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VSL LNG AND LPG CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES
POST-TENSIONING
ENGINEERING
HEAVY LIFTING
FORMWORK
REPAIR AND
STRENGTHENING
2 V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S
VSL: a worldwide networkVSL’s construction systems have been usedthroughout the world since 1956 and aretechnically proven, earning a well-deservedreputation for safety, quality, reliability andexperience. This has led to VSL beingrecognised as an international leader in thefield of specialist construction systems andengineering methods.
The VSL network, with profit centresestablished in over 35 countries, is workingclosely with partners and clients from theinitial stage all the way through to thesuccessful completion of the project utilising‘Swiss’ quality partnered with local knowledgeto offer the most efficient construction solutions.
VSL’s services in LPG and LNGcontainment structures• Post-Tensioning• Engineering• Heavy Lifting• Formwork• Repair and Strengthening
VSL: KNOW-HOW TO BUILD ONLeader in specialist construction
For projects, both large and small, VSL’sengineers and technicians have made it theirgoal to identify and resolve potential problemsin order to ensure projects are carried outsmoothly and efficiently.
VSL’s project staff, working together with VSL’shigh-tech Research and Development department,aims to constantly refine, improve and expand thescope of VSL’s systems and services.
With active members of technical committees,such as fib & PTI, and a global network ofextensively trained engineers and specialists, VSLis able to stay ahead of the ever changingdemands of the industry so as to providethe highest level of technical supportto projects and clients.
VSL: guided by a strong QSE cultureVSL’s leadership is based on a rigorous andcommitted quality culture. The QSE (Quality,Safety, Environment) policy represents a majorfocus for any service provided with the aim tocontinuously improve performance. In the VSLculture, the company’s employees are vitallyimportant and VSL is committed to maintainthe highest level of client satisfaction andsafety of its people.
Changing the way we do businessFor VSL, sustainable development (SD) meansstriking a balance in its development modelbetween the economic profitability of itsbusinesses and their social and environmentalimpact. That commitment is formalised intothe VSL SD program which focuses on safety,use of fewer scarce materials and less energy
and production of less pollutionand waste.
Ras Laffan LNG, Qatar - 1996
Barge N’Kossa, France - 1997
Tokyo LNG, Japan - 1993
Taichung LNG, Taiwan - 2005
Sines LNG, Portugal - 2002
V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S 3
Cost-effective and easy to maintainStorage of the liquefied gas isprovided by two elements:• The primary or inner containment ofthe tank, to meet the extremedemands of cryogenic conditions (inthe case of LNG), are typicallyconstructed of high nickel contentsteel, aluminium, stainless steel orin some cases post-tensionedconcrete and must be able toindependently withstand thehydrostatic load of the liquid.
• The secondary or outer containmentis most commonly constructed frompost-tensioned concrete and isdesigned to withstand abnormalloads of external origin as well asretaining the liquid and vapoursshould there be a fracture of theprimary containment.
Markets worldwide need more energyThe world’s energy consumption isprojected to increase considerablyover the next 30 years with fossil fuelscontinuing to cover the majority of theworld’s energy needs.
The global demand for gas will continueto grow and countries with a domesticsurplus of natural gas may look toconvert the gas into liquefied naturalgas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) which is subsequently containedin specially developed storage tanksand shipped to areas where the needfor natural gas is required.
LNG is composed primarily ofmethane (86% to 99%) which, whencooled to -165°C, condenses to aliquid at atmospheric pressure(liquefaction) reducing the volume byapproximately 625 times. The resultingcryogenic liquid is odourless, non-corrosive and non-toxic.
LPG is composed mainly of propane and/or butane and liquefies at highertemperatures than LNG and iscontained at temperatures below -50°C so as to condense it into aliquid reducing the volume by a factorof roughly 250 times. A powerful odorantof ethanethiol is added to the mixtureso as to detect leaks of the gas.
LNG AND LPG APPLICATIONSDouble-walled tanks with post-tensioned concrete
Gas Field Liquefactionfacility
Storagetank
Storagetank
Shipping Regasificationplant
Gas Utilities
secondary enclosure, self supporting
in prestressed concrete
primary enclosure, self supporting
9% nickel steel tank
suspended ceilingwith insulation
bottom insulation
reinforcedconcrete roof steel lining
concrete foundation
insulation of internalsecondary enclosure
piles
heatingelement
Dahej LNG, India - 2003
Fujijan LNG, China- 2006
Processing liquified gas
The above ground tank is the most commonly used method for storage of LNG and LPG.
the leak tightness enabling the secondarycontainment to contain the liquefied gas incase of failure of the primary containment, as well as the improved durability againstcorrosion of the structure.
VSL technology is based upon the principle ofpost-tensioning where the prestressing force ispermanently introduced into the structure oncethe concrete has hardened via the stressing ofhigh-strength prestressing tendons.
Through the constant refinement of VSL’stechnology from over 50 years within theindustry, VSL’s post-tensioning systemscomplies with the requirements of national andinternational standards as well as the specificneeds of each individual project.
4 V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S
VSL POST-TENSIONING AND ANCHORAGEThe most efficient structural solution for LNG and LPG
Thinner wallsPost-tensioned concrete is typically chosen forthe secondary containment to allow a thinnerwall than conventionally reinforced concrete. The reduced crack width achieved with post-tensioned concrete leads to an improvement in
AF anchorages
Vertical stressingStressing at the buttresses
L anchorages
*ETAG: European TechnicalApproval Guidelines
Extensive experienceVSL is recognised as an internationalleader in LNG and LPG tank construction.
Versatility5 different types of anchorages to suit
varying project requirements
EnhancedefficiencyImproved forcedistributionwith VSL’s PTPLUS® ducts
Full encapsulationGreater tendon corrosionprotection Unique AF Anchorage
Allows vertical tendons without therequirement for a stressing gallery
CompliantwithinternationalstandardsPost-tensioningsystemscomplying toETAG*requirements andhave been testedunder cryogenicconditions
E Anchorage: This stressing anchoragecomprises of a machined steel bearing-plate with a steel trumpet and a machinedsteel anchor-head. The E Anchorage wasthe first of VSL’s anchorages to beconfirmed for cryogenic applications.
V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S 5
SYSTEMS applications
CS Anchorage: Developed for increased fatigueand corrosion resistance, VSL’s high performancestressing anchorage comprises of a cast ironbearing-plate and a machined steel anchorhead. The anchorage can be supplied with fullencapsulation if greater corrosion protection isrequired.
AF Anchorage: A unique VSL design for thelower non-stressing anchorage of the verticaltendons where access to the underside of thetank is not possible. It is made of cast iron andis another of VSL’s new generation of anchorages.The strands, equipped with compression fittings,are installed one-by-one, the first-stage groutingof the anchorage (using VSL’s high performanceAF Anchorage Grout with a compressivestrength in excess of 100 MPa) is carried-out,the tendon is stressed and finally the free length of the tendon is grouted.
L Anchorage: Also referred to as the‘U’ tube, this non-stressing anchorageis used for the vertical tendons wherethe bottom end is not accessible. Thebent rigid pipe allows for the strandsto be installed after concreting of astructure with stressing from thestressing anchorages located at theopposite extremities of the tendonwhich in most cases is at the top ofthe wall.
In addition to the standard steel spiralducting, VSL offers the PT-PLUS® highresistance plastic duct with improvedcorrosion protection and also betterforce distribution along the tendon’slength as a result of the reducedfriction coefficient.
Please refer to the VSL Post-tensioning brochure for further details.
GC Anchorage: This compact and easy tohandle stressing anchorage with a cast ironbearing-plate and machined steel anchor-headhas been successfully tested and confirmed for cryogenic applications. The GC anchorage, VSL’s new generation of anchorage, replaces the extensively used EC anchorage.
6 V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S
VSL: COMMITTED TO QUALITYFit for cryogenic applications andenhanced durability VSL’s Research & Development department hastested anchorages under cryogenical conditionsto ensure the material performs as required atextreme temperatures in the unlikely event of a failure of the primary containment. This hasinvolved the full scale testing of various tendonassemblies at extreme temperature conditionsto assess the potential failure modes. VSL’s E Anchorage, as well as the new generation GC Anchorage, have both been successfullytested and confirmed for cryogenic applications.
Grouting - the critical final step Through many years of experience, VSL stressesthe importance of high quality grouting toensure the long term durability a post-tensionedtendon. Under the trademark VSL-HPI® (HighPerformance Injection), VSL has developed a fullprocess dedicated to improving the quality ofgrouting activities on site where the locallyavailable grout constituents are checked fortheir compatibility and the grout mix isdesigned and optimised for stable, low bleedgrouts so as to ensure the complete filling ofthe ducts in order to provide a fully alkalineenvironment for the steel materials.
Where there are potential fluctuations in localcement and or grout admixtures quality, VSLhas also developed the VSL-HPI® pre-baggedhigh-performance grout mix which satisfies all
VSL Academy – World’s first post-tensioning training centerTo ensure the highest level of know-how andquality control in all countries, VSL has made astrategic decision to formalise and standardisethe training of all it’s foreman, supervisors andsite managers at a centralised facility.
The VSL Academy integrates VSL’s world-widetechnical knowledge so as to provide eachtrainee with proven expertise with regards toVSL’s post-tensioning systems. The experttrainers provide theoretical and practicalsessions for all trainees. VSL Academy providesspecific training spread over three stages, all inaccordance with international recommendationsfor qualification and training of personnel inspecialist post-tensioning companies.
The VSL Academy represents a major step inensuring a consistent approach and a widersharing of post-tensioning best practice.
standard tests for bleed, flow time, strengthand volume change as well as the morestringent requirements of the inclined tube test,wick induced bleed test, mud balance test andstability of flow time, ensuring a consistentlyhigh standard of grout.
Cooling of dead-end anchoring
VSL Academy
R&D in Subingen, Switzerland
VSL-HPi® grouts: a package to guarantee the quality of grouting
VSL Academy
V S L L N G A N D L P G C O N T A I N M E N T S T R U C T U R E S 7
Huelva, Spain - 1989
Dabhol, India - 1999
Cartagena, Spain - 1998
Pyong Taek LNG, Korea - 1996
LPG Project, Middle East - 2006
Hazira LNG Tank, India - 2003
Fujian LNG, China - 2006
Damietta LNG, Egypt - 2005
Dragon LNG, UK - 2007
Ground anchors
GROUND ENGINEERING
VSoL® walls
D-walls & Piles
Groundimprovement
Buildings
Slab on grade
Containment structures
Bridges
Special structures
CONSTRUCTION
Formwork & Equipment
Heavy lifting
REPAIR, STRENGTHENING & PRESERVATION
Repair &Strengthening
Protection & Preservation
Structural diagnostics& Monitoring
36.25
3178.25
SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES•Post-tensioning strand systems•Bars & post-tensioning bar systems•Stay cable systems•Damping systems (stays & buildings)•Ductal® UHP concrete•Bearings & Joints
www.vsl.com
Copyright 2009, VSL International Ltd. Printed in France – patented.
The information set forth in this brochure including technical andengineering data is presented for general information only. While everyeffort has been made to insure its accuracy, this information should not beused or relied upon for any specific application without independentprofessional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability andapplicability. Anyone using this material assumes any and all liabilityresulting from such use. VSL disclaims any and all express or impliedwarranties of merchantability fitness for any general or particular purpose orfreedom from infringement of any patent, trademark, or copyright in regardto the information or products contained or referred to herein. Nothingherein contained shall be construed as granting a license, express orimplied under any patents.
VSL LOCATIONS HEADQUARTERS
VSL International Ltd.Scheibenstrasse 70 – BernCH-3014 – SwitzerlandPhone: +41 58 456 30 00Fax: +41 58 456 30 95
www.vsl.com
PHILIPPINESVSL Philippines Inc.PASIG CITYPhone/Fax: +632 723 13 95
SINGAPOREVSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.SINGAPOREPhone: +65 6559 12 22Fax: +65 6257 77 51
TAIWANVSL Taiwan Ltd.TAIPEIPhone: +886 2 2759 6819Fax: +886 2 2759 6821
THAILANDVSL (Thailand) Co. Ltd.BANGKOKPhone: +66 2 679 76 15 - 19Fax: +66 2 679 76 45
VIETNAMVSL Vietnam Ltd.HANOIPhone: +84 4 3976 5088Fax: +84 4 3976 5089
Ho Chi Minh CityPhone: +84 8 810 6817Fax: +84 8 810 6818
Australia
VSL Australia Pty. Ltd.NEW SOUTH WALESPhone: +61 2 9484 5944Fax: +61 2 9875 3894
QUEENSLANDPhone: +61 7 3265 64 00Fax: +61 7 3265 75 34
VICTORIAPhone: +61 3 979 503 66Fax: +61 3 979 505 47
SOUTH AUSTRALIAPhone: +61 8 8354 4884Fax: +61 8 8354 4883
TASMANIAPhone: +61 3 6225 3567Fax: +61 3 6225 2226
PERTHPhone/Fax: +61 8 9523 4686
Americas
ARGENTINAVSL Sistemas Especiales deConstrucción Argentina SABUENOS AIRESPhone: +54 11 4326 06 09Fax: +54 11 4326 26 50
BOLIVIAPostensados de BoliviaSan Miguel, LA PAZPhone: +591 2 27 70 338Fax: +591 2 27 96 183
CHILEVSL Sistemas Especiales deConstrucción S.A.SANTIAGOPhone: +56 2 571 67 00Fax: +56 2 571 67 01
COLOMBIASistemas Especiales de Construcción Ltda.BOGOTAPhone: +57 1 620 96 34Fax: +57 1 620 58 16
MEXICOVSL Corporation Mexico S.A de C.VMEXICOPhone: +52 55 55 11 20 36Fax: +52 55 55 11 40 03
PERUSistemas Especiales de Construcción Peru S.A.LIMAPhone: +51 1 349 38 38Fax: +51 1 348 28 78
UNITED STATESVStructural LLCBALTIMORE, MDPhone: +1 410 850 7000Fax: +1 410 850 4111
VENEZUELAGestión de Obras y Construcciones C.A.CARACASPhone/Fax: +58 212 941 86 75
Africa
EGYPTMatrix Engineering CompanyCAIROPhone: +20 2 344 19 00Fax: +20 2 346 04 57
SOUTH AFRICATsala-RMS Construction Solutions (Pty) LtdJOHANNESBURGPhone: +27 11 878 6820Fax: +27 11 878 6821
Europe
AUSTRIAGrund-Pfahl- und Sonderbau GmbHHIMBERGPhone: +43 2235 87 777Fax: +43 2235 86 561
CROATIATehnicki projekt d.o.o.10000 ZagrebPhone: +385 1 4664 586Fax: +385 1 4664 549
CZECH REPUBLICVSL Systems (CZ) Ltd.PRAGUEPhone: +420 2 51 09 16 80Fax: +420 2 51 09 16 99
FRANCEVSL France S.A.LABÈGEPhone: +33 05 61 00 96 59Fax: +33 05 61 00 96 62
GERMANYVSL Systems GmbHBERLINPhone: +49 30 530 28 06-0Fax: +49 30 530 28 06-99
GREAT BRITAINVSL Systems (UK) Ltd.BEDFORDSHIREPhone: +41 58 456 30 30Fax: +41 58 456 30 35
NETHERLANDSHeijmans Beton en Waterbouw B.V.ROSMALENPhone: +31 73 543 66 02Fax: +31 73 543 66 11
NORWAYSPENNARMERING NORGE ASSTAVANGERPhone : +47 91 10 33 18Fax : +47 51 41 94 80
PORTUGALVSL Sistemas Portugal Pre-Esforço, Equipamento e Montagens S.A.S. DOMINGOS DE RANAPhone: +351 21 445 83 10Fax: +351 21 444 63 77
VSL GEOSistemas de Aplicação em Geotecnia SAS. DOMINGOS DE RANAPhone: + 351 21 445 83 10Fax: + 351 21 445 83 28
Asia
BRUNEI VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.BRUNEI DARUSSALAMPhone: +673 2 380 153 / 381 827Fax: +673 2 381 954
CHINA PRCVSL (China) Engineering Corp., Ltd.HEFEIPhone: +86 551 382 29 18Fax: +86 551 382 28 78
HONG KONGVSL Hong Kong Ltd.CHAI WANPhone : +852 2590 22 88Fax : +852 2590 02 90
Intrafor Hong Kong Ltd.CHAI WANPhone : +852 2836 31 12Fax : +852 2591 61 39
FT Laboratories Ltd.PING CHEPhone: +852 2758 48 61Fax: +852 2758 89 62
INDIAVSL India PVT Ltd.CHENNAIPhone: +91 44 4225 11 11Fax: +91 44 4225 10 10
INDONESIAPT VSL IndonesiaJAKARTAPhone: +62 21 570 07 86Fax: +62 21 573 75 57
JAPANVSL Japan CorporationTOKYOPhone: +81 3 3346 8913Fax: +81 3 3345 9153
KOREAVSL Korea Co. Ltd.SEOULPhone: +82 2 553 8200Fax: +82 2 553 8255
MALAYSIAVSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.KUALA LUMPURPhone: +603 7981 47 42Fax: +603 7981 84 22
SPAINCTT StrongholdBARCELONAPhone: +34 93 289 23 30Fax: +34 93 289 23 31
VSL-SPAM, S.A.BARCELONAPhone: +34 93 846 70 07Fax: +34 93 846 51 97
SWEDEN/NORWAYInternordisk Spännarmering ABVÄSTERHANINGEPhone: +47 98 21 02 66Fax: +47 67 17 30 01
SWITZERLANDVSL (Switzerland) Ltd.SUBINGENPhone: +41 58 456 30 30Fax: +41 58 456 30 35
VSL (Suisse) SASAINT LEGIERPhone: +41 58 456 30 00Fax: +41 58 456 30 95
TURKEYMega Yapi Construction & Trade Co. LtdANKARAPhone: +90 312 490 90 66Fax: +90 312 490 90 55
Middle East
UNITED ARAB EMIRATESVSL Middle East LLCDUBAI, UAEPhone: +971 4 885 7225Fax: +971 4 885 7226
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