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2 - Doltus. O: L’espace Geographique (coll. Que sais je ? No 1390) Pans 1973.
3 - Hagget. R. Systems Analysis in Geography. Oxlord, 1980.
4 - Labasse. J: L’Organisation de L’Espace. Pans 1966.
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SCIENTIFIC REALITY IN GEOGRAPHYBy: Dr. Mohammad AL-Hammady
Available written geographical works are expressive of the diverse and com-
plex methods through which geographic data can be treated. Albeit this appa-
rent diversity, one can identify several stages which charactrize these methods
with the purpose of attaining the goals. These stages are:
1 - Observation stage:
Characteristic of this stage is observation which is assumed to play a special
role in providing the researcher with the basic data pertinent to the geographi-
cal environement. Emphasis is laid on the diversity of geographical
phenomena, spatial variations and spatial patterns. It is vital in observation to
geographic discription and specifically impiles keen and perfect evaluation of a
certain phenomenon and ths use of the very proper means that suits the nature
of that phenomenon.
2 - Simulation stage:
Simulation is used in reference to the understanding of phenomena in its
theoretical context which is created by the human imagination. Modes of
expression include: maps, air photos, diagrams, etc. Current geographical lit-
erature, however, employ the term «model» in reference to such a situation.
The best type of these models is the one which starves to reduce the rate of
«bias» or deviation from reality to the minimum possible level.
3 - Hypothesization and Explanation Stage :
On grounds of stage 1 and 2 this stage seeks the proper reasoning of
phenomena and attempts setting the suitable hypothesis that will explain its
existence and its interrelation with the aim of foretelling or forecasting its
future on scientific basis.
4 - The experimental Stage:
Proof or disproof of the above set hypothesis, oriented towards the under-
standing of the geographic system and its interrelation, is the main goal of this
stage. If it is proved that there is congruence or coincidence between what is
real and what is hypothesized, then a law can be concluded. Characteristic to
laws is its susceptiblity to generalization for typical phenomena at different
places and times. Law also implies order.
5 - Stage of theory:
As a resultant of the above four stages a theory will be propounded. The best
of theories are those which apply to the maximum number of typical situations.
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Once the theory withstood all criticism, and proved sucessful in-explaining all
relations of phenomena, then it can be decreed as a scientific law.
However, a geographer is assumed to be a far sighted and of great logical and
literal capacities through which he can express his geographic knowledge in a
fine and perfect style.
