PREGLEDNICA ČASOV PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE (navadni sedanjik) = sedanjik, ki označuje navado, ponavljanje, stanje oziroma neko ugotovitev in splošno resnico. Nekaj, kar je mišljeno na splošno. Kot splošno resnico pojmujemo trditev, ki je veljavna ob vsakem času. I work in the garden every day. AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME I, You – work He, She, It – works We, you, they – work Trdilne povedi tvorimo iz nedoločnika (1. oblika glagola) v tretji osebi ednine pa dodamo obrazilo –s! Do you work? Does she work? Do they work? I don't work. She does't work. Dodamo pomožni glagol don´t oziroma doesn´t, polnopomenski glagol pa vedno uporabimo v nedoločniku. Pozor: Alice doesn´t live with her parents. Every (vsak)/day, week, mounth, year/ Ussualy (ponavadi), always (vedno), never (nikoli), sometimes (včasih), often (pogosto), occasionally (tu in tam), generaly (na splošno), normaly (normalno), hardly ever (komaj kdaj), rarely (redko kdaj), once a … (enkrat na…) KDAJ UPORABLJAMO TA ČAS? 1. Navada ali običaj / Tom smokes a pipe. I clean my teeth every morninig. 2. Ponavljanje / We go to school almoust every day. They often play computor games. 3. Splošne resnice / The Sun rises in the East. Wood burns. 4. Napovedi (šport, poroka, prisega) / Yohn passes the ball to smith and he kicks it. 1 He always reads a newspaper in the morning. (navada – On zjutraj vedno bere časopis.) We often meet at the club. (ponavljanje – Pogosto se srečamo v klubu.)
Transcript
PREGLEDNICA ČASOV
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE (navadni sedanjik)= sedanjik, ki označuje navado, ponavljanje, stanje oziroma neko ugotovitev in splošno resnico. Nekaj, kar je mišljeno na splošno. Kot splošno resnico pojmujemo trditev, ki je
veljavna ob vsakem času.
I work in the garden every day.AFIRMATIV QUESTION
FORMNEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
I, You – workHe, She, It – worksWe, you, they – work
Trdilne povedi tvorimo iz nedoločnika (1. oblika glagola) v tretji osebi ednine pa dodamo obrazilo –s!
Do you work?Does she work?Do they work?
I don't work.She does't work.
Dodamo pomožni glagol don´t oziroma doesn´t, polnopomenski glagol pa vedno uporabimo v nedoločniku.Pozor:Alice doesn´t live with her parents.
Every (vsak)/day, week, mounth, year/Ussualy (ponavadi), always (vedno), never (nikoli), sometimes (včasih), often (pogosto), occasionally (tu in tam), generaly (na splošno), normaly (normalno), hardly ever (komaj kdaj), rarely (redko kdaj), once a … (enkrat na…)
KDAJ UPORABLJAMO TA ČAS?1. Navada ali običaj / Tom smokes a pipe. I clean my teeth every morninig.2. Ponavljanje / We go to school almoust every day. They often play computor games.3. Splošne resnice / The Sun rises in the East. Wood burns.4. Napovedi (šport, poroka, prisega) / Yohn passes the ball to smith and he kicks it.
I prounaunce you man and wife. I declare I´m not guilty.5. Stanje / They live in New York. He doesn´t like milk.
Posebnosti v pisavi watch – watches go – goes dress – dresses box – boxes brush – brushescry – cries fly – flies try – tries play – plays (če je pred y samoglasnik)
Glagolom, ki se končajo na -ss, -ch, -sh, -x ali -o, dodamo v tretji osebi ednine (he, she, it) zaradi izgovorjave obrazilo -es!
Glagol »BE« /am, is, are/ v pomenu biti.Pri tem glagolu nikoli ne uporabimo pomožnega glagola do, does, don´t ali doesn´t
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He always reads a newspaper in the morning. (navada – On zjutraj vedno bere časopis.)We often meet at the club. (ponavljanje – Pogosto se srečamo v klubu.)She likes hot dog. (stanje – Rada ima hot dog.)It snows a lot in winter. (splošno veljavna resnica – Pozimi veliko sneži.)
PRESNET CONTINUOUS TENSE (opisni sedanjik)= sedanjik, ki označuje trajajoče dejanje, ki se dogaja v trenutku govorjenja = resnična sedanjost, dejanja, ki
potekajo v določenem obdobju v sedanjosti, tudi bližnjo prihodnost, ki je vnaprej dogovorjena. Kadar govorec izraža nezadovoljstvo zaradi kakšnega ponavljajočega se dejanja (razvade) in sicer v povezavi s prislovi (always,
constantly, forever, continually).
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIMEI am sitting now.You areHe, she, it – is sittingWe, you, they – are sitting
Are you sitting?Is she sitting?Am I sitting?
I´m not sitting.You aren´t sitting.He isn´t sitting.
Zanikamo pomožni glagol »be«, polnopomenski glagoli se ne spremenijo!Alice doesn´t live with her parents.
Now (sedaj), at the moment (v tem trenutku), at present (v tem trenutku), today (danes), tonight (drevi, nocoj)
Pogosto napovedujeta ta čas tudi glagola »look« in »listen«! Listen, somebody is coming. Look, our child is walking.
Razlike med Present Simple in Present Continuous:Present Simple izraža dogajanje na splošno (navade, ponavljanje in splošne resnice) / I regularly service my car. (na splošno – Redno servisiram svoj avto.)Present Continuous označuje dlje časa trajajoče dejanje v sedanjosti (tisto, kar se dogaja sedaj ali določeno obdobje v sedanjosti) ter bližnjo prihodnost, ki je v naprej dogovorjena (sestanki, srečanja…) We are having breakfest now. (ta trenutek, sedaj – Sedaj zajtrkujemo.)
Glagoli, ki ne morejo tvoriti oblike »Continuous«:- glagoli, ki označujejo čustva /like (rad imeti), dislike (ne marati), love (ljubiti), hate
- glagoli stanja / seem (zdeti se), cost (stati), contain (vsebovati), belong (pripadati), sound (zveneti, zdeti se), owe (dolgovati), own (imeti v lasti), have (imeti), possess (posedovati)
Posebnosti:Think – Present Simple – kadar pomeni »misliti«. Present Continuous – premišljevati in se ponavadi pojavlja skupaj s predlogom about. I think you're right. Mislim, da imaš prav. I´m thinking about you. Premišljujem o tebi.Have v Present Continuousu v besednih zvezah kot so: to have a bath, a shower, dinner, lunch, supper, breakfast, tea, a meeting, an appointment…Taste, hear, smell, feel, see – če je v PC spremenijo pomen. Npr.: The soup tastes delicious. (Juha je slastna.) I´m tasting the soup. (Okušam juho.)Posebnosti pri pisavi: write – writting make – making izpustimo e
hit – hitting stop – stopped podvojimoOb izgovorjavi – We are writting now. always, continually, forever – You are countinually making the same mistakes.
Look! He is reversing his car. (dejanje v trenutku govorjenja – Glej! Avto obrača.)He is working hard these days. (splošna sedanjost – Te dni veliko dela.)I´m meeting him tomorrow. (dogovorjena prihodnost – Jutri se bom sestal z njim.)He is constantly repeating this word. (razvada – On stalno ponavlja to besedo.)
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You always watching football on Sonday.
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PAST SIMPLE TENSE (navadni preteklik – PST) = preteklik, ki označuje dejanje, ki se je zgodilo točno v določeni preteklosti in je zaključeno. Uporablja se tudi za opisovanje zaporednih preteklih dejanj in zgodb ter izražanje preteklih
navad.Nedoločnik + -ed ali 2. oblika glagola (Past Simple)
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
I worked at home yesterday. Za vse enako.
Did she work?Did you work?
Did + nedoločnik
They didn´t sleep in hotel.
Didn´t + nedoločnik
Yesterday (včeraj), last (prejšnji), ago (pred), vsi pretekli datumi, pretekle letnice, pogosto pa tudi vprašalnici when in where.
Posebnosti pri pisavi: Kratki, enozložni glagoli, ki se končajo na soglasnik, pred katerim je samoglasnik, zadnji soglasnik podvojijo. Glasovi, ki se navadno podvajajo -t, -p, -d, -m, -n, -r, -l, -b, -gnod – He nodded that I was right. (Prikimal je, da imam prav.) stop – stopped beg – beggedcry – cried dry – dried (če je pred y soglasnik)stay – stayed play – played (če je pred y samoglasnik)
Nepravilni glagoli ta čas tvorijo s pomočjo 2. glagolske oblike (Past Tense).
Glagol »be« v PST nikoli nima ob sebi pomožnega glagola did / didn´t, pač pa tvorimo nikalne in vprašalne povedi neposredno z njim samim.I was sad. (Bil sem žalosten.) I wasn't sad. (Nisem bil žalosten.) Were you sad? (Si bil žalosten?)
I spoke to her last night. (točno določena preteklost – Sinoči sem govoril z njo.)Alice went in, closed the door and turned on the light. (zaporedna pretekla dejanja – Alice je vstopila, zaprla vrata in prižgala luč.)When she was a little girl, she read a lot. (navada v preteklosti – Ko je bila še majhna deklica, je veliko brala.)
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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (nedovršni preteklik – PCT)= preteklik, ki označuje dlje časa trajajoče dejanje, ki je potekalo v določenem obdobju v
preteklosti. Največkrat gre za trajajoče (nedovršeno) dejanje, ki ga je prekinilo neko drugo trenutno (dovršeno) dejanje.
Ta čas tvorijo nedovršni glagoli, ker zaznamujejo trajajoča dejanja.Was, were + ing!
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo jih s pomožnim glagolom was (I, he, she, it) / were (we, you, they) in z obrazilom -ing, ki ga dodamo polnopomenskemu glagolu.
Zamenjamo vrstni red osebka in povedka (pomožnega glagola), tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Helen was talking to you when you looked away.Was Helen talking to you when you looked away?
I wasn´t dreaming.The police weren´t following me.
Zanikamo samo pomožni glagol, polnopomenski pa ostane nespremenjen.
all day yesterday (ves včerajšnji dan), all morning (vse jutro), all the time (ves čas), when (ko) in while (medtem ko), from 2 to 4 (od – do) all night (vso noč)
Veznika WHEN in WHILEV povedih, kjer se pojavljata ta veznika, uporabljamo PST in PCT in sicer tisto dejanje, ki je dovršeno (trenutno) postavimo v PST, tisto dejanje, ki je nedovršeno (trajajoče) pa v PCT. PST torej označuje trenutno dejanje, ki prehaja v neko drugo trajajoče dejanje, postavljeno v PCT.When you called her, she was ironing her clothes. (Ko si jo poklical, je likala svoja oblačila.) trenutno dejanje trajajoče dejanjeWhile he was reversing his car, he hit the tree. (Medtem ko je obračal avto, je zadel drevo.) trajajoče dejanje trenutno dejanjeWhile they were working, their friends were playing cards. trajajoče dejanje trajajoče dejanje(Medtem ko so delali, so njihovi prijatelji igrali karte.)When my friends met him, he smiled. (Ko so ga moji prijatelji srečali, se je nasmehnil.) Trenutno dejanje trenutno dejanje
Veznik while že zaradi svojega pomena (medtem ko) narekuje, da v takšni povedi vsaj en glagol postavimo v PCT.
Razlika med glagolskima časoma PST in PCT:PST označuje dovršeno dejanje v preteklosti (ki se je zgodilo na hitro ali pri zaporednih preteklih dejanjih): He ate a sandwich. (Pojedel je sendvič.) Yesterday at 3. p.m. I was attending English classes.PCT označuje nedovršeno dejanje v preteklosti (ki je trajalo dlje časa):He was eating a sandwich when I met him. (Jedel je sendvič, ko sem ga srečal.)Pri istočasno potekajočih preteklih dejanjih uporabimo PCT. When I was ironing, my husband was watching TV. (Ko sem likala, je mož gledal TV.)Če je neko dejanje v preteklosti trajalo dlje časa, drugo pa se je zgodilo trenutno, uporabimo v prvem primeru PCT in v drugem PST: When he was walking along the street, somebody called him.
Paul was looking at me while I was sleeping. (Paul me je gledal, medtem ko sem spal.)When we got back, they were sitting at the cafe. (Ko smo se vrnili, so sedeli v kavarni.)
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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (PPST)= je preteklik, ki označuje dejanje, ki se je zgodilo v nedoločeni preteklosti (ne vemo
natančno, kdaj), dejanje, ki se je zgodilo v nedavni preteklosti, dejanje, katerega posledice segajo v sedanjost, dejanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti in še vedno traja ter izkušnjo iz
preteklosti.Have, has + -ed ali 3. oblika glagola (Past Participle)
Z uporabo različnih glagolskih oblik za preteklost (PST ali PPST) lahko spremenimo pomen povedi.Piccaso painted a lot of famous paintings. (Picasso je naslikal veliko znamenitih slik.) – je že mrtev, dejanje je zaključenoWarren has painted a lot of famous paintings. /avtor je še živ in bo verjetno še slikalSteve lived in London for several years, then he moved to Newcastle. /ne živi več v LondonuCathy has lived in London for several years. /še vedno živi tamDid you see Alice this morning? /sedaj je večer, dejanje je zaključenoHave you seen Alice this morning? /jutro še traja
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo jih s pomožnim glagolom have (I) / has (he, she, it) in z deležnikom preteklega časa (Past Participle).
Zamenjamo vrstni red osebka in povedka (pomožnega glagola), tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Have you ever eaten this before? (Si že kdaj prej jedel tole?)Has she ever said anything? (Ali je sploh kdaj kaj rekla?)
She hasn´t arrived yet.I haven´t followed him.
V nikalno obliko postavimo samo pomožni glagol, pri čemer ostane deležnik preteklega časa nespremenjen.
yet (že), not yet (ne še), never (nikoli), ever (kdaj) already (že), since (že, odkar, kar), for (že), lately (v zadnjem času), recently (nedavno), once (enkrat), twice (dvakrat), several times (večkrat), still (še vedno) how long (vprašalnica – kako dolgo?) often (pogosto) up to now (do sedaj) so far (do sedaj), sometimes (včasih)
just in still pogosto nastopata tudi s PCT. I´m just having dinner. Can you come later? (Ravnokar večerjam. Ali lahko prideš kasneje, prosim?) She's still typing that letter. (Ona še vedno tipka tisto pismo.)
since pomeni od nekega obdobja dalje (Od kdaj?), for pomeni že (Kako dolgo?). I´ve known Martin since last year. (Martina poznam že od aprila. Od kdaj?)We´ve known each other for two years. (Že dve leti se poznava. Kako dolgo?)
Countinuative tenseMy father has worked in this company for 3 years. (Moj oče dela v tej tovarni že tri leta.)
3 years ago – present – future
I have spoken to her. (nedoločena preteklost – Govoril sem z njo.)She has forgetten my name. (So she doesn´t know it now.) (preteklo dejanje s posledico v sedanjosti – Pozabila je moje ime. Torej ga sedaj ne ve.)She has known me since May. (dejanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti in še vedno traja – Ona me pozna od maja dalje.)Have you ever eaten a snake? (izkušnja iz preteklosti – Si že kdaj jedel kačo?)
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PPCT)= glagolski čas, ki označuje dogajanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti, traja v sedanjosti (v
trenutku govorjenja) in bo verjetno trajalo tudi v prihodnostiLahko označuje tudi ponavljajoče se dejanje, ki je trajalo do sedaj, in dlje časa trajajoče
dejanje, ki se je nedavno končalo in ki navaja razlog za neko stanje.Have / has been + -ing
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIMETvorimo s pomožnim glagolom have / has been in z nedoločnikom, ki mu dodamo obrazilo –ing.
Spremenimo vrstni red osebka in povedka (pomožnega glagola have / has) ko pomožni glagol postavimo pred osebek.Have you been waiting for me? (Ali čakate name?)What has she been studying? (Kaj ona študira?)
Zanikamo samo pomožni glagol have / has, drugo ostane nespremenjeno.She hasn´t been studying physics any more. (Ona ne študira več fizike.)
since (že, odkar, kar), for (že), how long (vprašalnica – kako dolgo?) lately (v zadnjem času), recently (nedavno), for the past / last (…zadnjih…) all day long ( že ves dan)
Omenjena prislovna določila časa so v glavnem enaka kot pri PPST. Vprašamo se, ali je glagol, ki se pojavlja, dovršen (trenuten), nezmožen tvorbe glagolskega časa Continuous ali nedovršen (trajajoč) – v slednjem primeru PPCT.I´ve finished my work recently. (dovršen glagol – Pred kratkim sem končal svoje delo.)She´s been here since two o´clock. (glagol, ki ne more tovoriti Continuous – Tu je že od dveh.) She´s been working for her father for seven years. (nedovršni glagol – Že sedem let dela pri svojem očetu.)Najbolj tipični glagoli, ki pogosto nastopajo z glagolskim časom PPCT: work (delati), live (živeti), study (študirati), make (delati), listen (poslušati), watch (gledati), write (pisati), wait (čakati), talk (govoriti), rain (deževati)…Razlike med PPST in PPCT:Če želimo poudariti, da je dejanje potekalo dlje časa v preteklosti PPCT:- I´ve been repairing my car all the afternoon. (Vse popoldne sem popravljal svoj avto.)Glagolska časa sta zamenljiva, takrat raje PPCT:- He has lived in this village for eight years. (Že osem let živi v tej vasi.)- He has been living in this village for eight years. (Že osem let živi v tej vasi.)PPCT uporabljamo, kadar gre za neprekinjeno dejanje v preteklosti, PPST pa, če je bilo dejanje prekinjeno:- He has been reversing his car for half an hour. (Že pol ure obrača svoj avto.)- He has reversed his car several times. (Večkrat je obrnil svoj avto.)PPST opisuje rezultat preteklega dejanja, PPCT pa se osredotoči na osebo in na trajanje dejanja:- Have you ordered your meal? (Si naročil jed?)- How long has she been listening to the radio? (Kako dolgo že posluša radio?)Pomni! Oblike -ing ne smemo uporabljati v povezavi s tistimi glagoli, ki so nezmožni tvorbe glagolskega časa PPCT (see, feel, consider, know…). V takem primeru bomo vedno uporabili PPST.I´ve been hearing a beautiful song. napačnoI´ve heard a beautiful song. pravilno (Slišal sem čudovito pesem.)
I´ve been sitting on this chair for two hours. (dejanje se je začelo v preteklosti, še vedno traja in bo verjetno trajalo tudi v prihodnosti – Že dve uri sedim na tem stolu.)Alice has been playing the piano since she was six years old. (trajajoče in ponavljajoče se dejanje – Alice igra klavir od svojega šestega leta.)My son is soaked. He has been playing in the rain. (trajajoče dejanje, ki se je nedavno končalo in razlog za stanje – Moj sin je premočen. Igral je v dežju.
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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (PaPST)= predpreteklik, ki označuje dejanje, ki se je zgodilo v preteklosti pred drugim preteklim
dejanjem.Had + Past Participle
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo jih s pomožnim glagolom had in z deležnikom preteklega časa (Past Participle).
After I had left the police station, I went home. (Potem ko sem zapustil policijsko postajo, sem odšel domov.)
Zamenjamo vrstni red osebka in povedka (pomožnega glagola), tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Had the others already been there when he parked the car? (Ali so drugi že bili tam, ko je parkiral avto?)
I hadn´t heard him until he went in.
V nikalno obliko postavimo samo pomožni glagol, pri čemer ostane deležnik preteklega časa nespremenjen.
after (potem ko), as soon as (brž ko), by the time (do takrat ko), before (preden), when (ko).
Veznikoma after in as soon as sledi v odvisnem stavku povedi PaPST, v glavnem stavku povedi pa PST:As soon as she had saved enought money, she went on a cruise along the Greek islands. (Brž ko je privarčevala dovolj denarja, je odšla na križarjenje okrog grških otokov.)
Pri before in by the time je ravno obratno. Veznikoma sledi PST, v glavnem stavku uporabimo PPST. Before they went to the cinema, thay had had dinner. (Preden so odšli v kinom, so večerjali.)
Sicer pa velja, da pri tistem dejanju, ki se je zgodilo prej, uporabimo PPST, pri tistem, ki se je zgodilo pozneje, pa PST.
After they had got into the car, they drove away. (Potem ko so sedli v avto, so se odpeljali.)When I arrived, my sister had already left the airport building. (Ko sem prispel, je moja sestra že zapustila letališko zgradbo.)As soon as Steve had made a phone call, he left the office. (Brž ko je Steve opravil telefonski klic, je odšel iz pisarne.)
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PAST PERFECT COUNINUOUS TENSE (PaPCT)= predpreteklik, ki označuje trajajoče ali nedovršeno dejanje predpreteklosti, ki je potekalo
pred drugim preteklim dejanjem ter ponavljanje in razlaga preteklih stanj
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo jih s pomožnim glagolom had + been pri čemer polnopomenskemu glagolu dodamo obrazilo -ing.
We had been waiting for two hours before they arrived. (Dve uri smo čakali, preden so prišli.)
Zamenjamo vrstni red osebka in povedka (pomožnega glagola), tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom.
Had Sheila been learning for months before she passed the exam?
She hadn´t been ironing before she went out.
Zanikamo samo pomožni glagol had (hadn´t), drugo ostane nespremenjeno.
after (potem ko), by the time (do takrat ko), before (preden), when (ko).
Vezniku after sledi v odvisnem stavku povedi PPCT, v glavnem stavku povedi pa PST.After they had been playing for an hour, they were tired. (Potem ko so se igrali eno uro, so bili utrujeni.)
Pri before in by the time je ravno obratno. Veznikoma sledi PST, v glavnem stavku uporabimo PPCT.Before she went to the cinema, she had been resting for two hours. (Preden je odšla v kino, je dve uri počivala.)
Razlike med PaPST in PaPCT:Oba glagolska časa označujeta dejanja v predpreteklosti, glavna razlika med njima pa je:PaPST označuje dovršena (trenutna) dejanja:I had watched a film before I went to bed. (dovršeno dejanje – Pogledal sem film, preden sem šel v posteljo.)PaPCT ounačuje nedovršena (trajajoča) dejanja:I had been watching a film before I went to bed. (nedovršeno dejanje – Gledal sem film, preden sem šel spat. Sredi filma sem šel spat.)Tiste glagle, ki ne morejo tvoriti Continuousa, prav tako postavimi v PPST:After I had had Ford for ten years, I sold it. (Potem ko sem deset let imel forda, sem ga prodal.)
She had been sleeping before she went out. (trajanje v predpreteklosti – Spala je, preden je šla ven.)Before I found him, he had been digging a hole. (nedovršeno dejanje – Preden sem ga našel, je kopal luknjo.)He didn´t know where you were. He had been sending you letters for several months. (ponavljanje v predpreteklosti – Ni vedel, kje si. Več mesecev ti je pošiljal pisma.)Her face was red. She had been jogging for three hours. (razlaga preteklega stanja – Njen obraz je bil rdeč. Tri ure je tekla.)
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WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURITY
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (FST) = prihodnjik, ki označuje hitre odločitve, kadar se govorec v trenutku govorjenja odloči, da bo
nekaj naredil, ne da bi o tem kaj razmišljal. Označuje tudi obljube, prošnje, grožnje in ponudbe ter predvidevanja za prihodnost, prihodnja dejanja, ki niso odvisna od osebkove
volje ali namere.
Will + nedoločnik
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo jih s pomožnim glagolom will in nedoločnikom.
I will tell you the truth.(Povedal ti bom resnico.)
Tvorimo s pomožnim glagolom will tako, da zamenjamo vrstni red osebka in povedka.
Will you phone him tomorrow? (Ali ga boš jutri poklical?)
Tvorimo z will v nikalni obliki won´t in z nedoločnikom.
I won´t follow you.(Ne bom ti sledil.)
I think (mislim..), I know (vem…), I´m sure (prepričan sem…), I doubt.. (dvomim…) O.k. (v redu…), Don´t worry (ne skrbi…), I promise.. (obljubljam…), I guess (menim…), maybe (morda…), perhaps (morda…), all right.. (v redu…)Besedne zveze, značilne za FST.
Pri osebah I and WE (1. oseba ednine in množine) lahko uporabljamo tudi shall, vendar je ta oblika nekoliko zastarela.
I´ll take this jumper. (trenutna odločitev – Ta pulover bom vzel.)Don´t worry, I´ll fix it for you. (obljuba – Ne skrbi, bom jaz to popravil zate.)Will you lend me your car, please? (prošnja – Mi boš posodil svoj avto prosim?)You will be sorry for that! (grožnja – Še žal ti bo za to!)I´ll help you with the dishes. (ponudba – Pomagal ti bom pri pomivanju posode.)I think it will rain tomorrow. (predvidevanje za prihodnost – Mislim, da bo jutri deževalo.)Tomorrow will be Sunday. (prihodnje dejanje, ki ni odvisno od osebkove volje ali namere – Jutri bo nedelja.)
Tipični vezniki in prislovna določila časa za prihodnje čase:soon (kmalu), next (prihodnji), tomorrow (jutri), in (čez), ((in five days – čez pet dni)), the following.. (naslednji…), in two years time (v roku dveh let…)
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GOING TO FUTURE (GTF) = prihodnjik, ki izraža osebkovo trdno namero ali voljo v prihodnosti (namera se bo zagotovo
uresničila) pa tudi predvidevanje za prihodnost na osnovi izkušenj
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIMETvorimo s pomožnim glagolom »be« (am, is, are) going to in nedoločnikom polnopomenskega glagola.
I´m going to build a house next year. (Naslednje leto si bom zgradil hišo.)
Zamenjamo vrstni red povedka (pomožnega glagola) in osebka, tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Are you going to spend your holiday at home? (Ali boš svoje počitnice preživel doma?)
Pomožni glagol postavimo v nikalno obliko, drugo ostane nespremenjeno.
I´m not going to sell my car. (Ne bom prodal svojega avta.)
Gled Tipični vezniki in pd za prihodnji čas.
PST, PCT, FST in GTF v rabi prihodnjika:- PST označuje prihodnost takrat, kadar se povedi nanašajo na urnike:The film starts at nine o´clock. (Film se začne ob devetih.) The train arrives at six o´clock. (Vlak prispe ob enajstih.)- PCT, v povezavi s prislovnim določilo za izražanje prihodnosti, izraža prihodnost, ki je
vnaprej dogovorjena (sestanki, srečanja…)I´m seeing my friends next week. (Prihodnji teden bom videl svoje prijatelje.)They are leaving tomorrow. (Jutri bodo odšli.)- FST označuje odločitev v trenutku govorjenja, obljubo, prošnjo, grožnjo, predvidevanje in
ponudbo:I´ll have a sandwich, please. (Sendvič bom, prosim.) Don´t worry, she´ll come back. (Ne skrbi, vrnila se bo.) Will you stop, please? (Ali bi nehal, prosim?) He´ll kill you. (Ubil te bo.)I´ll wash the dishes today. (Danes bom jaz pomil posodo.) It´ll snow next week. (Prihodnji teden bo snežilo.)- GTF izraža osebkovo namero v prihodnosti (se bo uresničila) in predvidevanje za
prihodnost na osnovi izkušenj:She´s going to teach maths. (Poučevala bo matematiko.)Look out! You´re going to fall! (Pazi, padel boš!)Watch out! The ball is going to hit you! (Pazi! Žoga te bo zadela!)
I´m going to spend my next holiday here. (osebkova volja ali namera – Svoje prihodnje počitnice bom preživel tukaj.)Look! He is going to jump off the bridge! (predvideni dogodek – Poglej! Skočil bo z mostu!)
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FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (FCT)= prihodnjik, ki izraža dejanje, ki bo trajalo od določenega trenutka v prihodnosti dalje,
uporabljamo ga tudi za izražanje bodočih načrtov, stanj, navad ob določenem času v prihodnosti. Bistveno je, da je glagol nedovršen.
Will + be + -ing
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo jih s pomožnima glagoloma will + be, polnopomenskemu glagolu pa dodamo – ing.
I´ll be working in my office tomorrow. (Jutri bom delal v svoji pisarni.)
Zamenjamo vrstni red povedka (pomožnega glagola) in osebka, tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Will he be repairing your car tomorrow? (Ali bo popravljal tvoj avto naslednji teden?)
Zanikamo samo pomožni glagol will (won´t), vse drugo pa ostane nespremenjeno.
They won´t be writing any letters tomorrow.(Jutri ne bodo pisali nobenih pisem.)
Glej Tipični vezniki in pd za prihodnji čas.
I´ll be watching a football match tomorrow at seven o´clock. (trajajoče dejanje v prihodnosti – Jutri ob sedmih bom gledal nogometno tekmo.)Sheila will be spending her summer holiday with her cousin. (načrt v prihodnosti – Sheila bo preživljala poletne počitnice pri svoji sestrični.)In five years´ time she will be working in America. (stanje v prihodnosti – Čez pet let bo delala v Ameriki.)Don´t call her in the afternoon. She will probably be jogging. (navada v prihodnosti – Ne kliči je popoldne. Verjetno bo tekla.)
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FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (FPST)= prihodnjik, ki nam pove, kdaj bo dejanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti, dovršeno v
prihodnosti. Določimo rok, da se bo do takrat to dejanje zaključilo.Will + have + -ed /3. glagolska oblika
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM
NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIME
Tvorimo s pomožnima glagoloma will + have, ki jima sledi pretekli deležnik (3. oblika glagola) polnopomenskega glagola ali – ed.
I will have written this poem by tomorrow. To pesem bom napisal do jutri.)
Zamenjamo vrstni red povedka (pomožnega glagola) in osebka, tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Will you have read these books by next Friday? (Ali boš prebral te knjige do naslednjega petka?)
Zanikamo samo pomožni glagol will (won´t), vse drugo pa ostane nespremenjeno.
They won´t have painted the room by tomorrow.(Do jutri še ne bodo prepleskali sobe.)
by next)… (do naslednjega…) (not) till /untill ((ne).. do…)
I will have finished this project by next June. (dejanje, ki se bo zaključilo v določenem roku – Ta projekt bom dokončal do prihodnjega junija.)
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FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (FPCT)= prihodnjik, ki nam pove, da se bo dejanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti in poteka sedaj,
nadaljevalo tudi še v prihodnost. Povemo, koliko časa je že minilo, odkar smo začeli nekaj delati, dejanje pa še ni zaključeno.
Will + have + been + ing
AFIRMATIV QUESTION FORM NEGATIVE ADVERBS OF TIMETvorimo s pomožnimi glagoli will + have + been + -ing!
By twelve o´clock I will have been learning maths for four hours.Ob dvanajstih bodo minile štiri ure, odkar se učim matematiko.
Zamenjamo vrstni red povedka (pomožnega glagola) in osebka, tako da pomožni glagol stoji pred osebkom na začetku povedi.Will they have been flying for 12 hours by this afternoon? (Ali bo to popolne minilo že 12 ur, odkar letijo?)
Zanikamo samo pomožni glagol will (won´t), vse drugo pa ostane nespremenjeno.
By the end of this week I won´t have been working for ten years. (Konec tega tedna bo minilo že deset let, odkar ne delam več.)
By this time next (prihodnji… ob tem času), by the end of (this)… (konec (tega)…)
Razlike med glagolskimi časi FCT, FPST in FPCT:- pri FCT določimo neko časovno točko v prihodnosti in povemo, da bo od takrat dalje
potekalo trajajoče dejanje:She´ll be having a shower in the evening. (Zvečer se bo tuširala.)- pri FPST tudi določimo časovno točko v prihodnosti in povemo, da se bo dejanje do te
točke do konca izvršilo ali do tedaj in še naprej trajalo (velja samo za tiste glagole, ki ne morejo tvoriti Continuousa):
I´ll have finished studies by next year. (Do naslednjega leta bom doštudiral. – dejanje bo dovršeno.)By next wednesday I will have had this flat for eight years. (Prihodnje leto bo minilo že osem let, odkar imam to stanovanje. – glagol, ki ne more tvoriti Continuousa.)- pri FPCT določimo točko v prihodnosti, pri čemer ugotavljamo, kako dolgo dejanje, ki se
je začelo v preteklosti, že traja, in kako dolgo bo trajalo do te časovne točke, pri čemer se dejanje tudi potem še ne bo zaključilo.
By this time next year he´ll have been skiing for ten years. (Prihodnje leto ob tem času bo minilo že deset let, odkar smuča. – dejanje se še ne bo zaključilo.)
By this time next monday I will have been living in Maribor for twelve years. (Prihodnji ponedeljek ob tem času bo minilo dvajset let, odkar živim v Mariboru.
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CONDITIONAL CLAUSES /POGOJNI ODVISNIKI
PRAVILO:To so odvisniki, ki odgovarjajo na vprašanje »pod kakšnim pogojem« in, kot že samo ime pove, izražajo določen pogoj. Razlikujemo štiri vrste pogojnih odvisnikov, ki jih največkrat povezujeta veznika »if« (če) in »unless« (če ne). Za slednjim v odvisniku nikoli ne smemo zanikati povedka, v glavnem stavku pa povedek lahko zanikamo.
Odvisni in glavni stavek povedi lahko zamenjamo, torej ni pomembno, kateri del povedi stoji na prvem mestu. Pomembno pa je, da se natančno naučimo, v katerem delu povedi stoji določena glagolska oblika za čas ali pogoj. Če poved začnemo z odvisnikom, le-tega ločimo od glavnega stavka z vejico.
VRSTE POGOJNIH ODVISIKOVTHE ZERO CONDITIONAL /ničti tip pogojnega odvisnika (sedanji pogojnik)S tem odvisnikom izražamo splošno resnico ali pa dajemo nasvete. V glavnem in odvisnem stavku uporabimo Present Simple (PS), v glavnem stavku pa včasih tudi velelnik.
S predavanj:If you have a money, you can buy a lot of things. Present S. modalni glagol + infinitivIf somebody calls me on Thursday evening, tell him I´m playing tennis.If you have a headache, stop watching TV.
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL / prvi tip pogojnega odvisnika (sedanji pogojnik)Ta tip pogojnega odvisnika se nanaša na prihodnost; pogoj je uresničljiv. V glavnem stavku stoji Future Simple, v odvisnem (za veznikom IGF) pa Present Simple.
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL / drugi tip pogojnega odvisnika (sedanji pogojnik)Nanaša se na sedanjost, pri čemer je pogoj trenutno neuresničljiv, vendar obstajajo možnosti za njegovo uresničitev. V glavnem stavku stoji »Present Conditional (would + nedoločnik), v odvisnem (za veznikom IF) pa Past Simple.
Stay at home if you don´t feel well. (Ostani doma, če se ne počutiš dobro.)Unless you stop the car immeadiately, I will throw up. (Če ne boš takoj ustavil avta, bom bruhal.)
You feel tired if you work too much. (Utrujenega se počutiš, če preveč delaš.)If you have problems with doughter, tolk to her. (Če imaš probleme s svojo hčerjo, se pogovori z njo.)It´s good for your heart if you go for a walk every day. (Dobro je za tvoje srce, če greš vsak dan na sprehod.)
We won´t stay in this room if it is cold. (Ne bomo ostali v tej sobi, če je mrzlo.)If I get any information about him, I´ll let you know. (Če bom dobil kakršnekoli informacije o njem, te bom obvestil.)I won´t let you out if you don´t put on this coat. (Ne bom te pustila ven, če ne boš oblekel tega plašča.)
If I were a pilot, I would fly every day. (Če bi bil pilot, bi vsak dan letel.)If you had a brother, you would play with him. (Če bi imel brata, bi se igral z njim.)If they were rich, they would afford a bigger house. (Če bi bili bogati, bi si privoščili večjo hišo.)
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Predavanja: If I met him, I´d be happy. If I had a lot of time, I´d take good care for jou.
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL / tretji tip pogojnega odvisnika (pretekli pogojnik)Ta tip pogojnika se nanaša na preteklost; pogoj je neuresničljiv. Gre za pretekli dogodek, ki se ne more več ponoviti, s tem tipom odvisnika samo obžalujemo, da ni bilo drugače. V glavnem stavku uporabimo Past Conditional (would + have + pretekli deležnik), v odvisnem (za veznikom IF) pa Past Perfect Simple.
V slovenščini takšne povedi prevedemo z navadnim sedanjikom. POMNI:Možna je tudi kombinacija neuresničenega pogoja v preteklosti in njegove posledice v sedanjosti. V tem primeru uporabimo Past Perfect Simple v pogojnem stavku, v glavnem pa Present Conditoinal:If Steve had studied abroad, he would be well-known now. (Če bi Steve študiral v tujini, bi bil sedaj dobro znan.)If Harry had known Mary before, he wold be married to her now. (Če bi Harry prej poznal Mary, bi bil sedaj poročen z njo.)I would feel better now if I had spent at least 14 days at the seaside. (Sedaj bi se bolje počutil, če bi vsaj 14 dni preživel na morju.)
KAKO V VAJAH POISKATI PRAVI TIP POGOJNEGA ODVISNIKA?Kadar v vajah ugotavljamo tip pogojnega odvisnika, kjer manjkata povedka v glavnem in odvisnem stavku, upoštevamo sobesedilo. Poiščemo najbližjo poved, ki se navezuje na pogojnik ali del pogojnika, in ugotovimo glagolski čas. Na podlagi tega se odločimo za naslednje: 1. Kadar je glagolski čas povedi ali dela pogojnika prihodnjik oziroma če je v povedi prislovno določilo časa, ki označuje prihodnost, gre ponavadi za prvi tip pogojnega odvisnika:If you (stay) with her, she (not be) afraid. I´m sure she won´t.If you stay with her, she won´t be afraid. . I´m sure she won´t.(Če boš ostal z njo, je ne bo strah. Prepričan sem, da je ne bo.)If we (call) her tomorrow, she (be) very happy.If we call her tomorrow, she´ll be very happy. (Če jo bomo jutri poklicali, bo zelo srečna.)Won´t na koncu povedi nam pove, da gre za prihodnost, prav tako prislovno določilo tomorrow, zato povedi postavimo v First Conditional.
2. Kadar je glagolski čas povedi ali dela pogojnika sedanjik, gre ponavadi za drugi tip pogojnega odvisnika:I don´t have enought time, but if I (have) it, I (take up) tennis or something else.I don't have enought time, but if I had it, I would take up tennis or something else.(Nimam veliko časa, toda če bi ga imel, bi se lotil tenisa ali česa podobnega.)Don´t have nam pove, da gre za sedanjost, zato uporabimo Second Conditional.
3. Kadar je glagolski čas povedi ali dela pogojnika preteklik, gre za tretji tip pogojnega odvisnika:If you (be) with me, you (see) the cathedral, but you weren´t.
If you hadn´t called fire brigade, the house would have burnt entirely. (Če ne bi (bil) poklical gasilcev, bi (bila) hiša popolnoma pogorela.)If she hadn´t broken her glasses, she would have seen the tief. (Če ne bi razbila očal, bi videla tatu.)I would have apologized for the delay if I had arrived too late. (Opravičil bi se za zamudo, če bi prišel prepozno.)
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If you had been with me, you would have seen the cathedral, but you weren´t.Če bi bil z mano, bi (bil) videl katedralo, vendar nisi bil.Weren´t nam pove, da gre za preteklost, zato uporabimo Third Conditional.Ničti tip pogojnega odvisnika lahko ugotovimo le s prevodom povedi v slovenski jezik (povedi morajo izražati nasvet ali splošno resnico):People (die) earlier if they (live) in a polluted city. People die earlier if they live in a polluted city. (Ljudje prej umrejo, če živijo v onesnaženem mestu.
POVEZOVANJE DVEH POVEDI V POGOJNI ODVISNIK1. Če je v povedi prihodnjik ali tipično prislovno določilo časa za prihodnost, največkrat
uporabimo First Conditional.Oh, it is sunny. We´ll have a picnic. (O, sončno je. Imeli bomo piknik.)If it is sunny, we'll have a picnic. (Če bo sončno, bomo imeli piknik.)
2. Če je v povedi sedanjik, največkrat uporabimo Second Conditional.I don't have a computer. My work isn't easy. (Nimam računalnika. Moje delo ni lahko.)If I had computer my work would be easier. (Če bi imel računalnik, bi bilo moje delo lažje.)
3. Če je v povedi preteklik, tvorimo Third Conditional.We weren´t in the house. The kitchen caught fire. (Nismo bili v hiši. Kuhinjo je zajel požar.)If we had been in the house, the kitchen wouldn´t have cought fire. (Če bi bili v hiši, ogenj ne bi zajel kuhinje.)
Pomni:Pri drugem in tretjem tipu pogojnega odvisnika vedno povemo nasprotno od tistega, kar je navedeno v povedih zgoraj. To pomeni: če so v povedih, ki jih moramo povezati v dvostavčno poved, trdilne oblike glagolov, je poved v pogojnem odvisniku nikalna in obratno.
He isn´t a manager. He doesn´t have much money. (On ni direktor. Nima veliko denarja.) (nikalni povedi)If he was a manager, he would have a lot of money. (Če bi bil direktor, bi imel veliko denarja.) (trdilni povedi)
She came too late. She missed the train. (Prišla je prepozno. Zamudila je vlak.) (Trdilni povedi)If she hadn´t come too late, she wouldn´t have missed the train. (Če ne bi prišla prepozno, ne bi zamudila vlaka.) (nikalni povedi)
Kadar je v povedi modalni glagol, ga pustimo, would v glavnem stavku pa v tem primeru odpade:I would help you if I could. (Pomagal bi ti, če bi lahko.)If he was a professional dancer, he could dance very well. (Če bi bil poklicni plesalec, bi znal zelo dobro plesati.)
Suzanino:1. Če je glagolski čas povedi prihodnjik – First C.
If you let her go, she´ll never come back.2. Če je glagolski čas povedi sedanjik – Second C.
I don´t have enough money, but if I had it I would buy a car.3. Če je glagolski čas preteklik – Third C.
If you had been at home, you´d have heard the bell, but you weren´t.
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REPORTED SPEECH /ODVISNI GOVORPRAVILO: Odvisni govor uporabljamo, kadar poročamo o tem, kar je nekdo povedal. Pri tem velja osnovno pravilo, da glagole v odvisnikih pomaknemo za en čas nazaj, če je uvodni glagol v glavnem stavku v glagolskem času »Past Simple«. Kadar je uvodni glagol v glavnem stavku v sedanjiku, prihodnjiku ali glagolskem času Present Perfect, ostanejo časi v odvisnikih nespremenjeni:Tim always says, »I´m really bad in geography.« (uvodni glagol je v gl. času Present Simple)Tim always says (that) he is really bad in geography. (Tim vedno pravi, da je slab pri ZE.)
Alice will surely say, »I want to know everything.« (uvodni gl. je v gl. času Future Simple)Alice will surely say she wants to know everything. (Alice bo zagotovo rekla, da hoče vse vedeti.)
They have just asked, » Is anyone here?« (uvodni glagol je v gl. času Present Perfect Simple)They have just asked if anyone is here. (Ravnokar so vprašali, ali je kdo tu.)
TODA:Sam asked, »Is this your brother?« Sam asked if that was my brother.She said, »You didn´t understand my words.« She said that I hadn´t understood her words.Her mother said: »I´m going to retire next year.« Her mother said she was going to retire the following year.
POMNI:Ne spremenimo glagolskih časov, kadar odvisni stavek izraža:a) splošno veljavno resnico
He said, »Lakes often freeze in winter.« He said (that) lakes often freeze in winter.b) nekaj, kar se šele bo zgodilo (pri tem imamo dve možnosti):
He said, »I´m flying to Rome tomorrow.« He said he is flying to Rome tomorrow. /Rekel je, da jutri leti v Rim.
He said he was flying to Rome the following day./ Rekel je, da naslednji dan leti v Rim.
c) navadoSilvia said, » I always have a shover before sleeping.«She said (that) she always had a shover before sleeping.
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SPREMINJANJE GLAGOLSKIH ČASOV V ODVISNEM GOVORUPravilo, da v odvisnem glagolu »pomaknemo za en čas nazaj«, kadar je uvodni glagol v
glagolskem času Past Simple, povzroči naslednje spremembe:
Present SimpleI danceI fall
Past SimpleI dancedI fell
Past SimpleI dancedI fell
Past Perfect SimpleI had dancedI had fallen
Present Perfect SimpleI have dancedI have fallen
Past Perfect SimpleI had dancedI had fallen
Present ContinuousI´m dancingI´m falling
Past ContinuousI was dancingI was falling
Past ContinuousI was dancingI was falling
Past Perfect ContinuousI had been dancingI had been falling
Present Perfect ContinuousI have been dancingI have been falling
Past Perfect ContinuousI had been dancingI had been falling
Future SimpleI will be dancingI will be falling
Would + nedoločnikI would danceI would fall
Going to FutureI am going to danceI am going to fall
Was / were going to + nedoločnikI was goig to danceI was going to fall
Future ContinuousI will be dancingI will be falling
Future Continuous in the PastI would be dancingI would be falling
Future Perfect SimpleI will have dancedI will have fallen
Future PF Continuous in the PastI would have dancedI would have fallen
Future Perfect Simple I will have dancewdI will have fallen
Future PF Countinuous in the PastI would have dancedI would have fallen
Future Perfect ContinuousI will have been dancing I will have been falling
Future PF Continuous in the PastI would have been dancingI would have been falling
Past Perfect Simple in Past Perfect Continuous se ne spremenita, ker ju ne moremo postaviti za en glagolski čas nazaj.Spremembe nekaterih modalnih glagolov:shallI shall dance
ShouldI should dance
mustI must dance
had toI had to dance
have toI have to dance
had toI had to dance
canI can dance
couldI could dance
mayI may dance
MightI might dance
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Modalni glagoli should, could in might se ne spremenijo.Ostale spremembeV odvisnem govoru se poleg glagolskih časov spremenijo tudi:Prislovna določila časa in kraja:here v theretomorrow v the next / the followingyesterday v the day before / the previous daytoday v that daytonight v that nightthis morning v that morningago v before / previousthe day after tomorrow v in two days timenow v thenlast week v previous weeknext Saturday v following SaturdayKazalni zaimki:this v thatthese v thoseSay – saySay to – tell
Vrste povedi v odvisnem govoruPripovedne povedi uvedemo z veznikom ´that´ (da), ki ga ponavadi izpustimo, ne da bi se pri tem spremenil pomen povedi. Nato glagole v odvisniku postavimo za ´en glagolski čas nazaj´!He said: »I don´t know who has just arrrived.«He said he didn´t know who had just arrived. (Rekel je, da ne ve, kdo je ravnokar prišel.)She said: »I was awake when he returned.«She said she had been awake when he had returned. (Rekla je, da je bila budna, ko se je vrnil.)Angela said: »I´ve never made a mastake before.«Angela said she had never made a mestake before.« (Angela je rekla, da še nikoli prej ni naredila napake.)Paul said: »I know we won´t win the match.«Paul said he knew they wouldn´t win the match. (Paul je rekel, da ne bodo zmagali na tekmi.)Caroline said: »I´m just translating an article.«Caroline said she was just translating an article. (Karolina je rekla, da ravnokar končuje članek.
Velelne povedi tvorimo tako, da ne spreminjamo glagolskih časov, temveč odvisnik uvedemo s ´to´ in z nedoločnikom, kadar gre za zapoved, ali z ´not to´ in nedoločnikom, kadar gre za prepoved.He said: »Don't cry!« He told me not to cry.Steve said: »Hurry up!« Steve told me to hurry up.The doctor said: »Open your mouth!« The doctor told me to open my mouth.He said: »Don´t be so shy!« He told to me not to be so shy.Sally said: "Repeat afret me!" Sally told me to repeat after her.
Če gre za blažjo zapoved oziroma prepoved, lahko uporabimo modalni glagol ´should´ in nedoločnik.The manager said to his secretary: »Don´t drink so much coffee during your work.«The manager told his secretary she shouldn´t drink so much coffee during her work.She said to him: »Be patient.«She told him he should be patient.
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Pomni:Kadar imamo v premem govoru glagol ´say + to´, v odvisnem govoru namesto njega uporabimo tell, vendar mu ne sledi ´to´:He said to me: »Don´t wake me up so early.«He told me not to wake him up so early. (Rekel mi je, naj ga ne zbudim tako zgodaj.)
Pri vprašalnih povedih je veznik lahko vprašalnica oziroma veznik ´if ´, če gre za vprašalne povedi tipa ´ali´. Pri teh povedih vedno izpustimo pomožni glagol /do, does, did/, polnopomenski glagol pomaknemo za en čas nazaj, nato zamenjamo še vrstni red osebka in povedka, tako da postavimo osebek pred povedek. Če gre za sestavljen čas (iz pomožnega in polnopomenskega glagola (PPST, PPCT, PCT, PCT, FST, GTFT, FCT, FPST, FPCT), pomaknemo za en čas nazaj le njihov pomožni glagol, drugo ostane nespremenjeno.She asked: »Do you want this magazine?«She asked me if I wanted that magazine. (Vprašala me je, če hočem tisto revijo.)He asked: » What did you promise your parents.« He asked what I had promised my parents. (Vprašal me je, kaj sem obljubil svojim staršem.)The little boy asked his father: »Can I go out now?«The little boy asked his father if he could go out then.Harry asked: »How long have you had this cat?«Harry asked how long he had had that cat. (Harry je vprašal, kako dolgo že imam to mačko.)He asked him: »How long have you been waiting here?«He asked him how long he had been waiting there. (Vprašal ga je, kako dolgo že čaka tukaj.)She asked: »Who is eating my dinner?She asked who was eating her dinner. (Vprašala je, kdo jé njeno večerjo.)He asked: »Are you going to rent a car?«He asked me if I was going to rent a car. (Vprašal me je, ali bom najel avto.)
Prošnje, ponudbe, vabila…Prošnje uvajamo z glagoloma ´ask´ (prositi), ´beg´ (rotiti), s ´to´ in nedoločnikom:She said: »Will (can, could, do you mind, would) you open (opening) the bottle, please?«She asked me to open the bottle. Ponudbe uvajamo z glagolom ´offer´(ponuditi), s ´to´in z nedoločnikom:He said: »Shall I show you the photos?« ali »I´ll show you the photos.« Ali Would you like me to show you the photos?« He offered to show me the photos. (Ponudil mi je, da mi bo pokazal slike.)Obljube uvajamo z glagolom ´promise´(obljubiti), s ´to´in z nedoločnikom:Paul said: »I won´t be late.«Paul promised not to be late. (Paul je obljubil, da ne bo pozen.)Nasvete in predloge uvajamo z glagolom ´advise´ (svetovati), s ´to´ in z nedoločnikom ter z glagolom ´suggest´(predlagati) in z glagolom oziroma z besedno zvezo ´suggest + osebek + should´ in z nedoločnikom:He said: »Why don´t you see your dentist?« »If I were you, I´d see my dentist.« »You should see your dentist.«He advise me to see my dentist. (Svetoval mi je, naj grem k svojemu zdravniku.)She said: "Why don´t we play cards?" »Let´s play cards!« »What/How about playing cards?« »Shall we play cards?«She suggested playing cards. / She suggested we should play cards. (Predlagala je, naj kartamo.)Povabilo uvajamo z glagolom ´invite´ (povabiti), s ´to ´in z nedoločnikom:He said: »Would you like to go to the opera with me?« »I´d like you to go to the opera with me.«He invited me to go to the opera with him. (Povabil me je, naj grem z njim v opero.)Opozorilo in grožnje uvajamo z glagoli ´warn´ (opozoriti), ´threaten´ (groziti), ´remind´ ˙opomniti) s ´to´in z nedoločnikom:
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He said: »You´d better not to see my daughter again!« »Don´t see my daughter again!«He warned me not to see his daughter again. (Opozoril me je, naj se ne videvam več z njegovo hčerjo.)He said: »I´ll tell your father about it.«He thratened to tel my father about it. (Grozil je, da bo povedal mojemu očetu.)He said: »Don´t forget to call me.« He raminded me not to forget to call him. (Opomnil me je, naj ga ne pozabim klicati.)Ukaze uvajamo z glagoli ´tell´ (reči), ´order´ (ukazati), s ´to´ in z nedoločnikom:The customs officer said: »Open your suitcase!«The customs officer told/urge/ordered me to open my suitcase. (Carinik mi je rekel/terjal/ ukazal, naj odprem kovček.)
OBLIKE GLAGOLA ´BE´
Glagolski čas Pomožne oblike glagola ´be´PRESENT SIMPLE am, is, arePRESENT CONTINUOUS am, is, are + beingPAST SIMPLE was, werePAST CONTINUOUS was, were + beingPRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE has, have + beenPAST PERFECT SIMPLE had + beenFUTURE SIMPLE will + beGOING TO FUTURE am, is, are + going to + be
PASSIVE VOICE / trpnikTrpnik predstavlja način tvorbe povedi, v kateri predmet, ki sledi povedku v tretjem (Komu ali čemu?) ali v četrtem (Koga ali kaj?) sklonu, postavimo na začetek nove povedi, tako da postane osebek te nove povedi. Pri trpniku je torej v ospredju dejanje samo, ne pa tvorec dejanja. Trpnik je v angleščini veliko pogostejši kot v slovenskem jeziku.
TvorbaNajprej poiščemo predmet tvorne povedi (v 3. ali 4. Sklonu) in ga postavimo na prvo mesto nove povedi. Nato uporabimo pomožni glagol ´be´ in ga postavimo v tisti čas, v katerem je glagol tvorne povedi. Polnopomenski glagol iz tvorne povedi vedno posţavimo v pretekli deležnik (3. glagolsko obliko ali – ed). Prvotni osebek ponavadi izpuščamo, pomemben pa je takrat, kadar nas zanima, kdo je tvorec dejanja. Kadar torej želimo prvotni osebek ohraniti, ga postavimo za predlog ´by´.
Picasso made this painting. (tvorna poved)
This painting was made by Picasso. (trpna poved)
POMNI:Predmet je potrebno iskati vedno takoj za glagolom, kajti najpogostejša napaka je, da poskušamo poved začeti s kakšnim prislovnim določilom kraja ali časa. Trpnika ne moremo tvoriti z neprehodnimi glagoli (to so tisti glagoli, katerih dejanja ne prehajajo na predmet v 3. ali 4. sklonu).I work in an office. (neprehodni glagol – Delam v pisarni.)
Pri tvorbi trpnika postavljamo pomožni glagol ´be ´v različne čase, pri čemer pa polnopomenski glagol vedno nastopa v obliki deležnika preteklega časa (3. glagolska oblika).
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TVORBA TRPNIKA V POSAMEZNIH ČASIH
Subject + to be + 3. glagolska oblika
Present Simple TenseA: Workers build a bridge.P: A bridge is built.
Presen Continuous TenseA: Workers are building a bridge.P: A bridge is being built.
Past Simple TenseA: Workers built a bridg.P: A bridge was built.
Past Continuous TenseA: Workers were building a bridge.P: A bridge was being built.
Present Perfect Simple TenseA: Workers have built a bridge.P: A bridge has been built.
Past Perfect Simple TenseA: Workers had built a bridge.P: A bridge had been built.
Will Future TenseA: Workers will build a bridge.P: A bridge will be built.
Going to Future TenseA: Workers are going to build a bridge.P: A bridge is going to be built.
PosebnostiDva predmeta, dve možnosti:They told me the news.I was told the news. The news was told to me.
They are sending him abroad.He is bein sent abroad.
I offered him my help.
He was offered my help.My help was offered to him.
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TRPNIK Z MODALNIMI GLAGOLIModalni glagoli so:
Pri trpniku z modalnimi glagoli je postopek tvorbe enak, le da v novi povedi ostane modalni glagol na istem mestu in v istem času, za njim pa nastopita pomožni glagol ´be´, ki je vedno v nedoločniku, ter polnopomenski glagol v deležniku preteklega časa (3. oblika glagola).My father could build a house. (Moj oče bi lahko zgradil hišo.)A house could be built by my father. Tvorba:Modalni glagol + ´be´+ deležnik preteklega časa (3. oblika gl.)
GLAGOLSKI ČASI IN NAJPOGOSTEJŠE MOŽNE KOMBINACIJE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
I will be working.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLEI will have worked.
PRIHODNOSTFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSI will have been working.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I´m working.
FUTURE SIMPLEI will work.
GOING TO FUTUREI´m going to work.
PRESENT SIMPLE I work.
PRESENT CONTINUOUSI´m working.
SEDANJOST
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUSI worked I was working
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE I have worked.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSI have been working.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLEI had worked.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSI had been working.
PREDPRETEKLOST
Present Simple se najpogosteje povezuje z glagolskimi časi Future Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, ali Present Perfect Continuous.Glagolski čas Past Simple pa z glagolskima časoma Past Continuous in Past Šperfect Simple ali Past Perfect Continuous…
can, could, must, have to, would, shall, should, be able to, need, may, maight
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PRIHODNOSTFUTURE SIMPLE
TVORBA /TRDILNE, NIKALNE IN VPRAŠALNE / POVEDI
RABA TIPIČNA PRISLOVNA DOLOČILA ČASA OZ. TIPIČNE BESEDNE ZVEZE
will + nedoločnikwon´t + nedoločnikwill + osebek + nedoločnik
prošnje, ponudbe, grožnje obljube, odločitve v trenutku govorjenje
soon, nexr, tomorrow, in.., I´m sure, perhaps, maybe, o.k., all right, don´t worry, I promise
GOING TO FUTUREam/is/are + going to + nedoločnikam not/isn´t/aren´t + going to + nedoločnikam/is/are + osebek + goin to + nedoločnik
trdne namene v prihodnosti, nekaj, za kar smo prepričani, da se bo vsak hip zgodilo
tomorrow, next, soon, in…
FUTURE CONTINUOUSwill + be + -ingwon´t + be + -ingwill + osebek + be + -ing
dejanje, ki bo trajalo od nekega trenutka v prihodnosti dalje
in… year´s time, this time next…
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLEwill + have + 3. ob. gl.won´t + have + 3. ob. gl.will + osebek + have + 3. ob. gl.
prihodnjik, ki pove, da se bo ob določenem trenutku v prihodnosti zaključilo dejanje, ki se je začelo že v preteklosti
Dejanje, ki se je zgodilo v nedoločeni preteklosti, pretekle izkušnje, dejanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti in še vedno traja, dejanje, ki se je zgodilo v preteklosti in ima posledice v sedanjosti
Yet, not yet, never, ever, just, already, since, for, lately, recently, once, twice, several times, still, how long, up to now, so far…
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUShave/has + been + -inghaven´t /hasn´t + been + -inghave/has + osebek + been + -ing
dejanje, ki se je začelo v preteklosti, traja v trenutku govorjenja in bo verjetno trajalo tudi še v prihodnosti, ponavljajoče se dejanje, ki je trajalo do sedaj, dlje časa trajajoče dejanje, ki se je nedavno končalo
For, since, how long, recently, lately, for the last/for the past…
PREDPRETEKLOSTPAST PERFECT SIMPLE
had + -ed ali 3. gl. ob.hadn´t + - ed ali 3. gl. ob.had + osebek + -ed ali 3. gl. ob.
dejanje, ki se je zgodilo v predpreteklosti pred nekim drugim preteklim dejanjem
as soon as, before, by the time, after, when
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSHad + been + -ingHadn´t + been + - ingHad + osebek + been + -ing
Trajajoče ali nedovršeno dejanje v predpreteklosti, ki je potekalo pred drugim preteklim dejanjem, ponavljanje in ugotavljanje rezultatov
