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PRONUNCIATION

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hallow

Hallowe'en definitions

Origin of nameThe wordHalloween is first found in the 16th century andrepresents a Scottish variant of the fullerAll-Hallows-Even("evening"), that is, the night beforeAll Hallows Day

Although the phraseAll Hallows is found in Old English (ealra hlgena mssedg,mass-day of all saints),All-Hallows-Evenis itself not found until 1556

Youtubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw8pcxE6U9k&feature=related

SYMBOLS

JACK-O'-LANTERNSnKobe,Japan (Jack o linternas)

Development ofartifactsandsymbolsassociated withHalloween formed over time. For instance, the carving of

jack-o'-lanterns springs from thesoulingcustom of carvingturnipsinto lanterns as a way of remembering thesoulsheldinpurgatory.The turnip has traditionally been used inIreland and Scotland at Halloween,but immigrants to North

America used the nativepumpkin, which are both readilyavailable and much largermaking them easier to carvethan turnips. The American tradition ofcarving pumpkins(esculpir calabazas) is recorded in 1837and was originallyassociated with harvest time in general, not becomingspecifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late

19th century.

Theimageryof Halloween is derived from many sources, including national customs,works ofGothicandhorrorliterature (such as the novelsFrankensteinandDracula),and classic horror films (such asFrankensteinandThe Mummy). Among the earliestworks on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poetJohn Maynein 1780, who madenote ofpranks (bromas) at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as thesupernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencingRobert Burns'

Halloween1785. Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, cornhusks, andscarecrows,(espantapjaros) are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with thesetypes of symbols around Halloween.

Halloween imagery includes themes ofdeath,evil, theoccult, or mythicalmonsters.

Black and orange are the holiday's traditional colors.

Trick-or-treating and guising

Main article:Trick-or-treating

Trick-or-treating inSweden (me das algo o te la lo)

USEFUL

WORDS

Bat: murcilago

Bones: huesos

Broom: escoba

Candy: dulce

Cauldron: caldera

Cemetery: cementer

Coffin: atad

Costume: ropa

Creepy: trepar

Frightening: miedo

Ghost: espritu

Goblin: copa

Haunted: embrujada

Jack-O-LanternLuz en calabaza

Magic

Mummy: momia

Owl: mochuelo

Party: fiesta

Pie: pastel

Potion: pocin

Pumpkin: calabaza

Scary: de miedo

Scream: chillar

Shadow: sombra

Skeleton: esqueleto

Skull: calavera

Spell: mgico

Spider: culebra

Spirits: espritus

Spooky: de miedosuperstition

to carve: labrar

to hollow out: agujer

Tombstone: tumba

Treat: donativo

Trick: pega

Vampire: vampiro

Warlock: brujo

Werewolf: hom lobo

Witch: bruja

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Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costumefrom house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question,"Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) "threat" to perform mischief on thehomeowners or their property if no treat is given. In some parts of Scotland children still goguising. In this custom the child performs some sort of trick, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story,to earn their treats.

The practice of dressing up in costumes and begging door to door for treats on holidays dates back

to theMiddle Agesand includesChristmaswassailing. Trick-or-treating resembles the latemedieval practice ofsouling, when poor folk would go door to door onHallowmas(November 1),receiving food in return for prayers for the dead onAll Souls' Day(November 2). It originated inIreland and Britain, although similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south asItaly.Shakespearementions the practice in his comedyThe Two Gentlemen of Verona(1593),when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas."

In Scotland and Ireland, Guisingchildren disguised (disfrazados)in costume going from doorto door for food or coinsis a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland atHalloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped outturnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. The practise of Guising at

Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper inKingston, Ontarioreported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.

American historian and authorRuth Edna Kelleyof Massachusetts wrote the first book lengthhistory of the holiday in the U.S; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the

chapter "Hallowe'en in America";

The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions,and hold a Scotch party, usingBurn'spoemHallowe'en as aguide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no customthat was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.

HALLOWEEN IN YONKERS, NY, OCTOBER, 2011

In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans havefostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its bestdays overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted fromthose of other countries"

While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritualbegging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in1920.

The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, fromBlackie, Alberta,Canada:

Halloween provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to

the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of whichdecorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible

plunder by the word trick or treat to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers

away rejoicing.

The thousands ofHalloween postcardsproduced between the turn of the 20th century and the1920s commonly show children but do not depict trick-or-treating. The editor of a collection ofover 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [oftrick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were

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printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts areshown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them".Trick-or-treating does notseem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of theterm in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.

COSTUMES

Main article:Halloween costume (ropajes)

People dressing in Halloween Costumes inDublin.

Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters,ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, the costume selection extended to includepopular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.

Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Scotland at Halloween by the late19th century.Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th

century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appearedin stores in the 1930s whentrick-or-treatingwas becoming popular in the United States.

Halloweencostume partiesgenerally fall on, or around, 31 October, often falling on the Friday orSaturday prior to Halloween.

UNICEF

Main article:Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF

"Trick-or-Treat forUNICEF" has become a common sight

during Halloween in North America. Started as a local eventin a NortheastPhiladelphianeighborhood in 1950 andexpanded nationally in 1952, the program involves thedistribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times,

corporate sponsors likeHallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they cansolicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children havecollected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEFdecided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrativeconcerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.

GAMES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES

In this Halloween greeting card from 1904,divinationis depicted: theyoungwoman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes tocatch a glimpse of the face of her future husband.

There are several games traditionally associated with Halloweenparties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, in whichapples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participantsmust use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin .

A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a forkbetween the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple.

Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coatedscones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while

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they remain attached to the string, an activity thatinevitably leads to a very sticky face.

Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms ofdivination. A traditional Scottish form of divining one's futurespouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peelover one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shapeof the first letter of the future spouse's name

Unmarried womenwere told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror onHalloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if theywere destined to die before marriage, askullwould appear. The custom was widespread enoughto be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. Peoplewould write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed inwalnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would

appear on what looked like blank paper.

Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper andplaced on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a pieceof ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included:dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding,umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage,and key-fame.

The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties.Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed atchildren) are commonly aired on or before the holiday, while new horror films are often releasedtheatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere.

HAUNTED ATTRACTIONS

Main article:Haunted attraction

Humoroustombstonesin front of a house innorthern California.

Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractionsare seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, butit is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by theJunior Chamber International(Jaycees) for fundraising. They include haunted houses,corn mazes, andhayrides,[32]and the

level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in theUnited States bring in an estimate $300500 million each year, and draw some 400,000customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached itspeak at that time. This maturing and growth within the industry has led to more technically-advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.

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FOODS

CANDY APPLE

Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest,candy apples(known as toffeeapples outside North America),caramel or taffy applesare common Halloween treats made byrolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.

At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in thewake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins andrazorblades in the apples. While there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have neverresulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices wererampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the fewknown candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.

One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, thepurchase) of abarmbrack(Irish:birn breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, acoin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their

true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition ofking cakeat the festival ofEpiphany.

This section is in a list format that may be betterpresented usingprose. You can help by converting thissection to prose, ifappropriate.Editing helpis available.(September 2011)

List of foods associated with the holiday:

Barmbrack (Ireland)Barmbrack (Irish: birn breac)[1] is a yeasted bread with addedsultanas and raisins.

Usually sold in flattened rounds, it is often served toasted with butteralong with a cup of tea in the afternoon. The dough is sweeter than sandwich bread, but not asrich as cake, and the sultanas and raisins add flavour and texture to the final product. InIreland it is sometimes called Birn Breac, and the term is also used as two words in its morecommon version. This may either be from the Irish word birn - a loaf - and breac - speckled(due to the raisins in it), hence it means a speckled loaf (a similar etymology to the Welsh barabrith). The yeast used was said to be skimmed from the top of fermenting beer and, as beerwould also have been made at this time, this is likely. This suggests an alternative etymology,from the use of barm as just such a yeast. Note that the most common spelling in Ireland isBarmbrack.[citation needed

Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)Bonfire toffee (also known as treacle toffee, cinder toffee, Plot toffee, or Tom Trot) is a hard,

brittle toffee associated with Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night (also known as "Bonfire Night")

in the United Kingdom.[1][2] The toffee tastes very strongly of molasses (black treacle), and

cheap versions can be quite bitter. In Scotland, the treat is known as claggum, with less sweet

versions known as clack.[3] In Wales, the treat is known as loshin du.[4] The flavour is similar to

that of butterscotch, although it is a toffee and never a viscous liquid.[5]

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Candy apples/toffee apples (Scotland & Ireland)Candy appleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Toffee apple)Jump to:navigation, search

"Toffee apple" redirects here. For the album by Australian children's musician Peter Combe,see Toffee Apple (album).

A candy apple or toffee appleCandy apples, also known as toffee apples outside of NorthAmerica, are whole apples covered in a hard sugar candy coating. While the topping variesfrom place to place, they are almost always served with a stick of sorts in the middle makingthem easier to eat. Toffee apples are a common treat at autumn festivals in Western culture inthe Northern Hemisphere, such as Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night because these festivalsfall in the wake of the annual apple harvest.[1] Although candy apples and caramel applesmay seem similar, they are made using distinctly different processes.

Candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)Candy pumpkinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Candy pumpkins)

Jump to: navigation, search

A candy pumpkinA candy pumpkin is a small, pumpkin-shaped, mellowcreme confectionprimarily made from corn syrup, honey, and sugar. Traditionally colored with an orange baseand topped with a green stem[1] to make candy pumpkins largely identifiable with

Halloween,[2] a candy pumpkin is considered a mellow creme by confectioners since thecandy has virtually no oils or fats in it but has a marshmallow flavor.[3] Sometimes calledcandy corn's first cousin,[4] candy pumpkins are made through a starch casting process similarto that for candy corn.[3] Brach's candy pumpkin, known by the trademarked name"Mellowcreme Pumpkin," is the most popular candy pumpkin.[3][5][6] Brach's Confections isnow owned by Farley's & Sathers Candy Company.[

Caramel applesCaramel appleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search

Caramel apple with peanutsCaramel apples or taffy apples are created by dipping or rollingapples-on-a-stick in hot caramel, sometimes then rolling them in nuts or other small savoriesor confections, and allowing them to cool. Generally, they are called caramel apples whenonly caramel is applied and taffy apples for when there are further ingredients such as peanutsapplied.

Caramel corn

Caramel cornFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by addingcitations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December2009)

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Caramel corn, with a scoopCaramel corn is a confection made of popcorn coated with a sugaror molasses based caramel candy shell. Typically a sugar solution or syrup is made and heateduntil it browns and becomes thick, producing a caramelized candy syrup. This hot candy isthen mixed with popped popcorn, and allowed to cool. Sometimes a candy thermometer isused, as making caramel is time-consuming and requires skill to make well without burningthe sugar. The process creates a sweet flavored, crunchy snack food or treat. Some varieties,after coating with the candy syrup, are baked in an oven to crisp the mixture. Mixes of caramelcorn sometimes contain nuts, such as peanuts, pecans, almonds, or cashews.

Colcannon (Ireland)ColcannonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search A pot of freshlymade Colcannon Colcannon recipe on a bag of potatoes (click on thumbnail toread)Colcannon (Irish: cl ceannann, meaning "white-headed cabbage") is a traditional Irishdish mainly consisting of mashed potatoes with kale or cabbage. It is also the name of a songabout the dish.

Novelty candy shaped like skulls,pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. Pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread Roastedpumpkin seeds Roastedsweet corn Soul cakesAROUND THE WORLD

Main article:Halloween around the world

Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of the world, and among those that do thetraditions and importance of the celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditionalHalloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties,while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Masstransatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, andcelebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event isobserved in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic andcommercial elements, has extended to places such asSouth America,Australia,[39]NewZealand,[40]continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[41]

RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVES

See also:All SaintsandSamhain

Christianity

Christianattitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In theAnglican Church, somedioceseshavechosen to emphasize the Christian traditions of All Saints Day,[42][43]while some other Protestantscelebrate the holiday asReformation Day, a day to remember theProtestant Reformation.[44][45]

FatherGabriele Amorth, aVatican-appointedexorcistin Rome, has said, "if English andAmerican children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not aproblem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that." [46]In more recent years, theRoman CatholicArchdiocese of Bostonhas organized a "Saint Fest" on the holiday.[47]Similarly, manycontemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events intheir churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.

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Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secularholiday devoted to celebrating "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians,Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality,and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many oftheir parishioners' heritage.[48]In theRoman Catholic Church, Halloween is viewed as having aChristian connection,[49]and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schoolsthroughout North America and in Ireland.

Some Christians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject the holiday because they feel ittrivializesor celebratespaganism, theoccult, or other practices and cultural phenomenadeemed incompatible with their beliefs.[50]A response among somefundamentalistandconservativeevangelicalchurches in recent years has been the use of "Hell houses", themedpamphlets, or comic-styletractssuch as those created byJack T. Chickin order to make use ofHalloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[47]Some consider Halloween to becompletely incompatible with the Christian faith[51]believing it to have originated as a pagan"Festival of the Dead".

PAGANISM

Celtic NeoPagansconsider the season a holy time of year.[52]Celtic Reconstructionists, and otherswho maintain ancestral customs, make offerings to the gods and the ancestors.[52]

SEE ALSO

List of fiction works about Halloween List of films set around Halloween List of Halloween television specials

All Souls' Day Calan Gaeaf Day of the Dead Devil's Night Ghost Festival Martinisingen Mischief night Samhain

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ikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Halloween_television_specialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Halloweenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fiction_works_about_Halloweenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-LimerickLeader-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-LimerickLeader-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Neopaganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_the_Deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-www.thercg.org-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-www.rcab.org-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_T._Chickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-russo-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween#cite_note-CelticChristians-47