VYTP Virginia Youth Tobacco Project

VYTPVYTPVirginia Youth Virginia Youth

Tobacco ProjectTobacco Project

Science, Science, for a Tobacco-Free for a Tobacco-Free

VirginiaVirginia

Virginia Youth Tobacco Project

VYTP

• What is the VYTP?

VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco ResearchResearch“Institute Without Walls”“Institute Without Walls”

VYTPVYTP: Our Unique Focus: Our Unique Focus

The Problems Associated with Tobacco Use in Virginiaby Adolescents

Science-based Solutions Tailored Specifically to Vulnerable Individuals and Groups of Youth

Why is that focus so important?

VTSF’s mission: to reduce, on a long-term basis, tobacco use by adolescents

VYTP’s mission: the gathering of scientific forces, and the concentration of minds, on a complex problem, which we can solve only by bringing together expertise from various scientific angles

VYTPVYTP: Our Unique Focus: Our Unique Focus

The Problems Associated with Tobacco Use in Virginiaby Adolescents

Science-based Solutions Tailored Specifically to Vulnerable Individuals and Groups of Youth

The crucial point: VYTP’s coalescence of scientific

expertise would not have happened, and will not be

sustained at current levels of integration, without VTSF’s

mission and resources behind it.


VYTP

• What is VYTP’s relationship to VTSF?

VTSFVTSF

Public Outreach

Mass Media

Special

Events

Research• Research Committee

• Research Consortium

• Contract Management

Health Effects

Addiction/

Prevention

VYTP

UVA Tech VCU GMU JMU

Small Grants

{VYTP Coalition

School and

Community

Programs

Youth Sales Enforcemen

t

W&M


VYTP

• What are our aims?

VYTPVYTP: : Goals of Our ProgramGoals of Our Program• Etiology: Determine the causes of youth tobacco use and progression to nicotine dependence in general and in vulnerable, sub-populations of youth• Research Translation: Foster new, science-based prevention strategies and interventions• Evaluation: Assess and validate the effectiveness of VTSF prevention programs• Policy Analysis: Provide objective research on the costs and benefits of various use-reduction options • Capacity Building: Increase the scope, quality, and integration of Virginia-based youth tobacco use prevention research• Increased Funding: Leverage VTSF funding to attract additional tobacco research funding to Virginia


VYTP

• Who is involved?

VYTP:Researchers and Institutions

• 56 faculty members in• 35 departments, institutes, centers,

and programs at• 6 Virginia universities


• Robert F. Smith, Department of Psychology• Karl J. Fryxell, Department of Biology, Center for

Biomedical Genomics• Alan H. Christenson, Department of Biology, Center

for Biomedical Genomics


• Steven W. Evans, School of Psychology, Human Development Center, Alvin V. Baird Attention and Learning Disabilities Center

• Charles T. Lockett, School of Psychology• Monica J. Reis-Bergan, School of Psychology• Cheryl E.P. Talley, School of Psychology• Zewelanji N. Serpell, Alvin V. Baird Attention and

Learning Disabilities Center


• Peggy S. Meszaros, Department of Human Development, Center for Information Technology Impacts on Children, Youth, and Families

• Kay Castagnoli, Department of Chemistry• Neal Castagnoli, Department of Chemistry,

Harvey W. Peters Research Center• Helen Crawford, Department of Psychology• Fred C. Piercy, Department of Human

Development


• Richard J. Bonnie, School of Law• Ruth G. Bernheim, Institute for Practical Ethics• Victor E. Bovbjerg, Department of Health Evaluation

Sciences• Gerald L. Clore, Department of Psychology• Bruce P. Dembling, Department of Health Evaluation

Sciences • Martha Derthick, Department of Government• Pamela A. Kulbok, Graduate School of Nursing• Marian Moore, Darden School of Business

Administration• Michael J. Moore, Darden School of Business

Administration• Hyekyun Rhee, Department of Nursing


• Joshua A. Burk, Department of Psychology• Robert C. Barnet, Department of Psychology• Pamela S. Hunt, Department of Psychology,

Interdisciplinary Studies in Neuroscience• Todd Mooradian, School of Business Administration • Lisa Szykman, School of Business Administration


• Robert L. Balster, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Psychology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies

• Faye C. Belgrave, Department of Psychology• Xiangning Chen, Department of Psychiatry • Robert Cohen, Department of Psychiatry,

Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies • M. Imad Damaj, Department of Pharmacology and

Toxicology • Earl Dowdy, Office of Vice President for Research,

Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies

• Lindon J. Eaves, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics

• Thomas E. Eissenberg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory

• Elizabeth A. Fries, Department of Psychology, Massey Cancer Center

• Deborah L. Haller, Departments of Anesthesiology, Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, and Psychology, VCU

• Kenneth S. Kendler, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics

• J. Randy Koch, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Division of Addiction Psychiatry

• Julie A. Linker, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies

• Billy R. Martin, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Drug Abuse Research

• Donna R. Miles, Department of Human Genetics• Michael F. Miles, Department of Pharmacology and

Toxicology • Roy W. Pickens, Office of Vice President for Research,

Department of Psychiatry• Laura E. Plybon, Department of Psychology, Institute

for African American Mental Health• Carol A. Prescott, Department of Psychiatry

• Ramesh Ramakrishnan, Department of Biostatistics • Joseph K. Ritter, Department of Pharmacology and

Toxicology • Susan E. Robinson, Department of Pharmacology and

Toxicology• Judy L. Silberg, Department of Human Genetics • Brian Smith, Department of Psychology• Ilene Speizer, Department of Preventive Medicine and

Community Health• Samy Uguy, Department of Psychology • Jenny L. Wiley, Department of Pharmacology and

Toxicology • Diane Baer Wilson, Department of Internal Medicine,

Division of Quality Health Care

VYTP:Researchers and Institutions

• 56 faculty members • 35 departments, institutes, centers,

and programs at• 6 Virginia universities


VYTP

• What are we doing?

VYTP: Organizational VYTP: Organizational Accomplishments to DateAccomplishments to Date

• Establishment of VYTP Administrative Core: VYTP Principal Investigators Roy W. Pickens and Robert L. Balster laid plans for the overall project and hired an Executive Director (Earl Dowdy) and a Coalition Director (Randy Koch) to oversee operations.

• Sub-awards to Coalition Members: VYTP recruited senior researchers at George Mason University, James Madison Univeristy, the University of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Tech to establish research programs.

• Small Grants Program: VYTP issued a Request for Applications for a program of small grants (averaging about $37,000 each) to encourage new researchers to join the VYTP team, to form research collaborations, and to conduct pilot studies that can be used to attract additional outside funding. Based on review by a scientific panel, six projects have been selected, and contracts are pending.

• Research Conference: Plans are well underway for a statewide tobacco-research conference, to be held in March 2004, which will bring together researchers from across the state and around the country to exchange information and build knowledge and cooperation

VYTPVYTP: Our Research Program : Our Research Program at a Glanceat a Glance

Basic Research

Applied Research

And EvaluationResearch Translation

Risk Factor Determinations Prevention Interventions

BehavioraBehavioral Geneticsl Genetics

Genetic Genetic EpidemiologEpidemiolog

yy

Neurological and Neurological and Behavioral Behavioral

PharmacologyPharmacologyClinical Clinical

Behavioral Behavioral StudiesStudies

MotivationaMotivational Studiesl Studies

Vulnerable Vulnerable Population Population

StudiesStudies


InterventionInterventionss

Program Program PerformancPerformanc

e and e and Outcome Outcome StudiesStudies

Policy Policy StudiesStudies

Media Media Effects Effects StudiesStudies

ScienceBased

Prevention

VYTP Research: Risk Factor Determinations

• Behavioral genetics and genetic epidemiology of tobacco initiation and dependence, VCU, GMU, W&M, UVA

• Neurological and behavioral pharmacology of nicotine, GMU, W&M, VCU

• Characteristics of tobacco vulnerable populations, JMU, VA Tech, VCU

• Clinical behavioral investigation, VCU, JMU

VYTP Research: Prevention Interventions

• Individual motivation regarding tobacco use, JMU, UVA, VA Tech, VCU

• Tobacco prevention media effects, UVA, W&M• Tobacco control policies, UVA, VCU• Prevention programs’ performance and

outcomes, VCU• Interventions targeted at specific tobacco

vulnerable populations, JMU, VA Tech, VCU

VYTP: Research Collaboration & Translation (P=project; X=collaboration) GMUGMU JMUJMU UVAUVA VCUVCU VTechVTech W&MW&M

Beh GeneticsBeh Genetics PX P PXGenetic EpidemGenetic Epidem PX PX

Pharm-ToxPharm-Tox PX P PXClinical BehaviorClinical Behavior P P P

MotivationMotivation PX PX PX P PXPolicyPolicy PX PX PX

Vuln Pop StudiesVuln Pop Studies PX P PX PXEvaluationEvaluation P

Vuln Pop IntervenVuln Pop Interven P P PMedia EffectsMedia Effects PX PX

Virginia Tech Component:Virginia Tech Component:

“Psychosocial Risk Factors and “Psychosocial Risk Factors and Prevention StrategiesPrevention Strategies

for Adolescent Female Smokersfor Adolescent Female Smokersin Virginia”in Virginia”

PI: Peggy S. MeszarosPI: Peggy S. MeszarosWilliam E. Lavery Professor of Human DevelopmentWilliam E. Lavery Professor of Human Development

Director, Center for Information Technology Impacts on Children, Director, Center for Information Technology Impacts on Children, Youth, and FamiliesYouth, and Families

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Virginia Tech Component: GoalsVirginia Tech Component: Goals

• Identify the risk and protective factors Identify the risk and protective factors influencing smoking behavior in female influencing smoking behavior in female adolescents in Virginia.adolescents in Virginia.

• Identify effective quitting strategies for Identify effective quitting strategies for female adolescents.female adolescents.

• Catalog effective program interventions Catalog effective program interventions that focus on female adolescent smokers that focus on female adolescent smokers and develop a framework of best and develop a framework of best practices.practices.

Virginia Tech Component: MethodsVirginia Tech Component: Methods

• A literature review on female smoking

• Data analysis using the Virginia Adolescent Resiliency Assessment data base.

• A compilation of best practices for prevention programs.

Virginia Tech Component: FindingsVirginia Tech Component: Findings• Analysis of the data from the Virginia Adolescent Resiliency

Assessment (VARA) • Examined multiple ecological factors (individual, family, peer, school,

and community) associated with female adolescent former smokers (FS) and current smokers (CS) in a sample of 2,029 7th-12th grade girls

• FS reported (compared to CS)– lower levels of delinquency– less coping by taking drugs– less availability of cigarettes– less alcohol and marijuana use– less depression– fewer suicidal thoughts and fewer suicide attempts– more time in community clubs– higher self-esteem– higher grades– more parental monitoring– more parent attachment and more school attachment

• Logistical regression analyses revealed significant differences between CS and FS in their coping by taking drugs, alcohol use, depression, grades, parental monitoring, and perceived availability of cigarettes

Virginia Tech Component: PlansVirginia Tech Component: Plans

• Interview 75 high school sophomore girls and college women who are participating in the National Science Foundation funded study entitled “ITR/PE Women in Information Technology: Pivotal Transitions From School to Careers” about their decision making and smoking behavior.

• Analyze data from these interviews.• Evaluate sensory gating and frontal lobe functioning among

age and socio-economically matched female adolescents, in collaboration with colleagues Helen Crawford, of the Department of Psychology (VA Tech), and Neal and Kay Castignoli, of the Department of Chemistry (VA Tech).

• Publications – 5 journal articles submitted and currently under review.

• Grant application in the works.

University of Virginia ComponentUniversity of Virginia Component

“Working Group“Working Groupon Youth-Centeredon Youth-Centered

Tobacco Policy Research”Tobacco Policy Research”

PI: Richard J. BonniePI: Richard J. BonnieJohn S. Battle Professor of LawJohn S. Battle Professor of Law

Director, Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public PolicyDirector, Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public PolicyThe University of VirginiaThe University of Virginia

University of Virginia Component: AimsUniversity of Virginia Component: Aims

• Foster policy research capability that is trans-disciplinary, and relevant to the needs of Virginia.

• Clarify the normative issues in tobacco control, especially regarding laws and policies intended to prevent smoking among young people.

• Establish the foundation for and initiate policy-related empirical studies, relating to tobacco use among youth.

University of Virginia Component: University of Virginia Component: MethodsMethods

• Biweekly tobacco policy research colloquium. – Eight participating faculty – from the Schools of Law, Business,

Nursing, Arts and Sciences, and Medicine• Richard J. Bonnie, School of Law• Ruth G. Bernheim, Institute for Practical Ethics• Victor E. Bovbjerg, Department of Health Evaluation Sciences• Gerald L. Clore, Department of Psychology• Martha Derthick, Department of Government• Pamela A. Kulbock, Graduate School of Nursing• Marian Moore, Darden School of Business Administration• Michael J. Moore, Darden School of Business Administration

– 14 sessions over the course of the academic year; discussed a wide range of issues; laid plans for several empirical studies

University of Virginia Component: University of Virginia Component: MethodsMethods

• “Retailer Compliance Study”• “Enforcement of the Tobacco Master

Settlement Agreement: A New Paradigm?”• “The Role of Emotion in Youths’ Reactions to

Tobacco Counter-Advertising”• “Relation between Tobacco Policy and

Smoking-Induced Low Birthweight”• “Protective Factors and Youth Nonsmoking

Behavior”

University of Virginia Component: University of Virginia Component: VYTP Small GrantsVYTP Small Grants

• “Youth Tobacco Control Policy Research: Behavioral and Biological Factors”

– PI: Bruce P. Dembling, Senior Research Scientist, UVA Department of Health Evaluation Sciences

• “Protective Factors and Youth Nonsmoking Behavior”

– PI: Pamela A. Kulbok, Associate Professor, UVA School of Nursing

The College of William & Mary: The College of William & Mary: VYTP’s Newest Partner InstitutionVYTP’s Newest Partner Institution

• “Adolescent Nicotine and Alcohol Administration and Cognition,” a VYTP small grants research program– Joshua A. Burk, PI, Department of Psychology, W&M – Robert C. Barnet, Department of Psychology, W&M– Pamela S. Hunt, Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary

Studies in Neuroscience, W&M– Robert F. Smith, Department of Psychology, GMU

• “The Role of Emotion in Youths’ Reactions to Tobacco Counter-Advertising,” a research spin off of VYTP’s UVA Working Group – Marian Moore, Darden School of Business Administration, UVA– Todd Mooradian, School of Business Administration, W&M – Lisa Szykman, School of Business Administration, W&M

VYTP:VYTP:a burgeoning of collaborationa burgeoning of collaborationacross Virginia universitiesacross Virginia universities

• The two just mentioned, which involve W&M working with GMU and UVA

• “Protective Factors for Tobacco Use Among African American Adolescents.” JMU and VCU

• “Youth Tobacco Control Policy Research: Behavioral and Biological Factors.” UVA and VCU

• “Protective Factors and Youth Nonsmoking Behavior.” UVA and VCU

• Secondary statistical analysis of databases on youth tobacco use. VA Tech and VCU

• Small grants review panel. VCU, GMU, JMU, UVA, and VA Tech – along with people from Johns Hopkins, the VA Dept. of Health, and from the VTSF staff

VTYP: leveraging an already VTYP: leveraging an already existing cadre of facultyexisting cadre of faculty

• Tapping Virginia-based university expertise in tobacco research– Faculty with proven track records in securing

funding from NIH and private foundations– Scientists participating in and representing

national and international networks of research excellence, e.g. TERN

• Attracting young faculty and students hungry to establish themselves in an important arena of research

VYTP: Scientific VYTP: Scientific Accomplishments to DateAccomplishments to Date

• Established and began work on more than two dozen research projects in 10 areas of tobacco use and prevention

• Published 26 scientific journal articles and conference presentations in the first year of program funding

Some FindingsSome Findingsfrom VYTP Researchfrom VYTP Research

• Twin studies show smoking is highly influenced by genetics– 75% for smoking initiation– 80% for regular smoking– 60% for nicotine dependence

• Smokeless tobacco use is, conversely, more influenced by peers than by genes

• Different genes appear to influence smoking cigarettes vs. cigars and pipes

(from work by Ken Kendler and his colleagues at VCU)


• Candidate gene and gene expression studies have produced some interesting leads– specific genes – ones related to nicotine’s analgesic

effects in both mice and humans – appear to affect the development of nicotine dependence

– nicotine activates genes in the brain prefrontal cortex in ways similar to alcohol

– nicotine may interfere with brain development in young animals by suppressing the production of certain proteins

(from work by Ken Kendler, Billy Martin, and their colleagues at VCU)


• Pharmacological and toxicological studies suggest interesting differences between young and older animals and between males and females– young male mice appear to metabolize nicotine faster

than do young females and older mice of either sex– young female mice are twice as sensitive to the acute

analgesic effects of nicotine than are young males and older mice of either sex

(from work by Billy Martin and his colleagues at VCU)


• Young women report in focus groups that they start smoking and continue smoking for a number of reasons– to fit in with friends– to fight boredom– to make boyfriends like them– to cope with stress– to feel good– to stop themselves from eating

• These young female smokers were also more likely than non-smokers to say– they feel fat– they have recently binged on food– they have fasted or skipped two consecutive meals– they have used laxatives or diuretics to lose weight

(from research by Monica Reis-Bergen at JMU)

Youth Tobacco Evaluation Project: Youth Tobacco Evaluation Project: ProgressProgress

• Long participant surveys– Pre-tests: 15471

– Post-tests: 11467• Brief Participant Survey (4th-5th): 5217• Instructor surveys: 418 • Logs (session and program): 509 • Parent surveys: 920 • Parent & Family Participant Survey: 183

YTEP: ProgressYTEP: Progress

• For the first round of data collection (nearly complete)– Designed the evaluation, developed the tools, and

trained grantees– Worked with grantees on implementation– Currently data are being logged, entered, cleaned and

analyzed.– Preparing reports and statistical analyses for round 1

data

YTEP: ProgressYTEP: Progress

• For the second round of data collection(just beginning)– revised and simplified entire evaluation scheme based on

data and grantee feedback from round 1– Updated website www.tobaccoevaluation.vcu.edu– Currently sending tools and working with grantees on

timing of evaluation.

Figure 7. Mean Tobacco-Related Knowledege Reported in Pre- and Post-Test Survey in Linked Sample, YTEP, 2002-2003

1

2

3

4

5

Mea

n va

lue

(1-5

sca

le)

Pre (%)

Post (%)

Significance:+ p<.10; * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

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Per

cen

tag

e

Instructor Would Recommend Program

disagree

neutral

agree

strongly agree

My child learned important information

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Life Skills

Training

Al's Pals Here's Looking

at You

SMART Leaders Heart Power Too Good for

Drugs II

Keep a Clear

Mind

First Choice Positive Action Prime Time Star Kids

Program

Perc

ent o

f Par

ents Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

VYTPVYTP: : Medium to Long Term Medium to Long Term Scientific ObjectivesScientific Objectives

• More thorough understanding of the neural-biological and behavioral substrates of adolescent tobacco dependence

• High precision indicators of particular individual and group vulnerabilities

• Validated, customized, and practical interventions, to help young people resist formation of the tobacco habit, or find the will to quit

• More extensive, subtle, and precise understanding of how to create media and educational materials that work in preventing youth tobacco use

• More reliable and objective understanding of the costs and benefits associated with various government policy interventions regarding youth tobacco use

VYTPVYTP: : Medium to Long Term Medium to Long Term Organizational Objectives Organizational Objectives

• Funding secured from non-VTSF sources, so that VTSF over time supplies a diminishing share of our needs– $2M NIDA grant submitted to extend VYTP work in genetic

epidemiology at VCU – As preliminary data becomes available this Fall, three other NIH

grant submissions are expected, including a major center grant at VCU to study gene expression and neuropharmacology associated with adolescent tobacco use and dependence

– At least two NIDA training grant submissions are in the works, to support young investigators

– VA Tech team plans to seek funds from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to support their research on adolescent female smoking

• Permanent establishment of a national model program in Virginia for state tobacco prevention research– Comprehensive coverage of the youth tobacco problem– High degree of trans-disciplinary research integration, that fosters

research translation, and practical, science-based solutions

VYTPVYTP: : The Whole is More than the Sum of the Parts

Basic Research

Applied Research

And EvaluationResearch Translation

Risk Factor Determinations Prevention Interventions

BehavioraBehavioral Geneticsl Genetics

Genetic Genetic EpidemiologEpidemiolog

yy

Neurological and Neurological and Behavioral Behavioral

PharmacologyPharmacologyClinical Clinical

Behavioral Behavioral StudiesStudies

MotivationaMotivational Studiesl Studies


StudiesStudies


InterventionInterventionss

Program Program PerformancPerformanc

e and e and Outcome Outcome StudiesStudies

Policy Policy StudiesStudies

Media Media Effects Effects StudiesStudies

ScienceBased

Prevention

The VYTP Today: The VYTP Today: A Scientific Research OrganizationA Scientific Research Organization

at Full Throttleat Full Throttle

Science, for a

Tobacco-Free Virginia

The Virginia Youth

Tobacco Project

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VYTP Virginia Youth Tobacco Project

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