.

On these themes and questions, anyapproach or method that might bring someprogress to our knowledge is of course verywelcome: archaeology, archaeometry, historyof art, cultural anthropology, iconology andcritical approaches to texts. Papers and oralpresentations may be given in English,French, German, Italian, Greek or Turkish,but English will be the preferred language fororal presentations.

If you wish to participate, please contactone of the organizers:Yard. Doc. Dr. Ergun Lafli, M.A.Dokuz Eylul UniversitesiFen-Edebiyat FakultesiArkeoloji BolumuOda No: A 461/1Tinaztepe/Kaynaklar Yerleskesi, BucaTR-35160, Izmir, TURKEY.Fax : +90.232.453 41 88.E-mail: <elafli@yahoo.ca>.orProf. Arthur MullerUniversité Charles-de-Gaulle - Lille 3

Halma-Ipel ? UMR 8164 (CNRS, Lille 3,MCC)

Histoire, Archéologie, Littérature desMondes Anciens

BP 60149F-59653 Villeneuve d’Ascq, Cedex,

FRANCE.Fax: +33.3.204 163 65.E-mail: <arthur.muller@univ-lille3.fr>.Please submit an abstract of no more than

300 before July 1, 2006 by e-mail (if possible)to: <terracottas@deu.edu.tr>, or by fax to:+90.232.453 41 88. The issue number 24(Dec. 2006) of the journal Instrumentum isplanned as a special issue containing theConference abstracts.

“Preistoria e protostoria inEtruria: Paesaggi reali epaesaggi mentali”

Eighth Meeting, September 15-17, 2006.Università degli Studi di Milano.Dipartimento di Scienze delle Antichità,Sezione di Archeologia.

The evocative title, “Real landscapes andmental landscapes,” derives from a questionthat came up in 2002, in the course of an ear-lier meeting of this group dedicated to thestudy of the prehistory and earliest history ofEtruria: “What landscape would a travelersee, wandering through Etruscan places athousand or more years from now? And howwould such travelers interpret what theysaw?”The reconstruction of ancient landscapes,

which today lie buried underground as “fos-sils,” is still the ideal way to present the land-scape as a whole, joining together the dis-parate elements of archaeological evidenceavailable to us from excavations, surveys, sur-face finds, bibliographical information, andother research. This year the monographicsection of the meeting will be dedicated oncemore to the subject of landscape, whetherwater or volcanic, urban or rural, the result ofagriculture or animal husbandry. But the focuswill be not only on the actual landscape, butalso on the mental image of the landscape, onspace that is not neutral, but lived in, and thathas acquired a symbolic and ideologicalmeaning. The second section will includereports on recent discoveries and research onEtruria. There will be a poster session.To register for the meeting, contact nuc-

cia.negroni@unimi.it, or nuccia.negroni@vir-gilio.it.

expressions of interest can be sent to the chairof the conference organizing committee,Professor Franco De Angelis (University ofBritish Columbia) atangelis@interchange.ubc.ca. Abstracts of nomore than 100-150 words for talks of twentyminutes should be sent by e-mail attachmentby the September 15, 2006 deadline to theprogramme co-ordinator, Professor RobertTodd (University of British Columbia) at bob-bach@interchange.ubc.ca.

OO bb ii tt uu aa rr ii ee ssHelmut Rix

by Rex Wallace

Scholars who study the languages of ancientItaly were deeply saddened by the news thatProf. Dr. Helmut Rix (1926-2004) died in anaccident in Alsace on July 9, 2004. Prof. Dr.Rix was educated atWürzburg. AfterWWII hestudied at the University of Heidelberg, wherehe received his doctoral degree in 1950. Hewas awarded a teaching position at theUniversity of Tübingen in 1959 and a yearlater at the University of Erlangen- Nürnberg.At the time of his death he was professoremeritus in the SprachwissenschftlichesSeminar at Albert-Ludwigs-Universität,Freiburg.Rix’s scholarly career, which spanned some

50 years, was distinguished by a wide-rangingresearch agenda, by a keen methodologicalrigor — one that deserves to be emulated byyounger members of our profession — and by

a knack for finding innovative solutions to dif-ficult linguistic problems.

His publications profoundly influencedmany areas of language study including, butnot restricted to, the languages of ancient Italy,ancient Greek, and Indo-European linguistics.In many of his papers he offered brilliant solu-tions to seemingly intractable problems. Hisanalyses of difficult texts such as the OldUmbrian inscription from Poggio Sommavilla(now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston)(Sabellische Texte, Um 2), the Palaeo-Volscianinscription on the miniature axe-head fromSatricum (Sabellische Texte, VM 1), and theOld Umbrian inscription on the vase fromTolfa (Sabellische Texte, Um 4) virtuallychanged the ‘look’ of the oldest layer ofSabellic texts. In 1976 he publishedHistorische Grammatik des Griechischen,which soon became one of themost influentialbooks on historical Greek grammar. It remainsa standard reference tool in the field. On theIndo-European side of things Rix may best be

Roger Lambrechtsby Jean-Marie DuvosquelGeneral DirectorRevue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire

Translated and adapted from Revue belgede Philologie et d’Histoire 78 (2000) 5-6, aspeech given on the occasion of RogerLambrecht’s retirement as Director of theAntiquité section of the Revue.

On November 27, 1999, the GeneralAssembly of the Société pour le Progrès desÉtudes Philologiques et Historiques paidenthusiastic homage to Professor RogerLambrechts, who for two decades directed theAntiquité section of the Revue belge dePhilologie et d’Histoire. Today he passes thetorch to a new team, but without leaving theRevue, which he has agreed hereafter to shoul-der as an advisor to the Editorial Board. At therisk of offending Roger Lambrecht’s extrememodesty, let us evoke here briefly his twentyyears of tireless devotion in the service of theRevue.

Professor at the Université Catholique deLouvain (UCL) since 1960, initiator of theCorpus Speculorum Etruscorum, director ofthe Belgian excavations at Artena (Latium),Roger Lambrechts has been associated withthe scientific direction of the Revue since1979. In this role he was one of the principalarchitects of its reorganization intoautonomous fascicles, as it has been since1981. Under his impetus, the content and theappearance of the Antiquité fascicle evolvedrapidly. The place reserved for reviews andbibliography was modified to accommodate agrowing number of articles, in which illustra-tions were a crucial element.

On the practical level, Roger Lambrechtsimposed an almost metronomic tempo on themanagement of the fascicle of which heassumed responsibility. From contacts with theauthors to the drawing up of tables, from thecorrection of proofs to the mailing of books,each step in the preparation of the volumes fell

in a regular rhythm, guaranteeing an admirableregularity of publication. Even more impor-tantly, we are thankful to Roger Lambrechtsfor having developed a vast network of corre-spondents, both Belgian and foreign, wideningthe international renown of the Revue in theareas of philology, history, archaeology of theClassical world, and the less Classical — onethinks in particular of Etruscan studies.The scientific balance sheet is gratifying:

from volume 57 (1979) to volume 77 (1999),some 180 articles and almost 1800 reviewscover all aspects of antiquity. But beyond thenumbers there are the people, the youngresearchers and the seasoned researchers whohave, thanks to Roger Lambrechts, found ahome for scientificwork of quality, in the serv-ice of a profoundly humanist ideal.Roger Lambrechts bequeaths to his succes-

sors a model of buongoverno. For the talentswhich he so generously lent to the Revue, forthe spirit of dialogue and mutual respect thathe always cultivated in his relationships withcollaborators, the Editorial Board honors andrespects him deeply. A member of theAcadémie Royale since 1996, he has been thefriend, the colleague and the wise counselor.The Revue wants to honor him here in publish-ing his personal bibliography.Two young colleagues have been invited to

pursue Roger Lambrechts’ flourishing scientif-ic enterprise. One, Paul Fontaine, professor atthe Université Catholique de Louvain, isalready well known at the Revue, becausesince 1979 he has been regularly submittingbook reviews. Because of the quality of hiscollaboration, Roger Lambrechts proposedhim in 1987 for the position of secretary of theAntiquité section. From now on, Paul Fontainewill be in charge of Roman antiquity. Theother, Didier Viviers, professor at theUniversité Libre de Bruxelles, will assumecharge of Greek antiquity. The Editorial Boardof the Revue thanks them both for havingaccepted these heavy responsibilities. Withthem, the route traced by Roger Lambrechtswill soon cut its way into the thirdmillennium.

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Machteld J. MellinkReprinted from the Bryn Mawr Collegewebsite

Machteld Johanna Mellink, 88, professoremeritus in the Department of Classical andNear EasternArchaeology at Bryn MawrCollege, died Feb. 24 at the Quadrangle, aretirement community in Haverford.

A native of the Netherlands, Dr. Mellinkwas an internationally known scholar andleader in the archaeology of Turkey, which shepursued herself and taught at the college from1947 until retiring in 1988. Her specialty wasthe cultural connection between ancientGreece and theNear East. In the classroom shewould scrawl diagrams on the blackboard,linking one civilization to another throughancient artifacts.

Dr. Mellink studied at the University ofAmsterdam and received her doctorate in 1943from the University of Utrecht. She accepted afellowship at Bryn Mawr College in 1946.From 1950 to 1965, she participated in theexcavation of Gordion, capital of Phrygiaunder the legendary King Midas.While there,Dr. Mellink became fascinated by the artifact-rich plain of Elmali in Lycia, where no previ-ous dig had been done. She uncovered animportant Early Bronze Age settlement andcemetery. Her research was published in inter-national journals in many languages. Troy andthe TrojanWar, published in 1986,was writtenfor the layman.

Her international recognition included anhonorary LLD. from the University ofPennsylvania and an Honorary Doctorate ofHistory from the University of Eskis,ehir. Shereceived the Archaeological Institute ofAmerica’s Gold Medal for DistinguishedArchaeological Achievement in 1991 and theUniversity of Pennsylvania Museum’s LucyWharton Drexel Medal for Archaeological

Achievement in 1994. TheMinistry of Cultureof Turkey recognized her as the SeniorAmerican Excavator in 1984 and the SeniorForeign Archaeologist in 1985. In 2001 theArchaeological Institute of America estab-lished in her honor the Machteld MellinkLecture in Near Eastern Archaeology. BrynMawr College awarded her the LindbackFoundationAward for Distinguished Teachingin 1975. She was a Member of the AmericanPhilosophical Society, a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences, aResearch Associate of the University ofPennsylvania Museum, and a CorrespondingMember of the Turkish Institute of History, theRoyal Dutch Academy of Sciences, theGerman Archaeological Institute, and theAustrian Archaeological Institute, and manyother international archaeological societies.

Her professional service included beingPresident of the American Research Institutein Turkey from 1988-1991, President of theArchaeological Institute of America from1980-1984, Trustee of theAmerican Society ofOriental Research, Chair of the Department ofClassical and Near Eastern Archaeology atBryn Mawr College from 1955-1983, andActing Dean of the Graduate School of Artsand Sciences at Bryn Mawr College from1979-1980.

Andrew Sherrattby Bernard Knapp

British prehistorian, Andrew Sherratt, diedFriday, February 24, 2006. He was a student ofDavid Clarke’s at Peterhouse College,Cambridge and the long-timeAssistant Keeperof Antiquities at the Ashmolean Museum inOxford. He recently had moved to theDepartment of Archaeology and Prehistory atthe University of Sheffield where he held thepost of Professor.Sherratt’s research was remarkable for its

scope. He was interested in the big questionsof European prehistory and he addressed themon a continental scale. He is perhaps bestknown for the concept of a ‘SecondaryProducts Revolution’, which stressed the criti-cal social and economic transformations thataccompanied the exploitation of domestic ani-mals not for meat but for the other productsthat derived from livestock, such as milk,wool, and traction. He directed the first inter-national collaborative field research project ineastern Hungary and his limitless enthusiasminspired generations of students to work inEast Europe. The current blossoming ofarchaeological research in Hungary andEastern Europe can trace its origins toSherratt’s pioneering efforts.

remembered for Lexicon der indogermanis-chen Verben, a volume that he and his col-leagues at Freiburg published in 1998. Thecompilation of Proto-Indo-European verbroots and the verb formations derived fromthem is an indispensable resource for anyonewho works in Indo-European linguistics.

Few scholars can match Rix’s influence inItalic studies and in Indo-European, but hisimpact on Etruscan language studies is greater.Indeed, it is probably fair to say that the impactof his publications is felt at every level ofEtruscan grammar, from phonology to ono-mastica to the interpretation of texts. At thetime of his death, he was engaged in scholarlydebate over the analysis and interpretation ofthe most difficult sections of the TabulaCortonensis, contributing two very excitingpapers (Rix 2000 and 2002) to this importantEtruscan document.Rix’s scholarly output was prodigious, but

he devoted much time to the onerous task ofmaking ancient texts available to scholars ineditions that were affordable, packed withinformation, and very user-friendly. Thosewho study the texts of the languages of ancientItaly owe him a tremendous debt for his serv-ice to the field. He spearheaded a massiveeffort to re-edit and republish the entire corpusof Etruscan inscriptions. The publication ofEtruskische Texte in 1991 has reinvigoratedEtruscan language studies. We are now reap-ing the fruits of this labor in publications suchas Koen Wylin’s comprehensive study of theEtruscan verb (Wylin 2000). In 2002 Rix per-formed the same service for Sabellic studiesby publishing Sabellische Texte, a volume con-taining all Oscan, Umbrian, and South Piceneinscriptions. Scholars who work on these lan-guages now have an up-to-date and reliableeditio minor of inscriptions.Rix’s scholarly legacy is secure. He leaves

behind a body of work that is unmatched inboth scope and quality. He will be sorelymissed by Etruscologists and Indo-Europeanists alike.

Select Bibliography on Etruscan:Rix, Helmut. 1956. Die Personennamen auf

den etruskisch-lateinischen Bilinguen. BNF7.147-172.—. 1962. Ein lokal begrenzter Lautwandel

im Etruskischen. Die Sprache 8.29-45.—. 1963. Das etruskische Cognomen.

Untersuchungen zu System, Morphologie undVerwendung der Personennamen auf den jün-geren Inscrhiften Nordetruriens. Wiesbaden:Harrasowitz.—. 1968. Zur Ursprung der etruskischen

Silbenpunktierung. MSS 23.85-105.—. 1971. Die moderne Linguistik und die

Beschreibung des Etruskischen. Kadmos10.150-170.—. 1972. Zum Ursprung des römisch-mit-

telitalischen Gentilnamensystems. ANRWI:2.702-758.—. 1981. Das Eindringen griechischer

Mythen in Etrurien nach Aussage der mythol-ogischen Namen. Die Aufnahme fremderKultureinflüsse in Etrurien und das Problemdes Retardierens in der etruskischer Kunst(Mannheim, 8–10 febbraio 1980), 96-103.Mannheim.—. 1983. Norme e variazioni nell’ortografia

etrusca. Atti del Convegno su ‘I problemi dellascrittura e delle normative alfabetiche nelmondo mediterraneo antico’ (Napoli, 16–17febbraio 1983). AION(ling) 5.127-140.

—. 1984. La scrittura e la lingua. GliEtruschi: Una nuova immagine a cura diMauro Cristofani, 210-238. Firenze: GiuntiMartello Editore.—. 1989a. Per una grammatica storica

dell’Etrusco. Atti del Secondo CongressoInternazionale Etrusco (Firenze 26 Maggio –2 Giugno 1985), III, 1293-1306. Roma:Bretschneider.—. 1989b. Zur Morphostruktur des etr. s-

Genetivs. SE 55.169-193.—. 1991. Etrusco un, une, unu ‘te, tibi, vos’

e le preghiere dei rituali paralleli nel Liber lin-teus. ArchClass 43.665-691.—. 1995. Etruskische Personnamen.

Namenforshung. Ein internationalesHandbuch zur Onomastik, I, hrsg. von ErnstEichler, Gerold Hilty, Heinrich Löffler, HugoSteger, Ladislav Zgusta, 719-724. Berlin &New York: Walter de Gruyter.—. 2000. Osservazioni preliminari ad una

interpretazione dell’aes cortonense. Incontrilinguistici 23.11-31.—. 2002. La seconda metà del nuovo testo

di Cortona. In Maristella Pandolfini andAdriano Maggiani, eds., La TabulaCortonensis e il suo contesto storico-archaeo-logico. (Atti dell’Incontro di studio, 22 giugno2001), pp. 77-86. Roma: Consiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche.Rix, Helmut et al. 1991. Etruskische Texte.

Editio minor. Bd. I. Einleitung, Konkordanz,Indices; II. Texte. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Archaeological Projects inItaly, Summer of 2006

(From the AIA Bulletin for Fieldwork Opportunities)

Archaeology Field School, SardiniaDirector: Robert H. TykotAffiliation: University of South FloridaSeason dates: May 29 - June 30Description: Survey and excavations whichstarted in 2002 will continue at the site ofSennixeddu in west-central Sardinia, Italy.The area, immediately adjacent to MonteArci, is characterized by a major obsidiansource, with the survey and excavation focus-ing on the study of nearby workshop activitiesdating to the Neolithic period when obsidianfrom this source was traded as far as northernItaly and southern France. This projectaddresses which parts of the chaìne opératoireoccurred at Sennixeddu, and what reductiontechniques were used, before obsidian wasused locally or traded over great distances.

Carsulae, Roman BathsDirector: Jane K.WhiteheadAffiliation: Valdosta State UniversitySeason dates: June 18 - July 30Description: The Roman city of Carsulae wasfounded along the via Flaminia when thatroad was cut through Umbria in the late thirdcentury B.C. Located near the town of SanGemini, the area has been associated withhealing waters since Umbrian times. TheRoman baths, which lie at the threshold ofsouthern entrance to the city, were excavatedin the 1950s by the then-superintendent ofarchaeology, Umberto Ciotti. The site has lainexposed since then. The goals of the projectare to consolidate the exposed remains and toexplore the structure further in order to deter-mine its full plan and the form of its earliestphase, which, if contemporary with the found-ing of the city, may be one of the oldestRoman baths in existence.

Cetamura del ChiantiDirector: Nancy T. de GrummondAffiliation: Florida State UniversitySeason dates: May 10-June 20Description: Cetamura is a hilltop site in theChianti district of Italy, located near Siena onthe property of the Badia a Coltibuono(Gaiole in Chianti). Recent research has indi-cated multiple phases of Etruscan settlement(Archaic, “Classical,” and at least two phasesin the Hellenistic period), as well as the pres-ence of Roman baths of the early RomanEmpire. In the Middle Ages, the site wasreferred to as Civitamura, or “Walled City,”perhaps in reference to ancient walls stillstanding. There is also documentation of amedieval castrum, or fortified village at thesite in the twelfth century. Excavations in2006 will focus on a monumental Etruscanbuilding of unknown usage located near aHellenistic artisans’ quarter and dated to thesecond century BCE.

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Via Flaminia at Carsulae.

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Heritage Excursions 2006: DiscoveringItaly’s Sangro ValleyDirectors: Susan Kane, John Ippolito, andVelicia BergstromAffiliation: Oberlin College and USDA ForestService, Division of Heritage ManagementSeason dates: July 8 - July 22Description: The Sangro Valley Project in thesouthern Abruzzo region of Italy was estab-lished in 1994 by John Lloyd (OxfordUniversity) with the aim of studying society,economy, and settlement change within thecontext of a Mediterranean river valley sys-tem—the Sangro River valley—in the territo-ry of the ancient Samnites. Two phases ofwork by the SVP (1994-1998; 1999-ongoing)have convincingly demonstrated that this areaof ancient Samnium, particularly from theIron Age through the Roman periods, was agreater participant in the broader processesthat shaped ancient Italy than previouslythought. The Sangro Valley Project is focus-ing its current excavation and survey work atthe Roman site of Monte Pallano and its envi-rons. Monte Pallano was an important featurein the ritual and territorial landscape of theancient Samnites. Ongoing excavation workincludes a complex of public and sacredbuildings on the mountain as well as at twonearby Iron Age and Roman domestic sites.

Monte Testaccio, RomeDirectors: José M. Blázquez and JoséRemesalAffiliation: ArchaeoSpainSeason dates: September 24 - October 8Description: Between the first and the thirdcenturies A.D., millions of amphorae arrived

at the ports of Rome with products from theprovinces. Not being able to be recycled,many were dumped at a specific location nearthe port in Rome. Over the years, they formedan artificial hill of testae and crockery 45meters (135 ft.) high. Originally theseamphorae had been used to hold the olive oilimported from the provinces, mainly fromBetica (presently Andalusia, in SouthernSpain). Many of the amphorae still have themaker’s seal stamped on their handles, whileothers retain titles and notes written with abrush or quill listing the exporter’s name andindicating the contents, the export controls,and consular date. All these notes makeTestaccio the largest archive of Roman com-merce in the world. The epigraphy on the pot-tery provide also firsthand documentation ofthe Roman Empire’s economy, the commer-cial relations between the capital andprovinces, as well as the alimentary habits ofantique culture.

Palazzaccio (Lucca)Director: Charles EwellAffiliation: New York University in Florenceand University of North Carolina AshevilleSeason dates: May 29 - June 30Description: The site makes up one of at least100 Roman farms identified in the low-lyingarea of Capannori and Porcari east of Luccathat are often referred to collectively as a“rural Pompeii.” Evidence of Paleolithic,Bronze Age, and Etruscan material has alsobeen found in the immediate area.

Poggio Civitate (Murlo)Directors: Anthony Tuck and Erik Nielsen

Affiliation: Tufts University and FranklinCollegeSeason dates: June 20 - August 4Description: Poggio Civitate is an eighththrough sixth century B.C.E. Etruscan site,situated 25 km south of Siena in Tuscany,Italy. The site preserves some of the earliestevidence of monumental architecture andsculpture in Central Italy. The main plateau ofthe site preserves evidence of two major phas-es of occupation, one dating to theOrientalizing Period and the other to theArchaic Period. Excavation during the 2006season will continue to focus on both of thesephases of the site and explore areas off theplateau to better understand the surroundingcommunity.

Poggio Colla Field SchoolDirectors: P. GregoryWarden and Michael L.ThomasAffiliation: Southern Methodist University,Franklin and Marshall College, andUniversity of Pennsylvania Museum ofArchaeology and AnthropologySeason dates: July 1 - August 4Description: Poggio Colla Field School trainsstudents on an Etruscan site about twenty-twomiles north-east of Florence in the scenicMugello valley. The settlement on PoggioColla spanned most of Etruscan history, fromthe seventh century B.C.E. until its destruc-tion by the Romans at the beginning of thesecond century B.C.E. The first 11 seasons ofexcavation have revealed at least three majorconstruction phases, including an extraordi-narily rich Orientalizing/Archaic phase thatincludes the remains of a monumental struc-ture on the acropolis, and two later phaseswhen the site was turned into a fortifiedstronghold.

Pompeii Archaeological Research Project:Porta StabiaDirectors: Steven Ellis and Gary DevoreAffiliation: University of Michigan andStanford UniversitySeason dates: July 1 - August 5Description: The ‘Pompeii ArchaeologicalResearch Project: Porta Stabia’ (PARP:PS)has recently begun a new archaeological exca-vation, structural assessment, and geophysicalsurvey of the shops, workshops, inns, andhouses at VIII.7.1-15, Pompeii. This neigh-bourhood was selected for intensive investi-gation because of its unique potential to revealthe developing relationship between publicand private space in the Roman city: each ofthe private buildings was connected to the so-called ‘entertainment district’ – an area com-prising two theatres, a large public colonnad-ed courtyard, three temples, and a forum. Thebuildings for excavation line one of the majorthoroughfares of Pompeii, just inside one ofthe city gates (the Porta Stabia); here was thesocial and cultural hub of Pompeii. Even so,our first season in 2005 represented the firsttime that stratigraphic excavations have evertaken place since the first clearance of vol-canic debris just over a century ago.

Pompeii Food and Drink ProjectDirectors: Betty Jo Mayeske, Robert C.Curtis, R. Lindley Vann, and Benedict LoweAffiliation: University of Maryland,University of Georgia, and Western OregonUniversitySeason dates: June 25 - July 15

tributed across five fundamental periods fromPalaeolithic to the arrival of the Romans in thevalley.

Verucchio (near Rimini)Director: Patrizia von ElesAffiliation: Archaeological Museum ofVerucchioSeason dates: July 3-28 and July 31 -September 1Description: Excavation will take place nearthe remarkable Orientalizing center ofVerucchio, a frontier town at the northernedge of Etruscan territory, where rich gravefinds included well-preserved wooden furni-ture, rich hoards of amber, and remains ofactual clothing

Villa Vignacce, Parco degli Acquedotti andParco della Caffarella in RomeDirector: Dr. Darius AryaAffiliation: American Institute for RomanCultureSeason dates: July 1 - August 7Description: The 2006 AIRC InternationalField School excavation of the Villa Vignaccein the Parco degli Acquedotti in Rome pro-vides an opportunity to excavate a significantancient site in Rome.

Description: The research goal is to analyzethe patterns of daily life in Pompeii by a non-invasive study of the structures that are asso-ciated with the storage, distribution, prepara-tion, serving, and consumption of food anddrink. These structures will include all cate-gories of Residential, Commercial, Public,Religious, and Other. Over 1,435 structureswill be documented bymeasurements, sketch-es, and photographs. The information will beorganized into a comprehensive electronicdatabase, Food and Drink in Ancient PompeiiCodex, that will include the structure address,floor plans, features shown in original draw-ings, video, and digital, color, black/whitephotographs. A printed guide will also be pre-pared. The spatial relationships of structuresto one another will be analyzed to determinethe patterns of daily life, by using aGeographic Information System (GIS). Fromour analysis of ancient Pompeii, we hope togain insight into city-planning and to learnabout building an enduring and healthy urbanenvironment in the 21st century. This year,2006, is the fifth year of our on-site research.

Renaissance Ceramics of TuscanyDirector: Anna Moore ValeriAffiliation: Earthwatch InstituteSeason dates: July 30 - August 26Description: Castelfiorentino, Tuscany,Italy— When attractive pottery shards turnedup during roadwork in the old quarter of thisTuscan town, a policeman and amateurarchaeologist knew they were significant. Adecade later, more than 5,000 fragments havebeen found,many of them bearing the coats ofarms of noble Tuscan families in the distinc-tive graffita style—with incised decorations—confirming that Castelfiorentino was a centerfor the ceramics industry in the 16th century.This will be the first systematic excavation ofa ceramics dump and potential kiln site.The excavation site is in a small plaza in

charming Castelfiorentino, in the heart of his-toric Tuscany.

San Gemini Preservation StudiesDirector: Massimo CardilloAffiliation: University of Wisconsin,MilwaukeeSeason dates: May 20 - August 6Description: The San Gemini PreservationStudies Program was started in 1999 by theSchool ofArchitecture and Urban Planning atthe University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee incollaboration with various local groups in SanGemini to promote studies in the preservationof cultural heritage. The Program’s coursesare aimed at architects, planners, art histori-ans, museum curators, historians, engineers,and other individuals who will be involved inthe planning, management and study of cul-tural heritage. The program is organizedaround classroom courses, travel, fieldresearch, and field projects. These include:• Survey and restoration of the Church of

San Giovanni Battista (12th Century) in SanGemini• Archaeological survey and conservation

of the Roman public baths in the nearbyancient city of Carsulae (with director JaneWhitehead)• Survey of the church of Santo Gemine

(13th Century); this survey includes archaeo-logical work.

Sicilian Field School 2006

Director: Michael KolbAffiliation: Northern Illinois University,University of Palermo, University ofGothenburg, and Stanford UniversitySeason dates: May 22 - June 24Description: This program is part of a multi-national Sicilian and Scandinavian projectfocusing on the site ofMonte Polizzo and sur-rounding Belice Valley in the western-centralportion of Sicily. Monte Polizzo is a proto-urban hilltop site used for nearly 1,200 yearsand encompasses the Bronze, Early Iron,Elymian, and Hellenistic periods in theisland’s history. The surrounding valley settle-ment system is filled with additionalNeolithic, Hellenistic, and Roman sites.

Summer Program in Archaeology, AARDirector: Nicola TerrenatoAffiliation: American Academy in RomeSeason dates: June 5 - July 22Description: For the fourteenth year, theAmericanAcademy in Rome will sponsor theSummer Program in Archaeology. Intendedfor graduate students or very advanced under-graduates, it provides an overview of archae-ological problems andmethods for students inall fields of classical studies. The 2006 pro-gram is made possible with support from theConcordia Foundation. The program involvesthree weeks of site visits in and around Romeand four weeks of fieldwork.

Summer Program in Roman PotteryStudies, AARDirector: Archer MartinSeason dates: June 19 - July 17Description: The program will present thebasics of Roman pottery and is designed to filla gap in archaeological training. This is thefirst of a three-year pilot series honoring thememory of Howard Comfort, a Fellow of theAcademy and an eminent scholar of Romanpottery.

Trebula Mutuesca, Latium (Sabina)Director: Dr. Giulio VallaronoAffiliation: Soprintendenza per i BeniArcheologici del Lazio (ArchaeologicalService of Latium) / Antaura - Didactics inArchaeologySeason dates: July 30, 2006 - August 26Description: The Archaeological Service ofLatium, jointly with the Archaeological UnitAntaura, organizes the eighth fieldwork cam-paign at Trebula Mutuesca, a Roman settle-ment in Sabina (Latium), 60 km from Rome.The dig explores the Republican Sanctuary ofthe goddess Feronia (third century B.C.).

Valcamonica Rock Art Fieldwork,Paspardo, LombardyDirector: Angelo FossatiAffiliation: Footsteps of Man ArchaeologicalSociety, ValamonicaSeason dates: July 1 - September 30Description: The Footsteps of ManArchaeological Cooperative Society is basedin Valcamonica, an alpine valley comprisedbetween the province of Bergamo and BresciainNorthern Italy,where rock art constitutes anarchaeological, artistic, ethnographic and his-torical patrimony of inestimable value, notonly for its antiquity but, above all, for thethematic and iconographic wealth. The rupes-trian tradition of Valcamonica consists ofabout 300,000 engraved figures mainly locat-ed in open air and on flat rocks. The art is dis-

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Excavations of RomanRemains Outside of Italy

(From the AIA Bulletin for Fieldwork Opportunities)

Underwater Archaeology in theMediterranean SeaLocation: Menorca, Balearic Islands, SpainDirectors: Claudio Lozano and FernandoContrerasAffiliation: Ecomuseum of the Cape ofCavalleriaSeason dates: October 1 - November 20, 2006Description: For 2006, the Ecomuseum of theCape Cavalleria will be exploring the Romanport of Sanitja and the coast of the Cape ofCavalleria and identifying structures of theRoman city of Sanisera as well as Romanshipwrecks. The port of Sanitja was not onlyoccupied by the Romans, but there are alsoruins of aMuslim mosque and English defensetower, which lead us to believe that we willfind other vessels from these time periods.

Roman Road Station near Belogradchik,BulgariaLocation: Belogradchik District, BulgariaDirector: Dr. Nartsis Torbov

Affiliation: Bulgarian ArchaeologicalAssociation and Regional HistoricalMuseum-VratsaSeason dates: June 15 - September 18, 2006Description: In 1994 the archaeologists hadone chance in a thousand to discover a Romanroad station in locality Aniste near town ofBelogradchik. This type of site is illustrativeof Roman life. It contains all the thingsRoman travelers needed and shows the mainpoints of the Roman road beds. In 2005archaeologists discovered part of large build-ing at the site and began to explore a Romanbath. The rich collection of finds shows thatthe life here is started in the beginning of sec-ond century A.D. and continued until the endof the fourth century A.D.

Roman Villa of MatancaLocation: Vaiamonte, Alentejo, PortugalDirector: Maia M. LangleyAffiliation: PortAnta, ArchaeologicalOpportunities in PortugalSeason dates: July 03, 2006 - July 28, 2006Description: The site of Matança was onlyjust recently classified as a Roman sitealthough archaeological material from thissite has been surfacing formany years...possi-bly centuries. The site is embedded mid-slope

ished due to the heavy maritime commercialindustry that received boats going from Spainto Italy and from France to Africa. Theimpressiveness of Sanisera can be appreciatedin the present by the quantity and quality ofthe amphoras and other Roman artifacts thathave been found in recent excavations.Sanisera is situated on the spectacular naturalreserve of the Ecomuseum of Cap deCavalleria. The excavation will be situated ina Roman fort (123 B.C. - 50 B.C.), investigat-ing the buildings and artifacts of the soldiers’stockrooms and living quarters.

Porolissum Forum ProjectLocation: Salaj County, RomaniaDirectors: Eric C. De Sena and Alexandru V.MateiAffiliation: John Cabot University and ZalauMuseum of History and ArtSeason dates: June 30 - July 30, 2006Description: Porolissum is among the largestand best-preserved archaeological sites in allof Romania. Established in A.D. 106 by theRoman emperor Trajan, Porolissum helpeddefend the main northwestern passagewaythrough the Carpathian Mountains into theprovince of Dacia. By the early third century,Porolissum had blossomed into a proper citywith standard Roman features such as anamphitheater, temples and a forum. The pop-ulation stood at 15-20,000. Due to the tremen-dous costs involved in maintaining an army inthis portion of the Empire and the growingneed to shift troops to the East,Aurelian with-drew from Dacia in A.D. 271. The post-Roman period of Porolissum is poorly under-stood, although life in this city thrived wellinto the Migration period (fifth-eighth c.A.D.) and appears to have been completelyabandoned by the 10th century.

YorkMinster Dean’s ParkLocation: England, UKDirector: Toby KendallAffiliation: YorkArchaeological Trust and theDean and Chapter of York MinsterSeason dates: June 20 - September 09, 2006Description: York Archaeological Trust, inpartnership with the Dean and Chapter ofYork Minster, will be excavating in the DeansPark to the north of the nave of York Minster.The excavation will be looking to answer anumber of questions about the archaeology onthe site, which dates from the Roman periodonwards. The main research objectives relateto the probable presence of amedieval chapel,part of the archbishops’ palace and a post-medieval mansion.

A Late Roman and Mediaeval Fortressnear Gorno Novo Selo (ancient AugustaTraiana, Roman province Thracia)Location: BulgariaDirector: Dr. Bojan DumanovAffiliation: VIR Society for AlternativeCulture and EducationSeason dates: July 15 - August 20, 2006Description: The site is located 35 km north-west of the town of Chirpan and ca. 40 kmfrom Stara Zagora City (ancient AugustaTraiana, Roman province Thracia). Thefortress is located in the southern ridges of theSarnena Sredna Gora - the last mountains ofthe great Balkan range before the Thracianlowlands. The fortress was built on the peak“Kaleto” (708 m above the sea level), whichlies east of the important pass “St. Nikola.”

The fortress’ walls incorporate the peak’shighest point, thus maximizing the fortifyingfeatures of the landscape. The position alsooptimizes the view of the valley and the low-lands.

Roman Fort on TyneLocation: South Shields, EnglandDirector: Paul T. BidwellAffiliation: Earthwatch InstituteSeason dates: June 04 - September 16, 2006Description: Two millennia ago, the RomanEmpire stretched all the way to northernEngland, once considered the edge of civiliza-tion. At Arbeia, the site of a Roman garrisonand harbor a stone’s throw from Hadrian’sWall, a local settlement became part of one ofthe largest and busiest supply depots in thenorthern empire. How did the two culturesadapt to each other and coexist? The answerhas corollaries throughout history and lessonsfor today.

Roman City: Tropaeum Traiani andAcqueduct Survey, RomaniaLocation: RomaniaDirector: Prof. Linda EllisAffiliation: Terra Europaea, Inc.Season dates: July 12 - August 07, 2006Description: We have high-resolution satelliteimagery from QuickBird satellite for a 16km2 area for remote sensing of sites.We willuse this imagery to find and excavate sites inthe territorium of the Roman city, TropaeumTraiani, Dobrudja, SE Romania, dating sec-ond-sixth centuries C.E.. We have an on-going hydroarchaeological survey and exca-vation of aqueducts supplying water toTropaeum Traiani. Many kilometers of under-ground aqueducts have recently become evi-dent, and we are using the satellite imagery totrace and excavate aqueduct lines. We willhave to access these aqueducts and other sitesby driving off-road over uneven terrain.

Barcombe Roman VillaLocation: England, East SussexDirectors: David Rudling and Chris ButlerAffiliation: University of Sussex and the MidSussex Field Archaeological TeamSeason dates: July 17 - August 11, 2006Description: In 2006 there will be a sixth sea-son of research and training excavations at theBarcombe Roman Villa site, East Sussex,England. So far some of the main discoveriesmade have included the remains of a winged-corridor house, a large aisled building, fourIron Age type timber roundhouses, a court-yard wall and a ditched enclosure. Romanoccupation of the site spans the mid first tolate third centuries. This site provides anopportunity to investigate the development ofa Romano-British villa from an indigenousfarmstead.

Castell Henllys Field SchoolLocation: Wales, United KingdomDirector: Dr. Harold MytumAffiliation: University of YorkSeason dates: July 01, 2006 -August 12, 2006Description: First two weeks: geophysicaland surface survey work is combined withgraveyard research will be concentrating on17th-19th centurymemorials from a variety ofdifferent Christian denominations. In Irelandthere is more geophysics and on EarlyChristian sites, the geophysics in Wales is onIronAge/Roman sites and there ismore stand-

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ing buildings survey.The excavation part of the field school inWales for both options has three choices:A) The excavated and reconstructed CastellHenllys IronAge fort examining the fifth-firstcenturies B.C. defenses. B) The CastellHenllys native Roman farmstead (first-fourthcenturies A.D.) C) The historic HenllysManor House and Farm (16th to the 19th cen-turies A.D.)

Pollentia (Mallorca, Spain) forHigh SchoolStudentsLocation: Majorca, SpainDirector: Margarita OrfilaAffiliation: ArchaeoSpainSeason dates: July 11 - August 05, 2006Description: In 70 B.C. the Romans foundedthe city of Pollentia in the Northern side of thecharming island of Majorca. In the summer of2006, the object of our work will be the con-tinuing excavation of the city’s forum.Students at this site will contribute to theresearch of the introduction and developmentof the Roman culture across theMediterranean and specifically in the BalearicIslands.

Drastar Field SchoolLocation: BulgariaDirector: Dr. Stefka AngelovaAffiliation: VIR Society for AlternativeCulture and EducationSeason dates: July 15 - August 25, 2006Description: The site is located within themodern town of Silistra (North EastBulgaria), directly on the bank of the riverDanube. The sixth-century level is markedwith several monumental buildings and a newEarly Byzantine fortress, whose walls werebuilt at the reign of Justinian the Great. TheEarly Bulgarians had taken the fortress at thetime of Constantine IV and Dorostol becomethe first main city of the newborn BulgarianKingdom. During the Pagan period (seventh-middle of ninth century) the medieval Drastarwas a center of the local Bulgarian elite andone of the rulers’ residences.

The Silchester Insula IX Roman Town LifeProjectLocation: United KingdomDirector: Professor Michael FulfordAffiliation: Department of Archaeology,University of ReadingSeason dates: July 03 - August 13, 2006Description: The Silchester ‘Town Life’Project consists of the total excavation of alarge part of one of the insulae (blocks) of amajor Roman administrative capital in south-ern Britain. Fieldwork began in 1997 and con-tinues annually over a six-week season. Theprincipal aim is to increase our understandingof the changing nature of the occupation ofInsula IX from its origins in the first centuryB.C. through to its demise in the fifth or sixthcentury A.D. The 2006 season will focus onthe late Iron Age/early Roman occupation ofthe insula.

The Vale and Ridgeway Project:Excavations at Marcham/FrilfordLocation: England, OxfordshireDirectors: Dr. Gary Lock and Prof. ChrisGosdenAffiliation: University of OxfordSeason dates: July 01 - July 28, 2006Description: Excavations in the 1930s

and appears to be properly oriented and locat-ed in an ideal setting for a Roman villa. Infact, following the estimated distance andsizes of latifundias, Roman farming estates inthis area,Matança ismost like another Romanvilla.Thematerial that is visible on the surface indi-cates monumental architectural works - possi-bly from a villa or a religious sanctuary ortemple. The proximity of this site to theimportant Roman villa of Torre de Palmamakes this excavation a very important andsignificant work that may clear up some ques-tions regarding land distribution and the spa-tial distances between independent villa sitesand those sites that were dependencies of themajor latifundias.

Roman Sanctuary and Fortress near Townof Mezdra, BulgariaLocation: Town of Mezdra, NorthwestBulgariaDirector: Dr. Sergei TorbatovAffiliation: Bulgarian ArchaeologicalAssociationSeason dates: June 15, 2006 - September 18,2006Description: The Bulgarian ArchaeologicalAssociation (BAA) Archaeological FieldSchool was founded in 2001 as a trainingschool for students of archaeology, and isbased in Northwest Bulgaria. The field schoolis involved in a study of the Roman culture inthe region. The project includes excavationwork on a Roman site, lecture courses onexcavation methodology and site interpreta-tion, and organized visits to nearby archaeo-logical sites.The fortification of the site near Mezdra rep-resent one of the earliest well preservedRoman military buildings on the BalkanPeninsula. The excavations in 2005 providedextensive material, among which severalarchitectural details with certain provenancefrom Antique temple, the rich collection ofcoins dated to the first half of the third centu-ry A.D. and pottery of exceptionally highquality.

The Roman Conquest of the BalearicIslands, 123 BCLocation: Menorca, SpainDirector: Fernando ContrerasAffiliation: Ecomuseum of the Cape ofCavalleriaSeason dates: June 01 - October 30, 2006Description: The Romans first arrived onMenorca in the year 123 B.C. when theRoman army conquered the Balearic islands.For 600 years more, Menorca would form apart of the immense Roman empire. On theisland they formed three Roman cities. Ofthose cities, Sanisera (our archaeological site)was built around the port of Sanitja in thenorthernmost part of the island. The city flour-

Page 15

established Marcham/Frilford as animportant and unusual site withinEngland. It is an Iron Age settlement (ca.sixth to first centuries B.C.) overlain by amajor Romano-British religious complex.This comprises a temple and a large cir-cular stone-built structure which may bean amphitheatre. The University ofOxford has been excavating here for fivesummers and in 2006 will continue withwork concentrating on the amphitheatreand nearby Roman public buildings.

Colonia Clunia SulpiciaLocation: Burgos, SpainDirectors: Francesc Tuset and Miguel A.de la IglesiaAffiliation: ArchaeoSpainSeason dates: July 02, 2006 - July 30,2006Description: One of Spain’s most fasci-nating Roman cities, Clunia’s golden agespanned between the first century B.C.and the first century A.D. as the hub ofthe Roman Hispania province ofTarraconensis.We will continue the exca-vation of its impressive 7,000-seat the-ater, the largest of its kind in the IberianPeninsula.Following a civil war in Rome againstNero, Clunia governor Servius SulpiciusGalba was chosen by the military tobecome the Roman emperor in A.D. 68.Clunia’s importance would soon multiply.Rome’s architects bestowed on Cluniaimpressive monuments, many of whichstill remain: baths, forum, theater, gov-ernment buildings, shops, taverns,dwellings, etc. The site is famous for itswell-preserved mosaic floors and itsunderground water source that can onlybe reached by scuba-diving archaeolo-gists. Artifacts from the cave that leads tothe subterranean lake revealed a smallshrine for a religious sect that left behindan interesting collection of inscriptions.

Roman Fort on the DanubeLocation: RomaniaDirector: Dr. Mihail ZahariadeAffiliation: Earthwatch InstituteSeason dates: June 09 - August 27, 2006Description: Halmyris, Tulcea,Romania— Where the Danube Riverempties into the Black Sea lies the his-toric Roman fort and military supplydepot at Halmyris. It took the RomanEmperor Trajan two wars to win this vitalstrategic location from the Dacians, giv-ing the Romans undisputed hegemonyover the fertile Danube Delta and controlover a gateway to Asia. For the next 600years, Halmyris served as a legionarybase, naval port, and critical supply depotfor Roman colonization and culturalexchange. In all, Halmyris was occupiedfor 1,100 years, from the Iron Age to theByzantine period, an astounding sweep ofcolorful history. You can help Dr. MihailZahariade find out how Romans accom-modated local customs and introducedtheir own.

MM uu ss ee uu mm NN ee ww ssReport from the Vatican(2004-2005)

by Maurizio SannibaleMusei Vaticani

In the Museo Gregoriano Etrusco work onthe renovation of the displays is continuing. Inthese years attention is focused on the roomsdedicated to the Collection of Vases. Thisfamous collection includes some of the mostimportant masterpieces of ancient vase paint-ing, discovered in the first half of the 19thcentury in the necropoleis of ancient Etruscancities, especially Vulci and Cerveteri. Withinthis section is housed the prestigious MarioAstarita Collection, which this connoisseur, afriend of Beazley, donated to Pope Paul VI in1967. This gallery and the next, which housesAttic vases of the early 5th c., began to bereorganized at the beginning of 2006.The research activity of the Museo

Gregoriano Etrusco has been ongoing. Theyear 2005 saw the publication of the much-awaited book by Alessandro Mandolesi, Ilmateriale protostorico, with contributionsfrom Andrea Babbi, Marshall Joseph Becker,Cristiano Iaia and Maurizio Sannibale, theninth volume in a well-launched series of cat-alogues. The volume, published by L’”Erma”di Bretschneider in collaboration with theMusei Vaticani, presents for the first time allthe proto-historical and Villanovan material,and that of ancient Latium, in the MuseoEtrusco of the Vatican. Two nuclei are partic-ularly interesting, not only from the point ofview of the documentation, but also for thehistory of the research into what is essentiallythe first material from two cultural areas fromtheir first discovery. From 1776-1778 datesthe discovery at Vulci of the first evidence ofthat which only a century later would bedefined as the Villanovan culture, while from1816-1817 dates the discovery of the famoustomb furnishings of the Cività Laziale atCastel Gandolfo, in the Alban Hills, not farfrom the site of the storiedAlba Longa. Proto-Etruscans and Proto-Latins are thus reunitedin this monograph, which at the same timeoffers a chapter on the museography of the18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, aresource that is finally made available to thecommunity of both scholars and amateurs.

In the area of research on ancient Etruscanand Roman gold work, the monographEtruscan Treasures from the Cini-AlliataCollection has been published; it is an exhibi-tion catalogue edited by F. Buranelli and M.Sannibale ([Mabee Gerrer Museum of Art,Shawnee, Oklahoma 2004] Rome 2004). Thecatalogue, with entries and essays byMaurizio Sannibale, introduces the unpub-lished collection of Fabrizio Alliata ofMontereale. Besides the Musei Vaticani, theSoprintendenze per I Beni Archeologici ofLatium, Tuscany, Umbria, and SouthernEtruria also lent works to the exhibition.

Essays and entries on the works in theMuseo Gregoriano Etrusco have also beenpublished by Maurizio Sannibale in the fol-lowing catalogues:

“Sports in Etruria. The adoption of a Greekideal between reality and symbolism,” in N.Ch. Stampolidis and Y. Tassoulas, eds.,Magna Graecia. Athletics and the OlympicSpirit on the Periphery of the Hellenic World,exhibition catalogue (Museum of CycladicArt, Athens 2004) 81-101; ibid., 105, cat. no.2; 129-130, cat. no. 47; 147, cat. no. 64; 158-

159, cat. no. 75; 161-162, cat. no. 77-78; 166,cat. no. 80; 200, cat. no. 121.

P. Liverani and G. Spinola, eds., Ritrattiromani dai Musei Vaticani, exhibition cata-logue, Tokyo, Museum of Western Art, 2004(Tokyo 2004) 84–97, cat. nos. 2-8; 138–153,cat. nos. 28-42;

G. Sena Chiesa and E.A. Arslan, eds., Miti

Fig. 1. Attic Red Figure skyphos by the Lewis Painter, 460-450 B.C., MuseoGregoriano Etrusco, Vase Collection.

Fig. 2. Calyx krater by the Painter of the Boston Phiale, 440-435 B.C. From Vulci,1835 excavation, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Vase Collection.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

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Power and Death inVerucchioThere were Villanovans of rank, “excel-

lent men,” who, in life and indeath, displayed their political,religious, and military power. Itis these men and the prestigiousfurnishings of their tombs that arethe subject of the exhibit “IlPotere e la Morte,” openingApril 12, 2006 at the MuseoCivico Archeologico diVerucchio.With this exhibit, the Museo

Archeologico di Verucchio opensto the public the newly restoredChurch of S. Agostino, which,attached to themuseum, endows it witha new space particularly adapted for tem-porary exhibits. This offers the opportunity todisplay, for the first time, exceptional materi-al from some of Verucchio’s most importanttomb contexts, recently restored, as well assome relevant objects from the 2005 excava-tion season. These are burials of individuals ofhigh rank, identified as warriors from theprestigious objects that comprised their funer-ary offerings.The exhibit illustrates the following

themes: “Verucchio: artistocracy, rank androles in an Iron Age community;” “Clothingand costume;” “Clothing adornments;”“Bronze and ceramic banquet ves-sels;” “Wooden furnishingsfrom Tomb B/1971 Stradaprovinciale Marecchese15 bis;” “Weapons forcombat and parade;”“Chariots and har-nesses;” “Powerand death: signs

and symbols of rank and power in funerarycontexts;” “Material from the new excava-tions.”The exhibit will run from April 13, 2006 to

January 6, 2007 at Verucchio (Rimini).Telephone: 0541-670222; email: iat.veruc-chio@iper.net

Wooden table from the Verucchio exhibit“Power and Death”

Fig. 1. Wooden table from Grave B/1971Lippi, early 7th century B.C.

Fig. 2. Amber fibulae from Grave47/1972 Lippi, end 8th century B.C.

CompetitionWe want to include the lighter side of

scholarship and travel, so send us your jokes,cartoons, and funny stories. The competitionfor teachers is a list of the best “inspired mis-takes” you receive from your students.

Following are some of our personalfavorites (from Larissa Bonfante, Francescode Angelis, and Laurie Schneider):

Question: Identify the Tarpeian Rock.Answer: The Tarpeian Rock was a stone

from which the Tarpeian language was deci-phered.

Question: What was the name of the roomin a Roman house where they slept?

Answer: A tribiculum.

Question: What is the universe made ofaccording to Lucretius?

Answer: The world is made up of tinyAdams.

Question: Define Gothic architecture.Answer: Pointed and falling arches.

Question: What is the significance of A.D.313?

Answer: It is the year Christ was resurrect-ed.

Question: Identify Zeus.Answer: A place to keep animals.

Question: What was the Iliad?Answer: A play about Achilles’ heel.

A carabinierewas told by his commander togo get a sheep for a big banquet that wasplanned. So that weekend the carabinierechanges into civilian clothes, and goes outinto the country to find a shepherd. He goesup to the shepherd, who is in the fields withhis flock, and he says he wants to buy a sheep.The shepherd says, “Fine, here they are, lookaround and pick out the one you want.” Thecarabiniere looks around, and finally points to

Etruscan News OnlineThe staff of Etruscan News Online is

pleased to announce the launch of its newwebpage in February 2006. The site, whichis hosted by the University of MassachusettsAmherst (http://www.umass.edu/etruscan-news), was designed and produced by AndrewWilson, a professional graphic designer, whokindly offered his time and expertise to thedevelop the webpage. We think that you willfind his design aesthetically pleasing and hisorganizational schema easy to navigate.

Etruscan News Online is now open forsubmissions of articles, reviews, conferencereports, and letters. In order to facilitate the‘publication’ of submissions in electronic for-mat, we ask contributors to adhere to the fol-lowing guidelines:

All submissions to Etruscan News Onlineshould be made by electronic mail.

All submissions should be made in a textdocument (preferably Microsoft Word) aswell as in Portable Document Format (PDF).Submissions may include color images.

Please submit contributions via electronicmail to:(a) enews@classics.umass.eduor to any of the following editors:(b) Larissa Bonfante:

Larissa.bonfante@nyu.edu(c) Jane Whitehead:

jwhitehe@valdosta.edu(d) RexWallace:

rwallace@classics.umass.edu

For more information on submissions,please visit the ‘contribute’ page of EtruscanNews Online.

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one that he thinks is particularly good-look-ing. The shepherd looks at him and says, “Youare a carabiniere, aren’t you?” The carabiniereis surprised, because he is out of uniform, andsays, “Yes, I am, but how did you know?”“Well, “says the shepherd,” you just pickedthe sheep dog.”

Greci. Archeologia e pittura dalla MagnaGrecia al collezionismo, exhibition catalogue,Milan, Palazzo Reale, 3 October 2004-16January 2005 (Milano 2004) 200, n. 180.

N. Kaltsas, ed., Agon, exhibition catalogue,Athens, NationalArchaeological Museum, 15July - 31 October 2004 (Athens 2004) 112-113, n. 11. (Attic Red Figure hydria by thePainter of the Boston Phiale, inv. 16549).

Fortunatae Insulae, exhibition catalogue(Santa Cruz -Tenerife 2004).

I Fenici in Italia dall’oriente all’occidente,exhibition catalogue, Milan, Biblioteca di ViaSenato, October 2004-April 2005 (Milan2004).

Il Settecento a Roma, exhibition catalogue,Rome, Palazzo Venezia 2005-2006 (catalogueentries for theApulian krater by the IliupersisPainter, inv. 18255, and the Pestan kraterattributed to Python, inv. 17370).

The cartoon below, by Tom Cheney, appeared in the May/June 2006 issue ofArchaeology. Our Editor-in-Chief put it on the final exam for her beginning Latinclasses and asked them to write a caption in Latin. Two of the responses are givenhere.

“Arma paremus ne libertas nostra tollatur.” (Let us prepare arms so that our libertymay not be taken away.) Renisha Epps

“Dico haec mala verba ne discedatis.” (I say these bad words so that you may notdepart.) Jason Skipper