W & E Graphic Notes

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Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –

Abrasion –

Frost Wedging –

Plants –

Exfoliation -

Chemical –

Carbonation – Oxidation – Hydration – Plant Acids – Acid Rain -

=

Types of Weathering


Results in: Sediments (ESRT pg 6) Dissolved Minerals Soil (pg ) Erosion (pg )

Weathering

4 things that help:

My Definition of Weathering

Water


Rates of

Weathering

Climate

Rock Type

Exposure

Particle Size Or

Surface Area

FAST SLOW


Formation of Caverns (Karst Topography)

Solution Caves - formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone

(calcium carbonate), dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate), gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) and salt (halite). For the purpose of this lesson we will use limestone as our host rock. However, the conditions are basically the same for other soluble rocks.

Label your diagram and explain how caves form in limestone!

What are some of the features found in caverns?


Sketch Big Ideas and Details

1 2 3 4

SOIL FORMATION – Read the information and fill out the table below.


Soil formation is the process by which rocks are broken down into progressively smaller

particles and mixed with decaying organic material, known as humus. Bedrock begins to

disintegrate as it is subjected to freezing-thawing cycles, rain, and other environmental forces (I).

The rock breaks down into parent material, which in turn breaks into smaller mineral particles(II).

The organisms in an area contribute to soil formation by facilitating the disintegration process as

they live and adding organic matter to the system when they die. As soil continues to develop,

layers called horizons form (III). The A horizon, nearest the surface, is usually richer in organic

matter, while the lowest layer, the C horizon, contains more minerals and still looks much like the

parent material. The soil will eventually reach a point where it can support a thick cover of

vegetation and cycle its resources effectively (IV). At this stage, the soil may feature a B horizon,

where leached minerals collect.

In a fully developed soil profile the top layer is called topsoil. Topsoil is generally gray to

black in color and usually contains humus. Humus is organic material that forms from decayed

plant and animal materials.

The layer under the topsoil is called the subsoil. The subsoil is usually red or brown from

iron oxides that formed in the topsoil layer. Leaching is the removal of minerals in the topsoil by

water that is filtering down through the soil which results in iron oxides being in the subsoil. The

subsoil also contains clay that has washed down from the topsoil. Below the subsoil there is

partially weathered rock and below that unweathered bedrock.

One of the most important factors affecting soil composition is climate. In an area where

the climate is warm and wet soil development is fast and soil profiles are deep.


Definition:

Driving Force:

Transported Sediment =

Residual Sediment =


Deposition or what goes up must come down

Wind Deposits

Water Deposits

Factors affecting Deposition:

Vertical Sorting -

Horizontal Sorting


Erosional/Depostional SystemsErosional/Depostional SystemsErosional/Depostional SystemsErosional/Depostional Systems

RIVERS


Continental Glacier

Alpine Glacier

GLACIERS Features:

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W & E Graphic Notes

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