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Field hockey , or simply hockey , is a team sport of thehockey family. The earliest origins of the sport date backto the Middle Ages in Scotland, the Netherlands, andEngland.[1]The game can be played on a grass eld or aturf eld as well as an indoor board surface. Each teamplays witheleven players including the goalie. Players usesticks madeout of wood or ber glass to hit a round, hard,rubber like ball. The length of the stick depends on theplayers individual height.[2]There are no left hand sticksin eld hockey, and only one side of the stick is allowed to

be used. The uniform consist of shin-guards, cleats, skirtsor shorts, and a jersey. At the turn of the 21st century,the game is played globally, with particular popularitythroughout western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, andAustralasia. Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan, andis sometimes assumed to be India's national sport as well,although officially India does not have a national sport.[3]The term eld hockey is used primarily in Canada, theUnited States, Eastern Europe and other regions of theworld where the sport of ice hockey is more popular.

During play, goal keepers are the only players who areallowed to touch the ball with any part of their body (the

players hand is considered 'part of the stick'), with thisonly applying within theshooting circle (also known as theD , or shooting arc , or just the circle), while eld playersplay the ball with the at side of their stick. The teamthat scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw isdeclared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penaltyshootout, depending on the competitions format.

Thegoverningbodyof hockey is theInternational HockeyFederation (IHF), with men and women being rep-resented internationally in competitions including theOlympic Games, World Cup, World League, Champions

Trophy and Junior World Cup, with many countries run-ning extensive junior, senior, and masters club compe-titions. The FIH is also responsible for organising theHockey Rules Board and developing the rules for thesport.

A popular variant of eld hockey is indoor eld hockey,which differs in a number of respects while embodyingthe primary principles of hockey. Indoor hockey is a 5-a-side variant, with a eld which is reduced to approxi-mately 40 m 20 m (131 ft 66 ft). With many of therules remaining the same, including obstruction and feet,there are several key variations Players may not raise

the ball unless shooting on goal, players may not hit theball (instead utilising pushes to transfer the ball), and thesidelines are replaced with solid barriers which the ball

will rebound off.[4]

1 History

Main article: Field hockey historyThere is a depiction of a hockey-like game from 200 BC

A game of hockey being played between Germany and Scotland at the 1908 London Olympics

in Ancient Greece when the game may have been called"" (kertzein) because it was played witha horn ("" in Greek) and a ball-like object.[5] InEast Asia, a similar game was entertained, using a carvedwoodenstick and ballprior to 300 BC. InInner Mongolia,China, the Daur people have been playing Beikou a gamewith some similarities to eld hockey for about 1,000years.[6] The word 'hockey' itself was recorded in 1363when Edward III of England issued the proclamation:

"[M]oreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty ofimprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood andiron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursingandcock-ghting, or other such idle games.[7]

The modern game grew from English public schoolsin the early 19th century. The rst club was in 1849at Blackheath in south-east London, but the modernrules grew out of a version played by Middlesex cricketclubs for winter sport. Teddington Hockey Club formedthe modern game by introducing the striking circle andchanging the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube.[8] TheHockey Association was founded in 1886. The rst in-

ternational took place in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0) andthe International Rules Board was founded in 1900.

Field hockey was played at theSummer Olympicsin 1908

1

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2 2 FIELD OF PLAY

and 1920. It was dropped in 1924, leading to the foun-dation of the Fdration Internationale de Hockey surGazon (FIH) as an international governing body by sevencontinental European nations, and hockey was reinstatedin 1928. Mens hockey united under the FIH in 1970.

The two oldest trophies are the Irish Senior Cup, whichdates back to 1894, and the Irish Junior Cup, a 2ndXI only competition instituted in 1895.[9] In India, theBeighton Cupand theAga Khantournament commencedwithin ten years. Entering the Olympics in 1928, Indiawon allve gameswithout conceding a goal andwon from1932 until 1956 andthen in 1964 and1980. Pakistanwonin 1960, 1968 and 1984.

In the early 1970s articial turf began to be used. Syn-thetic pitches changed most aspects of eld hockey, gain-ing speed. New tactics and techniques such as the Indiandribble developed, followed by new rules to take ac-

count.Indian history says that similar game like hockeywas played in 17th century in Punjab state of India un-der name 'Khido Khundi' khido is a woolen ball andkhundi is stick.The switch to synthetic surfaces ended In-dian and Pakistani domination because articial turf wastoo expensivein comparison to the wealthier Europeancountriesand since the 1970s Australia, the Nether-lands and Germany have dominated at the Olympics.

Womens eld hockey was rst played at British universi-ties and schools. The rst club, the Molesey Ladies, wasfounded in 1887. The rst national association was theIrish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894, and though rebuffed

by the Hockey Association, womens eld hockey grewrapidly around the world. This led to the InternationalFederation of Womens Hockey Associations (IFWHA)in 1927, though this did not include many continentalEuropean countries where women played as sections ofmens associations and were affiliated to the FIH. TheIFWHA held conferences every three years, and tourna-ments associated with these were the primary IFWHAcompetitions. These tournaments were non-competitiveuntil 1975.

By the early 1970s there were 22 associations withwomens sections in the FIH and 36 associations in theIFWHA. Discussions started about a common rule book.The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974,forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitiveeld hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed theintroduc-tion of womens eld hockey to the Olympic games from1980 where, as in the mens game, The Netherlands, Ger-many, and Australia have been consistently strong. Ar-gentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010and medals at the last three Olympics.

OutsideNorthAmerica, participation is nowfairly evenlybalanced between men and women. For example, inEngland, England Hockey reports that as of the 200809 season there were 2488 registered mens teams, 1969

womens teams, 1042 boys teams, 966 girls teams and274 mixed teams.[10] In 2006 the Irish Hockey Associa-tion reported that the gender split among its players wasapproximately 65% female and 35% male.[11] In its 2008census,Hockey Australiareported40,534 maleclub play-ers and 41,542 female.[12] However, in the United Statesof America, there are few eld hockey clubs, most playtaking place between high school or college sides, almostentirely of females. The strength of college eld hockeyreects the impact of Title IX which mandated that col-leges should fund mens and womens sports programmescomparably.

The games roots in the English public girls school meanthat the game is associated in the UK with active or over-achieving middle class and upper class women. For ex-ample, in Nineteen Eighty-Four , George Orwell's novelset in a totalitarian London, main character WinstonSmith initially dislikes Julia, the woman he comes tolove, because of the atmosphere of hockey-elds andcold baths and community hikes and general clean-mindedness which she managed to carry about withher.[13]

2 Field of play

Main article: Field hockey pitchMost hockey eld dimensions were originally xed us-

23-metre line

centre line

23-metre line

s ho oting circle

goal

penalty cornerdefender's mark

penalty cornerattacker's mark

long cornerattacker's mark

penalty spot

5.0m

22.9m

22.8m

14.63m

5.0m

6.47m

5.0m10.0m

3.66m

Diagram of a hockey eld

ing whole numbers of imperial measures. Nevertheless,

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metric measurements are now the official dimensions aslaid down by the International Hockey Federation (FIH)in the Rules of Hockey. The pitch is a 91.4 m 55 m(100.0 yd 60.1 yd) rectangular eld. At each end is agoal 2.14 m (7 ft) high and 3.66 m (12 ft) wide, as well aslines across the eld 22.90 m (25 yd) from each end-line(generally referred to as the 23-metre lines or the 25-yardlines) and in the centerof the eld. A spot 0.15 m (6 in) indiameter, called the penalty spotor stroke mark, is placedwith its centre 6.40 m (7 yd) from the centre of eachgoal.The shooting circle is 15 m (16 yd) from the base line.

2.1 Playing Surface

Historically the game developed on natural grass turf. Inthe early 1970s, "synthetic grass" elds began to be usedfor hockey, with the rst Olympic Games on this sur-face being held at the 1976 Montreal edition. Syntheticpitches are now mandatory for all international tourna-ments and for most national competitions. While hockeyis still played on traditional grass elds at some locallevels and lesser national divisions, it has been replacedby synthetic surfaces almost everywhere in the westernworld. There are three main types of articial hockeysurface:[14][15][16]

Unlled or water-based - articial bres that aredensely packed for stabilisation, requires irrigation

or watering to avoid pitch wear Dressed or sand-dressed - articial bres can be less

densely packed and sand supports the bres for partof the pile depth

Filled or sand-lled - articial bres can be longerand less densely packed and sand supports the bresfor 100% of the pile depth

Since the 1970s, sand-based pitches have been favouredas they dramatically speed up the game. However, in re-cent years there has been a massive increase in the num-ber of water-based articial turfs. Water-based syn-thetic turfs enable the ball to be transferred more quicklythan on sand-based surfaces. It is this characteristic thathas made them the surface of choice for international andnational league competitions. Water-based surfaces arealso less abrasive than sand-based surfaces and reduce thelevel of injury to players when they come into contactwith the surface. The FIH are now proposing that newsurfaces being laid should be of a hybrid variety whichrequire less watering. This is due to the negative ecologi-cal effects of the high water requirements of water-based

synthetic elds. It has also been stated that the decision tomake articial surfaces mandatory greatly favoured moreaffluent countries who could afford these new pitches.[17]

3 Rules and play

The game is played between two teams of whom elevenare permitted to be on the pitch at any one time. Theremaining players, the substitutes, may be substituted inany combination. There is an unlimited amount of timesa team can sub in and out. Substitutions are permitted atany point in the game, apart from between the award andend of a penalty corner; two exceptions to this rule is forinjury or suspension of the defending goalkeeper, whichis not allowed when playing with a eld keep, or a playercan exit the eld, butyou must wait until after the insertertouches the ball to put somebody back in.

Players are permitted to play the ball with the at of the'face side' and with the edges of the headand handleof theeld hockey stick with the exception that, for reasons ofsafety, the ball may not be struck 'hard' with a forehand

edge stroke, because of the difficulty of controlling theheight and direction of the ball from that stroke.

The at side is always on the natural side for a right-handed person swinging the stick at the ball from right toleft. Left-handed sticks are rare, but available; howeverthey are pointless as the rules forbid their use in a game.To make a strike at the ball with a left to right swing theplayer must present the at of the 'face' of the stick tothe ball by 'reversing' the stick head, i.e. by turning thehandle through approximately 180(while a reverse edgehit would turn the stick head through approximately 90from the position of an upright forehand stoke with the

'face' of the stick head).Edge hitting of the ball underwent a two-year experi-mental period, twice the usual length of an experimen-tal trial and is still a matter of some controversy withinthesport. Ric Charlesworth, the formerAustralian coach,has been a strong critic of the unrestricted use of the re-verse edge hit. The 'hard' forehand edge hit was bannedafter similar concerns were expressed about the ability ofplayers to direct the ball accurately, but the reverse edgehit does appear to be more predictable and controllablethan its counterpart.

Other rules include; no foot to ball contact, no use ofhands, no obstructing other players, high back swing, andno third party. If a player is dribbling the ball and ei-ther loses control and kicks the ball or another player in-terferes that player is not permitted to gain control andcontinue dribbling. The rules do not allow the personwho kicked the ball to gain advantage from the kick, sothe ball will automatically be passed on to the opposingteam. Conversely, if no advantage is gained from kickingthe ball, play should continue. Players may not obstructanothers chance of hitting the ball in any way. No shov-ing/using your body/stick to prevent advancement in theother team. Penalty for this is the opposing team receives

the ball and if the problem continues, the player can becarded. While a player is taking a free hit or starting acorner the back swing of their hit cannot be too high for

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this is considered dangerous. Finally there may not bethree players touching the ball at one time. Two playersfrom opposing teams can battle for the ball, however ifanother player interferes it is considered third party andthe ball automatically goes to the team who only had oneplayer involved in the third party.

3.1 Positions

A Virginia Cavaliers eld player passing the ball

" hockey positions are discussed, notions of uidity arevery common. Each team canbe elded with a maximumof 11 players and will typically arrange themselves into

forwards, midelders, and defensive players (fullbacks)with players frequently moving between theses lines withthe ow of play. Each team may also play with:"

* a goalkeeper who wears a different color shirt and full protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards and kickers; this player is referred to in the rules as a goalkeeper; or

* a eld player with goalkeeping privileges wearing a dif- ferent color shirt and who may wear protective headgear (but not leg guards and kickers or other goalkeeping pro-tective equipment) when inside their defending 23m area; they must wear protective headgear when defending a penalty corner or stroke; this player is referred to in therules as a player with goalkeeping privileges; or

* Only eld players; no player has goalkeeping privileges or wears a different color shirt; no player may wear pro-tective headgear except a face mask when defending a penalty corner or stroke. [4]

3.1.1 Formations

As hockey has a very dynamic style of play, it is diffi-cult to simplify positions to the static formations which

are common in association football. Although positionswill typically be categorized as either fullback, halfback,mideld/inner or striker, it is importantfor players to have

an understanding of every position on the eld. For ex-ample, it is not uncommon to see a halfback overlap andend up in either attacking position, with the mideld andstrikers being responsible for re-adjusting to ll the spacethey left. Movement between lines like this is particularlycommon across all positions.

This uid Australian culture of hockey has been respon-sible for developing an international trend towards play-ers occupying spaces on the eld, not having assignedpositions. Although they may have particular spaces onthe eld which they are more comfortable and effec-tive as players, they are responsible for occupying thespace nearest them. This uid approach to hockey andplayer movement, has made it easy for teams to transi-tion between formations such as; 3 at the back , 2 centrehalves , 5 at the back and more.

3.1.2 Goal keepers

When the ball is inside the circle they are defending andthey have their stick in their hand, goalkeepers wearingfull protective equipment are permitted to use their stick,feet, kickers or leg guards to propel the ball and to usetheir stick, feet, kickers, leg guards or any other part oftheir body to stop the ball or deect it in any directionincluding over the back-line. Similarly, eld players arepermitted to use their stick. They are not allowed to use

their feetand legs to propel theball, stop the ball or deectit in any direction including over the back-line. However,neither goalkeepers, or players with goalkeeping privi-leges are permitted to conduct themselves in a mannerwhich is dangerous to other players by taking advantageof the protective equipment they wear.[4]

Neither goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privi-leges may lie on the ball, however, they are permitted touse arms, hands and any other part of their body to pushthe ball away. Lying on the ball deliberately will resultinto a penalty stroke, whereas if an umpire deems a goal-keeper has lay on the ball accidentally (e.g. it gets stuck in

their protective equipment), a penalty corner is awarded.* The action above is permitted only as part of a goal sav-ing action or to move the ball away from the possibilityof a goal scoring action by opponents. It does not permit a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges to pro- pel the ball forcefully with arms, hands or body so that it travels a long distance

When the ball is outside the circle they are defending,goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges areonly permitted to play the ball with their stick. Further, agoalkeeper, or player with goalkeeping privileges whomis wearing a helmet must not take part in the match out-

side the 23m area they are defending, except when tak-ing a penalty stroke. A goalkeeper must wear protectiveheadgear at all times, except when taking a penalty stroke.

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3.3 Set plays 5

3.2 General play

For the purposes of the rules, all players on the team inpossession of theball are attackers, and those on the teamwithout the ball are defenders, yet throughout the gamebeing played you are always"defending your goal andattacking the opposite goal.[18]

Sideline hit in a match Standard Athletic Club vs. British School of Paris (1996)

The match is officiated by two eld umpires. Tradition-ally each umpire generally controls half of the eld, di-vided roughly diagonally. These umpires are often as-sisted by a technical bench including a timekeeper andrecord keeper.

Prior to the start of the game, a coin is tossed and the

winning captain can choose a starting end or start withthe ball. The game time is divided into four equal halvesof 15 minutes each, although at local and regional level,games may be reduced to 25- to 30-minute halves to easeturf availability constraints. At the start of each half, aswell as after goals are scored, play is started with a passfrom the centre of the eld. All players must start in theirdefensive half (apart from the player making the pass),but the ball may be played in any direction along the oor.Each team starts with the ball in one half, and the teamthat conceded the goal has possession for the restart.

Field players may only play the ball with the face of the

stick. If the back side of the stick is used, it is a penaltyand the other team will get the ball back. Tackling is per-mitted as long as the tackler does not make contact withthe attacker or his stick before playing the ball (contactafter the tackle may also be penalised if the tackle wasmade from a position where contact was inevitable). Fur-ther, the player with the ball may not deliberately use hisbody to push a defender out of the way.

Field players may not play the ball with their feet, but ifthe ball accidentally hits the feet, and the player gains nobenet from the contact, then thecontact is not penalised.Although there has been a change in the wording of this

rule from 1 January 2007, the current FIHumpiresbrief-ing instructs umpires not to change the way they interpretthis rule.[19]

Obstruction typically occurs in three circumstances when a defender comes between the player with posses-sion and the ball in order to prevent them tackling; whena defenders stick comes between the attackers stick andthe ball or makes contact with the attackers stick or body;and also when blocking the oppositions attempt to tacklea teammate with the ball (called third party obstruction ).When the ball passescompletely over the sidelines (on thesideline is still in), it is returned to play with a sideline hit,taken by a member of the team whose players were notthe last to touch the ball before crossing the sideline. Theball must be placed on the sideline, with thehit taken fromas near the place the ball went out of play as possible. Ifit crosses the back line after last touched by an attacker, a15 m (16 yd) hit. A 15 m hit is also awarded for offensescommitted by the attacking side within 15 m of the endof the pitch they are attacking.

3.3 Set plays

Setplays are often utilized for specic situations such as apenalty corner or free hit. For instance, many teams havepenalty corner variations that they can use to beat the de-fensive team. The coach may have plays that send thoughballs between two defenders and let the player attack theopposing teams goal. There are no set plays unless yourteam has them.

3.3.1 Free hits

Free hits are awarded when offences are committed out-side the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard us-age but the ball need not be hit). The ball may be hit,pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offendedagainst. The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not byhitting, you must ick or scoop to lift from a free hit. (Inprevious rules versions hits in the area outside the circlein open play have been permitted but lifting one direc-tion from a free hit prohibited). Opponents must move 5m (5.5 yd) from the ball when a free hit is awarded. Afree hit must be taken from within playing distance of the

place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ballmust be stationary when the free-hit is taken.

As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attackingplayer commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ballpasses over the back line off an attacker. These free hitsare taken in line with where the foul was committed (tak-ing a line parallel with the sideline between where the of-fence was committed, or the ball went outof play). Whenan attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circleeveryone including the person taking the penalty must beve metres from the circle and everyone apart from theperson taking the free hit must be ve metres away from

the ball. When taking an attacking free hit the ball maynot be hit straight into the circle if you are within yourattacking 23 metre area (25 yard area). It must travel 5

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6 3 RULES AND PLAY

metres before going in.

2009 experimental changes In February2009 the FIHintroduced, as a Mandatory Experiment for interna-tional competition, an updated version of free hit rule.

The changes allows a player taking a free hit to pass theball to themselves. Importantly, this is not a play on sit-uation, but to the untrained eye it may appear to be. Theplayer must play theball any distance in two separate mo-tions, before continuing as if it were a play-on situation.They may raise an aerial or overhead immediately as thesecond action, or any other stroke permitted by the rulesof eld hockey. At the high school level, this is called aself-pass and was adopted in Pennsylvania in 2010 as alegal technique for putting the ball in play.

Also, all players (from both teams) must be at least 5 mfrom any free hit awarded to the attack within the 23 m

area. Additionally, no free hits to the attack are permittedwithin 5m of the circle, so if a free hit is awarded insidethis area it must be dragged back outside this zone. Theball may not travel directly into thecircle froma freehit tothe attack within the 23 m area without rst beingtouchedbyanotherplayeror being dribbledatleast5 m bya playermaking a self-pass. These experimental rules apply toall free hit situations, including sideline and corner hits.National Associations may also choose to introduce theserules for their domestic competitions.

3.3.2 Corner

A corner is awarded if the ball goes over the back lineafter last being touched by a defender, provided they donot play it over the back line deliberately, in which casea penalty corner is awarded. Corners are played by theattacking team and involve a free hit on the sideline 5 mfrom the corner of the eld closest to where the ball wentout of play. These restarts are also known as long corners(as opposed to short corner which is an alternative namefor the penalty corner). The defense must wait until theoffender passes the ball in. The offender has to pull theball out of the circle before trying to make a goal.

3.3.3 Penalty corner

The short or penalty corner is awarded:

1. for an offence by a defender in the circle which doesnot prevent the probable scoring of a goal

2. for an intentional offence in the circle by a defenderagainst an opponent who does not have possessionof the ball or an opportunity to play the ball

3. for an intentional offence by a defender outside thecircle but within the 23-metre area they are defend-ing

A group of ve defenders, including the goalkeeper, prepare onthe back line for a short corner.

4. for intentionally playing the ball over the back-lineby a defender

5. when the ball becomes lodged in a players clothingor equipment while in the circle they are defending

Short corners begin with ve defenders (usually includingthe keeper) positioned behind theback line andat least10yards from the nearest goal post.[20] All other players inthe defending team must be beyond the centre line, thatis not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is inplay. Attacking players begin the play standing outsidethe scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts thecorner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either sideof the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius). This player

puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball tothe other attackers outside the circle; the ball must passoutside the circle and then put back into the circle beforethe attackers may make a shot at the goal from which agoal can be scored. FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goalbefore the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', noris a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited,but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not goneout of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot fromoutside the circle if it is not again played by an attackingplayer before it enters the goal.

For safety reasons, the rst shot of a penalty corner must

not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the backboardof the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit.However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboardheight, the ball can be subsequently deected above thisheight by another player (defender or attacker), providingthat this deection does not lead to danger. Note that theSlap stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, wherethe stick is kept on or close to the ground when strikingthe ball) isclassedasa hit, and so the rstshot atgoalmustbe below backboard height for this type of shot also.

If the rst shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push,ick or scoop, in particular the drag ick (which has be-

come popular at international and national league stan-dards), theshot is permitted to rise abovetheheight of thebackboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous

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3.4 Dangerous play and raised balls 7

to any opponent. This form of shooting was developedbecause it is not height restricted in the same way as therst hit shot at the goal and players with good techniqueare able to drag-ick with as much power as many otherscan hit a ball.

3.3.4 Penalty stroke

Main article: Penalty stroke

A penalty stroke is awarded when a defender commits afoul in the circle (accidental or otherwise) that prevents aprobable goal or commits a deliberate foul in the circle orif defenders repeatedly run from the back line too early ata penalty corner. The penalty stroke is taken by a singleattacker in the circle, against the goalkeeper, from a spot6.4 m from goal. The ball is played only once at goal by

the attacker using a push, ick or scoop stroke. If the shotis saved, play is restarted with a 15 m hit to the defenders.When a goal is scored, play is restarted in the normal way.

3.4 Dangerous play and raised balls

According to the current Rules of Hockey 2013[21] issuedby the FIH there are only two criteria for a dangerouslyplayed ball. The rst is legitimate evasive action by anopponent (what constitutes legitimate evasive action is anumpiring judgment). The second is specic to the ruleconcerning a shot at goal at a penalty corner but is gener-

ally, if somewhat inconsistently, applied throughout thegame and in all parts of the pitch: it is that a ball liftedabove knee height and at an opponent who is within 5mof the ball is certainly dangerous.

The velocity of the ball is not mentioned in the rules con-cerning a dangerouslyplayed ball. A ball that hits a playerabove the knee may on some occasions not be penalized,this is in the umpires discretion. A jab tackle for exam-ple, might accidentally lift the ball above knee height intoan opponent from close range but at such low velocity asnot to be, in the opinion of the umpire, dangerous play.In the same way a high velocity hit at very close range

into an opponent, but below knee height, could be con-sidered to be dangerous or reckless play in the view ofthe umpire, especially when safer alternatives are open tothe striker of the ball.

A ball that has been lifted high so that it will fall amongclose opponents may be deemed to be potentially dan-gerous and play may be stopped for that reason. A liftedball that is falling to a player in clear space may be madepotentially dangerous by the actions of an opponent clos-ing to within 5m of the receiver before the ball has beencontrolled to ground a rule which is often only looselyapplied; the distance allowed is often only what might be

described as playing distance, 23 m, and opponents tendto be permitted to close on the ball as soon as the re-ceiver plays it: these unofficial variations are often based

on the umpires perception of the skill of the players i.e.on the level of the game, in order to maintain game ow,which umpires are in general in both Rules and Brienginstructed to do, by not penalising when it is unnecessaryto do so, this is also a matter in the umpires discretion.

The term falling ball is important in what may betermed encroaching offences. It is generally only con-sidered an offence to encroach on an opponent receivinga lifted ball that has been lifted to above head height (al-though the height is not specied in rule) and is falling.So, for example, a lifted shot at the goal which is still ris-ing as it crosses the goal line (or would have been risingas it crossed the goal line) can be legitimately followed upby any of the attacking team looking for a rebound.

In generaleven potentiallydangerous play is not penalisedif an opponent is not disadvantage by it or, obviously,not injured by it so that he cannot continue. A personal

penalty, that is a caution or a suspension, rather than ateam penalty, such as a free ball or a penalty corner, maybe (many would say should be or even must be, but againthis is in theumpires discretion) issued to the guiltypartyafter an advantage allowed by the umpire has been playedout in any situation where an offence has occurred, in-cluding dangerous play (but once advantage has been al-lowed the umpire cannot then call play back and award ateam penalty).

It is not an offence to lift the ball over an opponentsstick (or body on the ground), provided that it is donewith consideration for the safety of the opponent and not

dangerously. For example, a skillful attacker may lift theball over a defenders stick or prone body and run pastthem, however if the attacker lifts the ball into or at thedefenders body, this would almost certainly be regardedas dangerous.

It is not against the rules to bounce the ball on the stickand even to run with it while doing so, as long as that doesnot lead to a potentially dangerous conict with an oppo-nent who is attempting to make a tackle. For example,two players trying to play at the ball in the air at the sametime, would probably be considered a dangerous situationand it is likely that the player who rst put the ball up orwho was so 'carrying' it would be penalised.

Dangerous play rules also apply to the usage of the stickwhen approaching the ball, making a stroke at it (replac-ing what was at one time referred to as the sticks rule,which once forbade the raising of any part of the stickabove the shoulder during any play. This last restrictionhas been removed but the stick should still not be usedin a way that endangers an opponent) or attempting totackle, (fouls relating to tripping, impeding and obstruc-tion). The use of the stick to strike an opponent will usu-ally be much more severelydealt with by theumpires thanoffences such as barging, impeding and obstruction withthe body, although these are also dealt with rmly, espe-cially when these fouls are intentional: eld hockey is anon-contact sport.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_strokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_stroke

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Players may not play or attempt to play at the ball abovetheir shoulders unless trying to save a shot that could gointo the goal, in which case they are permitted to stopthe ball or deect it safely away. A swing, as in a hit,at a high shot at the goal (or even wide of the goal) willprobably be considered dangerous play if at opponentswithin 5 m and such a stroke would be contrary to rule inthese circumstances anyway.

Within the English National League it is now a legal ac-tion to take a ball above shoulder height if completed us-ing a controlled action.

3.5 Warnings and suspensions

The penalty cards

green card (warning)

yellow card (temporary suspension)

red card (permanent suspension)

Hockey uses a three-tier penalty card system of warningsand suspensions:

A Penn State player receives a green card.

A green card is fairly similar to an association-football yellow card: the player does not have to

leave the pitch (although at international standardthe player has to leave the eld for two minutes),but any further infractions will result in a yellow orred card.

A yellow card is an official suspension similar tothe penalty box in ice hockey. The duration is de-cided by the umpire issuing the card and the playermust go to a pre-dened area of the pitch as chosenby the umpires at the beginning of the match. Mostumpires will opt for a minimum of ve minutes du-ration without substitution; the maximum time is atthe discretion of the umpire, depending on the seri-

ousness of the offence, for example the second yel-low to the same player or the rst for danger mightbe given ten minutes. It is possible to yellow-card a

player for the entirety of a game. (In some modes,including indoor, shorter periods of suspension areapplied, dependent on local rules).

A red card , just like in association football, is a per-manent exclusion from the rest of the game, with-

out substitution, and it usually results in the playerbeing banned for a certain period of time or num-ber of matches (this is governed by local playingconditions, rather than the rules of eld hockey).Theplayer must also leave the pitch andsurroundingarea.

In addition to their colours, eld hockey penalty cards areoften shaped differently, so they can be recognized easily.Green cards are normally triangular, yellow cards rectan-gular and red cards circular.

Unlike football, a player may receivemore than onegreen

or yellow card. However, they cannot receive the samecard for the same offence (for example two yellows fordangerous play), and the second must always be a moreserious card. In the case of a second yellow card for adifferent breach of the rules (for example a yellow fordeliberate foot, and a second later in the game for danger-ous play) the temporary suspension would be expected tobe of considerably longer duration than the rst. How-ever, local playing conditions may mandate that cardsare awarded only progressively, and not allow any secondawards.

Referees may also advance a free-hit by up to 10 m

for dissent or other misconduct after a penalty has beenawarded; or, if the free-hit would have been in the attack-ing 23 m area, upgrade the penalty to a penalty corner.

3.6 Scoring

The teams object is to play the ball into their attackingcircle and, from there, hit, push or ick the ball into thegoal, scoring a goal. The team with more goals after two35-minute halves wins the game. The playing time maybe shortened, particularly when younger players are in-volved, or for some tournament play.

3.7 Tie breaking

Main article: Penalty shoot-out (eld hockey)

In many competitions (such as regular club competition,or in pool games in FIH international tournaments suchas the Olympics or the World Cup), a tied result standsand the overall competition standings are adjusted ac-cordingly. Since March 2013, when tie-breaking is re-quired, the official FIH Tournament Regulations mandate

since March 2013 to no longer have extra time and go di-rectly into apenalty shoot-outwhen a classication matchends in a tie.[22] However, many associations follow the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(field_hockey)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(field_hockey)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_boxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_field_hockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_card

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previous procedure consisting of two periods of 7.5 min-utes of golden goal extra time during which the gameends as soon as one team scores.

3.8 Rule change procedure

The FIH implemented a two-year rules cycle with the200708 edition of the rules, with the intention that therules be reviewed on a biennial basis. The 2009 rule-book was officially released in early March 2009 (effec-tive 1 May 2009), however the FIH published the majorchanges in February. The current rule book is effectivefrom 1 January 2011.

The FIH has adopted a policy of including major changesto the rules as Mandatory Experiments, showing thatthey must be played at international level, but are treatedas experimental andwill be reviewed before the next rule-book is published andeither changed, approved as perma-nent rules, or deleted.

Recent examples of such experiments include a xed 2-minute suspension for a green card and a (limited) abilityto request video umpiring decisions.

4 Local rules

There are sometimes minor variations in rules from com-petition to competition; for instance, the duration of

matches is often varied for junior competitions or for car-nivals. Different national associations also have slightlydiffering rules on player equipment.

ThenewEuroHockey Leaguehas mademajor alterationsto the rules to aid television viewers, such as splittingthe game into four quarters, and to try to improve playerbehaviour, such as a two-minute suspension for greencardsthe latter was also used in the 2010 World Cup. Inthe United States, the NCAA has its own rules for inter-collegiate competitions; high school associations simi-larly play to different rules, usually using the rules pub-lished by the National Federation of State High School

Associations (NFHS). This article assumes FIH rules un-less otherwise stated. USA Field Hockey produces an an-nual summary of the differences.[23]

In the United States, the games at the junior high levelconsist of two 25-minute halves, while the high schoollevel consists of two 30-minute halves. Many privateAmerican schools play 25-minute halves, and some haveadopted FIH rules rather than NFHS rules. Players arerequired to wear mouth guards and shin guards in orderto play the game. Also, there is a newer rule requiringcer-tain types of sticks be used. In recent years, the NFHSrules have moved closer to FIH, but in 2011 a new rule

requiring protective eyewear was introduced for the 2011Fall season. The 'cage style' goggles favored by US highschool lacrosse and permitted in high school eld hockey

is not permitted under FIH rules.[24]

5 Equipment

5.1 Field hockey stickMain article: Field hockey stick

Each player carries a stick that normally measures be-tween 8095 cm (3138) long; shorter or longer sticksare available. Sticks were traditionally made of wood,but are now often made also withbreglass, kevlarand/orcarbon bre composites. Metal is forbidden from use ineld hockey sticks, due to the risk of injury from sharpedges if the stick were to break. The stick has a roundedhandle, hasa J-shapedhook at thebottom, andis attened

on the left side (when looking down the handle with thehook facing upwards). All sticks are right handed. Lefthanded sticks are not permitted.

There was traditionally a slight curve (called the bow, orrake) from the top to bottom of the face side of the stickand another on the 'heel' edge to the top of the handle(usually made according to the angle at which the handlepart was inserted into the splice of the head part of thestick), which assisted in the positioning of the stick headin relation to the ball and made striking the ball easier andmore accurate.

The hook at the bottom of the stick was only recentlythe tight curve (Indian style) that we have nowadays. Theolder 'English' sticks had a longer bend, making it veryhard to use the stick on the reverse. For this reason play-ers now use the tight curved sticks.

The handle makes up the about the top third of the stick.It iswrapped ina gripsimilar to thatusedon tennisracket.The grip may be made of a variety of materials, includingchamois leather, which many players think improves gripin the wet.

It was recently discovered that increasing the depth ofthe face bow made it easier to get high speeds from the

dragick and made the stroke easier to execute. At rst,after thisfeature was introduced, the Hockey Rules Boardplaced a limit of 50 mm on the maximum depth of bowover the length of the stickbutexperience quickly demon-strated this to be excessive. New rules now limit thiscurve to under 25 mm so as to limit the power with whichthe ball can be icked.

5.2 Field hockey ball

Standard eld hockey balls are hard spherical balls, madeof plastic (sometimes over a cork core), and are usu-

ally white, although they can be any colour as long asthey contrast with the playing surface. The balls have acircumference of 224235 mm (8.89.3 in) and weigh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_griphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibreglasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_stickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_guardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Field_Hockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_Hockey_League

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156163 g (5.55.7 oz). The ball is often covered withindentations to reduce aquaplaning that can cause an in-consistent ball speed on wet surfaces.

5.3 Goalkeeping equipment

A goalkeeper makes a glove save. Equipment worn here is typical gear for a eld hockey goalkeeper.

The 2007 rulebook has seen major changes regardinggoalkeepers. A fully equipped goalkeeper must wear ahelmet, leg guards and kickers. Usually the eld hockeygoalkeepers must wear extensive additional protective

equipment including chest guards, padded shorts, heavilypadded hand protectors, groin protectors, neck guards,arm guards, and like all players, they must carry a stick.

A goalie may not cross the 23 m line, the sole exceptionto this being if the goalkeeper is to take a penalty strokeat the other end of the eld, when the clock is stopped.The goalkeeper can also remove their helmet for this ac-tion. However, if the goalkeeper elects to wear only ahelmet (and a different colored shirt), they may cross the23 m line if they have removed their helmet (and placedit safely off the eld of play). If play returns to the circlewithout them having opportunity to replace the helmet,this player still has goalkeeping privileges, that is, theyare not limited to using their stick to play the ball whilstit is in the circle, and the helmet must be worn whilst de-fending penalty corners and penalty strokes but the bestthing to do would be to wear it at all times. While goal-tenders are allowed to use their feet and hands to clearthe ball, they too are only allowed to use one side of theirstick. Slide tackling is permitted as long as it is with theintention of clearing the ball, not aimed at a player. It is

now also even possible for teams to have a full eleven out-eld players andno goalkeeper at all. No player may weara helmetor other goalkeeping equipment, neither will anyplayer be able to play the ball with any other part of thebody than with their stick. This may be used to offer atactical advantage, or to allow for play to commence if nogoalkeeper or kit is available.

6 Tactics

The basic tactic in eld hockey, as in association football

and many other team games, is to outnumber the oppo-nent in a particular area of the eld at a moment in time.When in possession of the ball this temporary numericalsuperiority can be used to pass the ball around opponentsso that they cannot effect a tackle because they cannot getwithin playing reach of the ball and to further use this nu-merical advantage to gain time and create clear space formaking scoring shots on the opponents goal. When notin possession of the ball numerical superiority is used toisolate and channel an opponent in possession and 'markout' any passing options so that an interception or a tacklemay be made to gain possession. Highly skillful players

can sometimes get the better of more than one opponentand retain the ball and successfully pass or shoot but thistends to use more energy than quick early passing.

Every player has a role depending on their relationship tothe ball if the team communicates throughout the play ofthe game. There will be players on the ball (offensively -ball carriers; defensively - pressure, support players, andmovement players.

The main methods by which the ball is moved around theeld by players are a) passing b) pushing the ball and run-ning with it controlled to the front or right of the bodyandc)"dribbling"; where the player controls the ball with the

stick and moves in various directions with it to elude op-ponents. To make a pass the ball may be propelled with apushing stroke, where the player uses their wrists to push

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaplaninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcove

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the stick head through the ball while the stick head is incontact with it; the ick or scoop, similar to the pushbut with an additional arm and leg and rotational actionsto lift the ball off the ground; and the hit, where a swingat ball is taken and contact with it is often made veryforcefully, causing the ball to be propelled at velocities inexcess of 70 mph (110 km/h). In order to produce a pow-erful hit, usually for travel over long distances or shootingat the goal, the stick is raised higher and swung with max-imum power at the ball, a stroke sometimes known as adrive.

Tackles are made by placing the stick into the path ofthe ball or playing the stick head or shaft directly at theball. To increase the effectiveness of the tackle, playerswill often place the entire stick close to the ground hori-zontally, thus representing a wider barrier. To avoid thetackle, the ball carrier will either pass the ball to a team-mate using any of the push, ick, or hit strokes, or attemptto maneuver or drag the ball around the tackle, tryingto deceive the tackler.

In recent years, the penalty corner has gained importanceas a goal scoring opportunity. Particularly with the tech-nical development of the drag ick. Tactics at penaltycorners to set up time for a shot with a drag ick or ahit shot at the goal involve various complex plays, includ-ing multiple passes before a deections towards the goalis made but the most common method of shooting is thedirect ick or hit at the goal.

At the highest level, eld hockey is a fast-moving, highly

skilled sport, with players using fast moves with the stick,quick accurate passing, and hard hits, in attempts to keeppossession and move the ball towards the goal. Tacklingwith physical contact and otherwise physically obstruct-ing players is not permitted, Some of the tactics used re-semble football (soccer), but with greater ball speed.

With the 2009 changes to the rules regarding free hitsin the attacking 23m area, the common tactic of hittingthe ball hard into the circle was forbidden. Although athigher levels this was considered tactically risky and low-percentage at creating scoring opportunities, it was usedwith some effect to 'win' penalty corners by forcing theball onto a defenders foot or to deect high (and dan-gerously) off a defenders stick. The FIH felt it was adangerous practice that could easily lead to raised deec-tions and injuries in the circle, which is often crowded ata free-hit situation, and outlawed it.

7 International competition

Main article: International eld hockey tournaments

The biggest two eld hockey tournaments are the

Olympic Gamestournament, and theHockey WorldCup,which is also held every 4 years. Apart from this, thereis the Champions Trophy held each year for the six top-

ranked teams. Field hockey has also been played at theCommonwealth Games since 1998. Amongst the men,India lead in Olympic competition, having won 8 golds(6 successive in row). Amongst the women, Australia andNetherlands have 3 Olympic golds while Netherlands hasclinched the World Cup 6 times. The Sultan Azlan ShahHockey Tournament and Sultan Ibrahim Ismail HockeyTournament is for the junior team but both tournamentheld annually in Malaysia, is becoming a prominent eldhockey tournament where teams from around the worldparticipate to win the cup.

India and Pakistan dominated mens hockey until theearly 1980s, winning four of the rst ve world cups,but have become less prominent with the ascendancy ofthe Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, Australia andSpain since the late 1980s, as grass playing surfaces werereplaced with articial turf (which conferred increasedimportance on athleticism). Other notable mens nationsinclude Argentina, England (who combine with otherBritish Home Nations to form the Great Britain sideat Olympic events) and South Korea. Despite their re-cent drop in international rankings, Pakistan still holdsthe record of four World Cup wins.

The Netherlands was the predominant womens team be-fore eld hockey was added to Olympic events. In theearly 1990s, Australia emerged as the strongest womenscountry although retirement of a number of players weak-ened the team. Other prominent womens teams areArgentina, China, Korea, Germany and South Africa.

As of June 2013 Germanys mens team and the Nether-lands womens teams lead the FIH world rankings.

This is a list of the major International eld hockeytournaments , in chronological order. Tournaments in-cluded are:

Olympic Games - held every four years.

World Cup - held every four years, in between theOlympics.

Champions Trophy - currently held every year, forthe top 8 ranked nations.

Champions Challenge - held every year for teamsranked 9th-16th in the world.

Champions Challenge II - held every year for teamsranked 17th-24th in the world.

Although invitational or not open to all countries, the fol-lowing are also considered international tournaments:

Commonwealth Games held every four years be-tween members of the Commonwealth of Nations

Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament - held annu-ally in Malaysia, an invitational tournament.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Hockey_Tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_Commonwealth_Gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Champions_Challenge_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Champions_Challengehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Champions_Trophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_World_Cuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_women%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_men%2527s_national_field_hockey_teamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Ismail_Hockey_Tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Ismail_Hockey_Tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Hockey_Tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Hockey_Tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_Commonwealth_Gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Champions_Trophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Hockey_Cuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_field_hockey_tournamentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflections_(field_hockey)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_flick_(field_hockey)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_corner_(field_hockey)

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Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Hockey Tournament-held an-nually for athletes aged under-21 in Malaysia, an in-vitational tournament.

8 Variants

See also: Indoor eld hockey, Bandy and Hockey 9s

8.1 Hockey 5s

An Asian qualication tournament for two places at the2014 Youth Olympic Games was the rst time an FIHevent used the Hockey 5s format. Hockey 5s will beused for the Youth Olympic hockey tournament. As thename suggests, Hockey 5s is a hockey variant which fea-

tures ve players on each team (which must include agoalkeeper). The eld of play is 55 m long and 41.70m widethis is approximately half the size of a regularpitch. Few additional markings are needed as there is nopenalty circlenorpenalty corners; shotscanbe taken fromanywhere on the pitch. Penalty strokes are replaced by achallenge which is like the one-on-one method used in apenalty shoot-out. The duration of the match is three 12-minute periods with an interval of two minutes betweenperiods. The rules are simpler and it is hoped that thegame will be faster, create more shots on goal with lessplay in mideld, and be more attractive to spectators.[25]

9 References

[1] http://fieldhockey.isport.com/fieldhockey-guides/history-of-field-hockey

[2] http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/

[3] Hockey not Indias national sport. NDTV.

[4] Field Hockey Rules. International Hockey Federation.

[5] Oikonomos, G. ". Archaiologikon

Deltion 6 (19201921): 56 59; there areclear depictions of the game, but the identi-cation with the name is disputed athttp://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/(English summary at http://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.html )

[6] McGrath, Charles (22 August 2008). A Chinese Hin-terland, Fertile With Field Hockey. New York Times.Retrieved 23 August 2008.

[7] http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm accessed 12 March 2009

[8] Egan, Tracie; Connolly, Helen (2005). Field hockey: rules, tips, strategy, and safety . The Rosen PublishingGroup. ISBN 978-1-4042-0182-8. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

[9] http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about

[10] Clubs. England Hockey Board. Retrieved 10 August2010.

[11] Ireland. FIH. Retrieved 10 August 2010.

[12] National Census Executive Summary 2008 (PDF).Hockey Australia. p. 2. Retrieved 10 August 2010.

[13] "''Nineteen Eighty Four'', Part I, Chapter 1. Wik-ilivres.ca. 2011-11-09. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

[14] Hockey Pitches Basic Information (PDF). GreatBritain Hockey. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[15] FIH Pitches 2014, p.8 2.

[16] FIH Pitches 2014, p.19 5.5.1.

[17] Merchant, Minhaz (15 January 2013). The untold storyof how India lost hockey supremacy. Times of India . Re-

trieved 13 April 2014.[18] Anders, Elizabeth. Field Hockey: Steps to Success -

2nd Edition: Steps to Success. Barnes & Noble. 2008.Web. 29 Feb 2012. .

[19] Title of presentation. Fihockey.org. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

[20] Basic Field Hockey Rules.

[21] 2013 FIH Rule Book http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202012-interactif.pdf

[22] Executive Board makes key decisions at latest meeting.2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-08-04.

[23] Summary of NCAA and NFHS rule differences

[24] Approved FIH and USA Field Hockey protective eye-wear. USA Field Hockey. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 19December 2012.

[25] Its here! Hockey 5 set to make official debut.=International Hockey Federation. 3 April 2013. Re-trieved 21 April 2014.

10 External links

The FIH Fdration Internationale de Hockey (In-ternational Hockey Federation) the games inter-national governing body

FIH Rules of Hockey 2006 (pdf le)

FIH Rules of Hockey 200708 (pdf le)

FIH Rules of Hockey 2007/8 Brieng and Guidancefor Umpires (pdf le)

FIH Rules of Hockey 2009 (pdf le)

FIH Rules of Hockey 2013 (pdf le)

http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%2520of%2520Hockey%25202012-interactif.pdfhttp://fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-195549-212772-148180-0-file,00.pdfhttp://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-178064-195282-111129-0-file,00.pdfhttp://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-178064-195282-111129-0-file,00.pdfhttp://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-177698-194916-110316-0-file,00.pdfhttp://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-180280-197498-97418-0-file,00.pdfhttp://www.fihockey.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_Federationhttp://www.fih.ch/en/news-4306-it-s-here-hockey-5-set-to-make-official-debuthttp://www.teamusa.org/USA-Field-Hockey/Features/2011/April/22/Approved-FIH-and-USA-Field-Hockey-protective-eyewear.aspxhttp://www.teamusa.org/USA-Field-Hockey/Features/2011/April/22/Approved-FIH-and-USA-Field-Hockey-protective-eyewear.aspxhttp://assets.teamusa.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename/48247/Rules_Comparisons_2011_v1.0.pdfhttp://www.fih.ch/en/news-4281-executive-board-makes-key-decisions-at-latesthttp://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%2520of%2520Hockey%25202012-interactif.pdfhttp://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%2520of%2520Hockey%25202012-interactif.pdfhttp://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%2520of%2520Hockey%25202012-interactif.pdfhttp://lower.usm.k12.wi.us/special/phy_ed/basic_fh_rules.htmhttp://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-180262-197480-115788-0-file,00.pdfhttp://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Indiahttp://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacyhttp://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%2520hockey#CITEREFFIH_Pitches2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%2520hockey#CITEREFFIH_Pitches2014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_Hockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_Hockeyhttp://greatbritainhockey.co.uk/library-media/documents/Hockey%2520Pitch%2520Basic%2520Info.pdfhttp://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four/Part_I/Chapter_1http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdfhttp://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-180298-197516-38886-258897-custom-item,00.htmlhttp://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubshttp://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/abouthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0182-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%2522Hockey%2522+circle+Teddington&source=bl&ots=L1sdZllpDV&sig=ztRqdfmNq6rFPyN-WLC2AzqjSGs&hl=en&ei=HEDATJfoEcK4jAegoPXRCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%2522Hockey%2522%2520circle%2520Teddington&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%2522Hockey%2522+circle+Teddington&source=bl&ots=L1sdZllpDV&sig=ztRqdfmNq6rFPyN-WLC2AzqjSGs&hl=en&ei=HEDATJfoEcK4jAegoPXRCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%2522Hockey%2522%2520circle%2520Teddington&f=falsehttp://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htmhttp://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.htmlhttp://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.htmlhttp://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.htmlhttp://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%2520of%2520Hockey%25202012-interactif.pdfhttp://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/194578-hockey-is-not-indias-national-game-sports-ministryhttp://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/http://fieldhockey.isport.com/fieldhockey-guides/history-of-field-hockeyhttp://fieldhockey.isport.com/fieldhockey-guides/history-of-field-hockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(field_hockey)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_pitchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_pitchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2014_Summer_Youth_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_9shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_field_hockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Ismail_Hockey_Tournament

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13

New hockey laws ended Indias rule, Times of In-dia , 27 February2010 summary of some historicalrule changes

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/New-hockey-laws-ended-Indias-rule/articleshow/5623020.cms

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14 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

Field hockey Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20hockey?oldid=641591973 Contributors: Derek Ross, Mav, Bryan Derksen,Robert Merkel, Jeronimo, Jagged, Deb, SimonP, Heron, Michael Hardy, Gabbe, Matthewmayer, Ixfd64, Zeno Gantner, Ee79, Egil, Docu,Darkwind, Andres, Wik, IceKarma, Tpbradbury, Ed g2s, Prisonblues, PuzzletChung, Sjorford, Paul W, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Moriori,PBS, RedWolf, Moondyne, Chris Roy, Yosri, Hemanshu, Hadal, Nerval, Hig Herteneurst, Bbx, Dmn, SimonMayer, Bob Palin, Yama,Nichalp, Tom harrison, Braffit, Everyking, Jfdwolff, Ezhiki, Daveb, Gzornenplatz, Bobblewik, Ragib, Toby Woodwark, Lvr, Utcursch,Alexf, Sonjaaa, Quadell, Iceager, MacGyverMagic, OwenBlacker, Icairns, Sam Hocevar, Dougalc, Vsb, Picapica, Imroy, Ultratomio, Dis-cospinster, Guanabot, RuiMalheiro, Pmsyyz, Jpk, Arthur Holland, Paul August, ESkog, Ground, Aecis, MBisanz, Sfahey, Art LaPella,Barcex, Jpgordon, Bobo192, TheProject, 3mta3, Pschemp, Idleguy, MPerel, Alansohn, Gary, Vslashg, SlaveToTheWage, Neonumbers,Linmhall, Lectonar, Mysdaao, Snowolf, Marianocecowski, Velella, Yuckfoo, Bonzo, Scott Gall, Gene Nygaard, Adrian.benko, Sam Vimes,Woohookitty, Camw, Oliphaunt, Miss Madeline, Tabletop, Staphylococcus, Gruguuru, Isnow, Junes, Prashanthns, Youngamerican, Gra-ham87, Ketiltrout, Jake Wartenberg, DeadlyAssassin, Rillian, Vegaswikian, Durin, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, Speculation, Nihiltres,Danlor, MacRusgail, Gurch, KFP, EronMain, Chobot, Bgwhite, Daveblack, The Rambling Man, Wavelength, Sceptre, Deeptrivia, Jimp,RussBot, Diliff, SpuriousQ, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Wimt, Nunners, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Hawkeye7, Wiki alf, Trovatore, Dureo,Nick, Wolbo, 93JC, Ally G, Alex43223, Noah044, Lcmortensen, Tachyon01, Nlu, David Underdown, Tetracube, Sandstein, Yahoo, Chaseme ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Theda, Opoudjis, GraemeL, Smurrayinchester, Groyolo, Sarge99, SmackBot, Classiclms, Cubs Fan, Nickst,

Kintetsubuffalo, Sam Pointon, Edgar181, Mtahir, AxelHarvey, Gilliam, Skizzik, Moonlight Mile, Cs-wolves, Rmosler2100, Schmiteye,Chris the speller, Kurykh, Keegan, Geneb1955, Rex Germanus, MK8, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Loepie92, Goldnger820, Afasmit, Robth,Daguero, Konstable, Theilert, Famine, Zsinj, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, WorldWide Update, OrphanBot, Onorem, VMS Mosaic,New World Man, Legendman, Kingdon, Locoblade, Jared, Dreadstar, Salt Yeung, Kotjze, Cdlw93, Where, Kukini, Kuzaar, Stuart White,SashatoBot, Esrever, Khazar, John, Someone97531, Accurizer, Interestingstuffadder, Aleenf1, IronGargoyle, RomanSpa, Alec.N, Xi-aphias, TastyPoutine, MAG1, Ryulong, Andrwsc, Avant Guard, Autonova, Paukrus, Tawkerbot, PaulGS, BranStark, Ossipewsk, Iridescent,Driver51, Stpaul, JoeBot, Shoeofdeath, J Di, R, Naturevsnurture, SweetNeo85, CapitalR, Lucy-marie, Givern, Jamesnp, -JP-, Courcelles,Dontknow123, Kassynena92, Tawkerbot2, CmdrObot, Rorshacma, TimothyHorrigan, Kevin McE, Hakluyt bean, CWY2190, M&m89,Dgw, Halbared, WeggeBot, Neelix, Tim M, Handmedown, Cydebot, Ahmansoor, Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, Martin ZigZag, Jeremy68,Odie5533, Daveindc, Omicronpersei8, PamD, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Felix Portier, N5iln, Marek69, John254, Dkin, 25162995, James086,JustAGal, Frtzw906, Vaniac, Jmc wiki, AntiVandalBot, P.K.Niyogi, Seaphoto, QuiteUnusual, Shirt58, Me666, Prolog, Thirdayparadise,DarkAudit, Hockeyplayer05, Sloaner, Vanjagenije, Sss333, LonTheCleaner, JAnDbot, Husond, Ekabhishek, LurkerofShadows, MER-C,Andonic, Roleplayer, L mac19, R27182818, I heart th 90s, Sinas, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Ted1712, JNW, JamesBWatson,Appraiser, BrianGV, Fieldhockeyfan, Animum, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Vssun, JaGa, Philg88, Wdake, RF75, Patstuart, S3000, Wee-jack48, MartinBot, Anaxial, Kostisl, CommonsDelinker, Makswel, Leyo, Oopie, Huzzlet the bot, Paranomia, J.delanoy, Captain panda,Pharaoh of the Wizards, DandyDan2007, Bogey97, Gzkn, McSly, Rob4NCC, Skier Dude, Mrceleb2007, HiLo48, NewEnglandYankee,

SJP, Jeffbriggs04, Purplesugar, Jrcla2, TottyBot,Cometstyles, Jamesontai, Rememberthe dot, OsirisV, Num1dgen,Useight, Zzzaaaccchhh,Xiahou, Fbarton, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Ts yyc, Deor, VolkovBot, CWii, Thomas.W, Jeff G., Soliloquial, Mithrandir1967, Jacroe, PhilipTrueman, Drunkenmonkey, TXiKiBoT, JayC, Hockeylegend, Lradrama, Fathkr, LeaveSleaves, Raymondwinn, Ihatehockey, SheffGruff,Catneven, Motmit, Gdupasqu, Df747jet, Roxya, Falcon8765, Sylent, Mok9, Twigus, SieBot, StAnselm, Rambos Revenge, RJaguar3,Yintan, M.thoriyan, Addiscombehockey, Keilana, Sam575, Toddst1, Tiptoety, LibStar, Emily heusgen, CutOffTies, Lightmouse, Yomo-phobe, Dodger67, Iloveej, Anchor Link Bot, Veldin963, Arciall, Imran786pak, Denisarona, Barkjon, Nannymcphee, Atif.t2, Elassint,ClueBot, Fribbler, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Sabbe, EoGuy, Vivewiki, Oblomow, Dpmuk, Franamax, Mild Bill Hiccup,Uncle Milty, CounterVandalismBot, Lpu05bb, LonelyBeacon, 7jones, Les woodland, Coop-rman, On Thermonuclear War, DragonBot,Excirial, Taifarious1, Winston365, Estirabot, Hockeyaddict, Sun Creator, Brownie07, TheRedPenOfDoom, Eustress, Razorame, Rhe-binthas, Mikaey, BOTarate, Thingg, Shj95, Versus22, GrahamDo, Centish, Hwalee76, J matula, Qwfp, I-del-wild, SoxBot III, Egmon-taz, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Ajcheema, Skarebo, PL290, Jacant 2, Addbot, Some jerk on the Internet, Landon1980, AkhtaBot, Hel-lokitty7484, CactusWriter, Cazwilson, Download, Morning277, CarsracBot, Sillyfolkboy, Glane23, Jomunro, Jonoikobangali, Favonian,Pongalongdadong, 5 albert square, Arteyu, Nizil Shah, Mr.Xp, Tide rolls, BrianKnez, Lightbot, Teles, Pleclown, CountryBot, Matt.T,Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Fraggle81, Zagothal, GlowInTheDarkSushi, Velocitas, Tempodivalse, Radiopathy, Jrgen-Michael Glubrecht,AnomieBOT, Kristen Eriksen, 1exec1, Ginyild, Jim1138, Pyrrhus16, Kingpin13, RobertEves92, O-man1c, Caztealwilson, Csgeldhockey,Mechamind90, Frankenpuppy, Leeswoo00, Nheplayer190, Bigpez5, Fatkid714, Xqbot, MonsterWiki, Ali944rana, Bob John33333, Br-god, Johnsmith12321, Mofunzone1150, Capricorn42, Awesome718, Khajidha, 205ywmpq, Lovecriesblood, Wil0527, Kid19, Tad Lin-coln, Grim23, Loganhockey32, Skarl the Drummer, J04n, GrouchoBot, Frankie0607, Nij90, Sophus Bie, Fastesteddie, Thehelpfulbot,Haldraper, Nixn, Mblem1, FrescoBot, Sometung, HJ Mitchell, Eagle4000, Xxehhhxwhtvrxx, Bubblegumpie, Pinethicket, Blaze256,Calmer Waters, Hamtechperson, Hoo man, CHawc, RedBot, Robo Cop, Blindedbtlight, Nirinsanity, Rpt0, Dinamik-bot, Duoduoduo,ThinkEnemies, Minimac, Natalieb23, Mangoshake90, Recnalew, Clemsonfan69, Loire Hockey, Liptakas123, Salvio giuliano, Funkruf,EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96, Heymid, Honeyxox, GoingBatty, CaptRik, RenamedUser01302013, NotAnonymous0, Wikipelli,Kmcnovel, John Cline, Jenks24, Proteinbar, Daniash007, Forestek, Megene, Ireebs95, Access Denied, Styles79, Thehockeysocial, Un-real7, Jensimo29, TyA, Rajiv d, Jgundry12, Wonderwizard, Orange Suede Sofa, Bigshaqdaddy, Rangoon11, NTox, Kamble23, WilliamFuchs, E. Fokker, Harvardhockeygirl, EHBhockey, ClueBot NG, Caitmoy, MelbourneStar, Mr.Straight4ward, Intoronto1125, Satellizer,Trumy, Bak3dskater, Ranjitkct, Billyjoe234567, Neljack, Widr, Tyronefrance, ClasshwJMS, Helpful Pixie Bot, Liamdabomb, Kyle91011,Manella5, Qbgeekjtw, RH20147, Bintish wonder, MollySR, Kangaroopower, MusikAnimal, Megamindpp, Mmarkon, Bill649154, Jay-denpock, Muneeb2000, Michael Barera, Nick5001, Pilotofdoom, Over18needed, Stuartie29, Approved.crab, DPL bot, Fockey1234,Bballman18738, Loriendrew, Fieldhockey56, Dineshkumar.srinivas, Lieutenant of Melkor, 14ladybug14, ClothNapkin, Pratyya Ghosh,DiseaseAction5844, Ahmed brothers, Aleshaf10, Khazar2, Jamshaidshaikh, Mogism, GyaroMaguus, Pothead1238, PeytonIsobella, Lu-gia2453, Jamesbrennan13, SFK2, Jamesx12345, Ehsan Tarar, 93, Karanchugh003, Catgomeow1, KnoxNoelle, MikeTas20, Spackis333,

PinkAmpersand, Rhetoric3300, Followqueen, Tentinator, Goodc468, Aidan-braunz, Kanhakris, ChrisvonSteinbach, Jjpp123, Ashton-mallick, DJFryzy, Sadfweafd, John type au, Tricks123, Lmorrisetcher, W. P. Uzer, Madeleinepeck, Gcummin, Merbear4, Jane J Smit,Wanamakerelaina, Daniimilt, Sydneyskiles, Dodge Charger98, Mads101234, Samantharupp, Adamkonarik, Samsrisahnuv, Kkk official,Pishcal, Benny69, Jimmy Gimmy, MONTYMAN1 and Anonymous: 1107

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%2520hockey?oldid=641591973

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11.2 Images 15

11.2 Images File:Balle_de_hockey_sur_gazon_avec_pice_de_5_francs.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Balle_

de_hockey_sur_gazon_avec_pi%C3%A8ce_de_5_francs.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ClmentBucco-Lechat

File:Brenda256.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Brenda256.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Dimitri Aguero Original artist: Dimitri Aguero

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Fieldhockey_shortcorner_defense.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Fieldhockey_shortcorner_defense.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JMC Wiki

File:Hockey_field_metric.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Hockey_field_metric.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Hockey_eld.svg Original artist: Hockey_eld.svg: User Robert Merkel on en.wikipedia

File:Indiana_(80)_(5028145116).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Indiana_%2880%29_%285028145116%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Indiana (80) Original artist: Cathi Alloway

File:International_Hockey_Federation_map.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/International_Hockey_Federation_map.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:London_1908_Hockey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/London_1908_Hockey.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:M060519_vit_vipers-dragons_0071.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/M060519_vit_vipers-dragons_0071.JPG License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:UVA_field_hockey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/UVA_field_hockey.jpgLicense: CCBY 2.0Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/83850382@N02/11170983334 Original artist: Jack Marion

11.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/https://www.flickr.com/photos/83850382@N02/11170983334http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/UVA_field_hockey.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/M060519_vit_vipers-dragons_0071.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/M060519_vit_vipers-dragons_0071.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/London_1908_Hockey.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/International_Hockey_Federation_map.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/International_Hockey_Federation_map.pnghttps://www.flickr.com/people/23017173@N05https://www.flickr.com/photos/alloway/5028145116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Indiana_%252880%2529_%25285028145116%2529.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Indiana_%252880%2529_%25285028145116%2529.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Robert_Merkelhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hockey_field.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hockey_field.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Hockey_field_metric.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JMC_Wiki&action=edit&redlink=1http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Fieldhockey_shortcorner_defense.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Fieldhockey_shortcorner_defense.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Brenda256.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Pleclownhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Pleclownhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Balle_de_hockey_sur_gazon_avec_pi%25C3%25A8ce_de_5_francs.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Balle_de_hockey_sur_gazon_avec_pi%25C3%25A8ce_de_5_francs.jpg