Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 1

Particulates

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 2

Particulates

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 3

Particulates

Volvo test plans• Euro I

D-1 EN590 1500 ppm S D-4 EN590 8 ppm SD-5 Swedish Class 1 Stationary (ESC)Transient (ETC)

• Euro III D-2 EN590 300 ppm S

D-4 EN590 8 ppm SD-5 Swedish Class 1

Stationary (ESC)Transient (ETC)

• Study the influence of CRT-based filter technology on particle emissions from an Euro III engine. Swedish Class 1 fuel (D-5) and two driving cycles (ESC and ETC) will be used. Fuel D-4 will also be tested if budget allows once the final sampling and testing protocol has been defined by WP-300.

Engine Fuel Test cycles

EURO I Diesel 1

Diesel 4

Diesel 5

ESC

ETC

Five extended steady state

EURO III Diesel 2

Diesel 4

Diesel 5

ESC

ETC

Five extended steady state

EURO III with CRT

Diesel 5

(Diesel 4)

ESC

ETCFive extended steady state

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 4

Particulates

Test cycles

ESC

ETC DGI

5 extended steady states

1. ECE R-49 mode 2

2. ESC mode 5(50% load, speed A)

DGI

3. 50% load, speed B (Road load, speed 50/50 A/C)

893 Nm/1450 rpm with D2

914 Nm/1450 rpm with D4

861 Nm/1450 rpm with D5

4. ESC mode 12 (75% load, speed C)

DGI

5. 25% load, speed 15%(25% load, speed A-10%)

(50% load, 50%speed) Same as 50% load, speed B.

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 5

Particulates

Volvo test performed during 2002

Euro III

D-2 EN590 300 ppm S D-4 EN590 8 ppm SD-5 Swedish Class 1

Stationary (ESC)Transient (ETC)Five steady states

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3

D-2 D-5 D-4

D-5 D-4 D-2

D-4 D-2 D-5

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 6

Particulates

Problems and uncertainty factors.

• Problem with primary dilutor – required modification as per Dekati drawing.

• Water cooling of the primary diluter caused the temperature control to be difficult.

• CPC required a very high dilution factor (11 250).

• Pressure-spikes in the beginning of the measurement period due to air dryer.

• 2 different ELPI’s were used – results do not correlate.

• Dilution factor during SS points not stable – reduced as exh. temperature reduced.

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 7

Particulates

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 8

Particulates

Problem with fixing dilution factor: A

0

2

4

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16

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Time (s)

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lue

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Raw Exhaust Temp [ºC] Sample Pressure [kPa] Exhaust Pressure [kPa]

Primary dilution factor [] Particle Counter 1 [#/cm3] Aerosol Current [fA]

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 9

Particulates

Problem with fixing dilution factor: B

• This was not initially noticed or known to be a problem.

• In initial tests the primary dilution factor dropped to below 8.

• A very long stabilization time was required to prevent this with subsequent testing.

• As exhaust temperature drops, density increases causing a greater mass of gas to be drawn into the diluter since it is based on volume flows.

Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / AMR / 20/04/23 / page 10

Particulates

Comparision between two different ELPI'sECE R49 mode 2 with D2

With greased foils

1,00E+00

1,00E+01

1,00E+02

1,00E+03

1,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,00E+06

1,00E+07

0,01 0,1 1 10

Particle size (µm)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n

ELPI from SP ELPI from SP ELPI from MTC ELPI from MTC