1

Afstoten en Repatriëring

2

Collection Development

selection:

• accessioning

• de-accessioning

criticalmass

internal editing

core collectioncommunity collection

interpretive collection

poor quality

“Internal editing”

- objects that are not part of the collection

- objects that are part of the collection

“Internal editing”

Objects that are not part of the collection

- office furniture.

- requisites

- educational collection

- loans

3

“Internal editing”

Objects that are part of the collection

- in storage

- in open storage

- in permanent exhibition

- in temporary exhibition

- on loan

Deltaplan 1990

Nationale musea

A 22 %

B 44 %

C 32 %

D 1 %

non-disposal for other reasons than collection-development

• “the collection as object”

• Legal limitations (donations,bequests)

• No legal property (loans)

• No moral property (colonial heritage)

disposal for other reasons than collection development

• Disputed legal ownership (theft)

• Disputed moral ownership

disposal for reasons of collection development

• reduction (= manageable) of the collection

• collectionsharper profiling of the collection

Hilversum 1987

4

International Council of Museums

1986 2001

LAMO

Leidraad voor het afstoten van museale objectenNetherlands guidelines for deaccessioning museum objects

LAMO procedure

Congres “Grenzen aan de groei” (Amsterdam, 29-30 Nov. 1999)

5

Declaration of Amsterdam28 maart 2008

… acknowledge the growth of museum collections and the responsibility that museums have to

- improve collections

- make collections effectively used

- make collections accessible for the society

Declaration of Amsterdam28 maart 2008

… agree that

- disposal of museum collections is an integrated part of a clearly defined collections policy,

- disposal should be solely undertaken for the benefit of the collection and the public,

- a disposal process should be conducted in an accurate, responsible and transparent way

…..

contested ownership

• legal ownership

• intellectual ownership

• guardianship

contested ownership

• legal ownership

- theft

- changed legal context

- moral rights

gift

Marcel Mauss, ‘Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques’, l'Année Sociologique, seconde série, 1923-1924, tome I.

• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)

6

De Volkskrant 25-09-2008

MuseologicalContext

PrimaryContext

legal fameworkrestitution - return

UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970)

Unidroit Convention on Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995)

7

Issues

- human remains- illegal excavations- Jewish property- Russia – Germany- former colonies- Central Europe

“El Negro”

Natural History MuseumBanyoles (Spanje)

Exhibited 1916-1997

Burried in Gaborone (Botswana)5 oktober 2000

Saartje Baartman(rond 1790 – 1815)

From 1810 living “exhibit”in Englandand France

Body parts (skeleton, genitals, brains)in presentation Musée de l’Homme (Paris)till 1974

Plaster cast shown till 1976

Burried in South Africa 9 april 2002

8

Hector Feliciano

Le Musée Perdu (1995)

The Lost Museum (1997)

Lucas Cranach the ElderAdam and Eve

- Stroganoff family

1918 Soviet Union

1931 Jacques Goudstikker

1940 Alois Miedl

1940 Hermann Goering

1945 Netherlands

1966 Stroganoff family

1971 Norton Simon MuseumPassadena

2000 Claim Goudstikker descendants

9

Heinrich Schliemann, Troi

Pushkin Museum, Moscow (april 1998)