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Vowel bingo
• Glide• Foot• Clear• Dark• Fortis• Teeth• Tone• Pitch• Sound
• Stress• Word• Voice• Tongue• Nose• Glottis• Dialect• Larynx• phonetics
LECTURE 3: VOWELS1. Definition2. Classification3. Describing vowels4. Identifying vowels5. Diphthongs6. Triphthongs
DEFINITION• Vowels are the sounds in the production of which none
of the articulators come very close together so the passage of air-stream is relatively unobstructed and the air can get out freely.
• Vowels are the type of sounds that depend mainly on the variations in the position of the tongue. They are normally voiced.
• Vowels can be classified according to three variables:a. Tongue height.b. Part of the tongue which is raisedc. Degree of lip rounding
ACCORDING TO TONGUE HEIGHTHigh vowels: are those in the production of which the tongue is high in the mouth. It is raised above its rest position.
eg. /i:/ /u:/
Low vowels: are those made with the tongue below its rest position.Eg.
Mid vowels: are those made with the tongue neither high nor low in the mouth.eg. /e/
ACCORDING TO THE PART OF THE TONGUE RAISED1. Front vowels: are those in the production of which
the front of the tongue is the highest point. e.g.
2. Back vowels: are those in the production of which the back of the tongue is the highest point.e.g.
3. Central vowels: are those made with neither the front nor the back of the tongue. The tongue is neither high nor low in the mouth when central vowels are produced.e.g.
ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF LIP ROUNDING1. Rounded vowels: are those made with rounded lips. The
corners of the lips are brought towards each other and the lips are pushed forwards.e.g./u://u/ /ɔː / /ɒ /
2. Unrounded vowels (spread vowels): are those made with the lips spread. The corners of the lips are moved away from each other as for a smile.e.g.
3. Neutral vowels: are those made with the lips neither rounded nor spread.e.g.
Parts of tongueLevels of tongue
Front Central Back
High long
short
Mid long
short
Low long
short
VOWEL CHART
Parts of tongueLevels of tongue
Front Central Back
High long iː uː
short ɪ ʊ
Mid long ɜː ɔː
short e ə
Low long ɑː
short æ ʌ ɒ
VOWEL CHART
DIPHTHONGS1. Definition:
- a glide from one vowel to another
- Length: like long vowel
- The first part is much longer and stronger than the second part
e.g. /ai/
/eә/
TRIPHTHONGS• A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and
then to a third, all produced rapidly without interruption.
• There are five triphthongs in English. They are composed of the five closing diphthongs with/ә/ added at the end.
DESCRIBING AND IDENTIFYING VOWELS
1. Describing: long/short, high/mid/low, front/central/back, rounded/unrounded.e.g./e/: short mid front unrounded vowel
2. Identifyinge.g. long mid central unrounded vowel: /з:/
• high front short vowel• high back long vowel• low back long vowel• low back unrounded vowel• mid back to front diphthong• high back rounded short vowel• low central vowel
Phonemes vs. allophonesphoneme allophone
Definition
symbol
example /p/ /r/ [pʰen] [trDeɪn] [speɪn] [reɪn]
transcription
the smallest unit of sound in speech. 44 phonemes in English
one of two or more variants of the same phoneme
/ /[ ]
Broad transriptionPhonemic transcription
Narrow transcriptionPhonetic transcriptionmore phonetic details such as aspiration, length, nasalization…., by using a wide variety of diacritics.
Allophonic variants of consonants
1. Aspiration of stops: Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are syllable initials (or begin a stressed syllable)[pʰɪp] [tʰest] [kʰɪk]2. Fortis stops / p, t, k / are unaspirated after /s / in words such as spew, stew, skew3. Dentalisation of alveolars:[+alveolar] [+dental] before [+dental] Eg. tenth [tenNθ] [welNθ] [eɪtNθ] [ætN ðɪs] [wɪdNð]
Allophonic variants of consonants
4. Devoicing of /w, l, r, j/ when they occur after initial fortis plosives [plDei] [krDuː] [twDɪn]
5. /l/ is velarised after a vowel or before a consonant(the back of the tongue rises toward the soft palate (the velum) (dark l) [fɪɫ] [puːɫ] [wɜːɫd]
Allophonic variants of consonants
6. Lenis consonants /b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ/ preceded by a voiceless sound or silence, or followed by a voiceless sound or silence are devoiced(these retain full voicing when they are surrounded by voiced sounds)• this boy /ðɪs bɔɪ/ [ðDɪs bDɔɪ]• my dog /maɪ dɒɡ/ [maɪ dɒ ]ɡ̊1• misbehave /mɪsbɪheɪv/ [mɪsbDɪheɪvD]• She’s so good /ʃiːz səʊ ɡʊd/ [ʃiːzD səʊ ɡʊdD]
Allophonic variants of vowels 1. Nasalization of vowels: [vowel] [+nasal] before [+nasal]Eg. [m n] [æ2 s ŋ] [k m ]ɪ̃ 2 ʌ̃22. Vowels are shortened by a following fortis consonant.Eg. [b k] [tʃɜˑtʃ] ʊ̆6 [g ʊt] [st p] [lɑˑf] [briˑθ] [k s] [br ʃ] ə̆6 ɒ̆6 ɪ̃ 6 ʌ̃6