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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 1
Environmental impact indicators and potential applications to food supply
chains
Benoît GABRIELLE
INRA - AgroParisTech Environment and Arable Crops Research Unit
Grignon, France
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 2
Outline of talk
• Environmental impacts: what do we want to assess and why?
• A host of available methods • Applications to production systems and
food chains • Conclusion and challenges ahead
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 3
The world as a bio-refinery ?
Seeking synergies between the biosphere and technosphere to:
• 'Loop the loops'
• Reduce waste outputs
• Minimize adverse environmental impacts
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 4
Environnemental labelling
Proposal for product labelling according to the 'Grenelle' Environment round table in France(Erns & Young, 2009)
Overall score
Wildlife
Natural resources
Climate
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 5
What is environmental performance ?
• One of the sustainability criteria for agricultural systems and food supply chains
• May be achieved by minimizing impacts per 'unit function' of a given system:– Biomass (food) output ? – Hectare of cultivated land ?– Number of employees ?– Other ecosystem services ? (eg, landscape
quality, biodiversity)
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 6
Example: energy optimum for wheat yields
Here, the performance indicator is the amount of fossile energy expended per ton of wheat grains.
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 7
From management practices to environmental impacts
Practices StateEmissions Impacts
Fertilizer N inputs
Catch crop
Manure management
Nitrate leaching
NH3 emissions
N2O emissions
Groundwater pollution ,
Atmospheric N deposition
Enhanced greenhouse effect
Human health
Eutrophication
Biodiversity loss
Climate change
Depletion of natural resources
Source: C. Bockstaller
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 8
The 'indicator industry' (Y. Rydin, LSE)
CASDAR PLAGE
Source: F. Vertès, INRA Rennes
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 9
A typology based on the systems and functions assessed
• Chains/end-products: life-cycle assessment, ecological footprint, food-miles
• Production site (incl. Agricultural farm): 'Carbon Budget' (ADEME), PLANETE, DEAG...
• Field/landcape-scale: agri-environmental indicators, biophysical models, monitoring of proximate impact variables
• … and all possible combinations depending on the particular objectives at hand!
Life Cycle Assessment for biofuel (or food) chainsLife Cycle Assessment for biofuel (or food) chains
Goal and scope Goal and scope definitiondefinition
Inventory of Inventory of extractions and extractions and
emissionsemissions
Impact assessmentImpact assessment
Uncertaintyanalysis
Interpre-tation
Agricultural inputs
agricultural production conversiondistribution/storage combustion
system boundary
IndicatorIndicatori i ==ΣΣjj(substance(substance j j xx factor factori,ji,j))
Source: C. Bessou
(ISO standards 14040)
Environment
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 11
Main purposes of LCA
• Chain optimization – Detection of 'hot-spots', and mitigation– Eco-design
• Strategic planning • Decision support in public policies• Marketing (labelling)
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 12
Application to agricultural products
A broad range of environmental impacts :
CO2
Water bodies
NO3P
Fertilizers PesticidesManure
Soil
Soil organicmatter
N2O, CH
4,
NH3, NO,Pesticides
Eutrophication
Global warming
Air pollution
Pesticides,Trace contaminants
Acidification
Human health
Ecotoxicity
Depletion of resources
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 13
Outline of talk
• Environmental impacts: what do we want to assess and why?
• A host of available methods • Applications to production systems and
food chains • Conclusion and challenges ahead
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 14
Past examples(not comprehensive!)
• Whole-chain approaches– Bio-energy chains, green chemistry products
– Management of organic waste (urban waste composts)
– Food supply chains (organic bread)
• 'Step-by-step' approach– Changes in pesticide products, fertilizer management
• Systems approach– Cropping systems (organic, integrated pest management –
FAL Agroscope, Switzerland)
– Cattle and swine farming, aquaculture (eg, INRA Rennes)
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 15
Example 1: Production of pig meat
(C. Basset-Mens and H. van der Werf, INRA Rennes)
• 1. Good agricultural practices (GAP) (aka conventional)
• 2. Red Label (RL) (« Porc fermier Label Rouge »)
• 3. Organic Farming (OA)
Overall goal: comparison of 3 production scenarios:
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 16
The pig production systemAnimal feed, pig meat
Fertilizers, machinery, pesticides
Production of soybean, sunflower, sugarcane (overseas)
Fuel and electricity
Production of oilseed rape and
sugar-beet (France)
wheat, corn, barley, pea, and
triticale (Brittany)
Production fo pulps et cakes
Production of feed
Mineral supplements
Storage of manure
Production of piglets
Production of piglets
Production de charcutiers
Hogs End-product
Production of cakes and molasses
Fuel and electricity
Diapo: Hayo van der Werf
Atelier 'animal'
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 17
Contribution of system components, hectare basis
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
B L A B L A B L A B L A B L A
Production de litière
Construction desbâtiments
Production cultures etaliments
Compostage
Productionsevrage/vente
Production porcelets
B= Bonnes pratiques agricoles; L= Label Rouge; A=Agriculture Biologique
Eutrophi-sation
Changement climatique
Acidifica-tion
Toxicité terrestre
Utilisation d'énergie
B: Good agric. Practices L: Red Label A: Organic farming
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 18
Normalized impacts (per kg of meat)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Eutrophication
Climate change
Acidification
Terrestria
l Toxicity
Energy use
Land use
in %
GAP
RL
OA
Y =Impact/54,4 kg porc
Impact/european inhabitant
X 100
GAP: Good agric. Practices RL: Red Label OA: Organic farming
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 19
Example 2: bread supply 1/3
Source: G. Reinhardt
Organic or conventional
Industrial or domestic milling
Industrial, bakery or home baking
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 20
Example 2: bread supply 2/3
Source: G. Reinhardt
Baking
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 21
Example 2: bread supply 3/3
Source: G. Reinhardt
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 22
Filière courte Colza
Crop Production Transformation Cattle Production
Oilseed rape (OSR)Pays de Loire,
Centre
SOYBEANBRAZIL
Farm crushing
Industrial crushing
OSRRation
SOYBEAN Ration
Inpu
tsIn
puts
Transport Transport
Transport Transport
Filière longue SojaComparison of locally-produced rapeseed cake vs soy cake as protein concentrate
in dairy farms in Pays de Loire (Western France).Lehuger et al., J. Cleaner Prod., 2009
33.3 kg milk/d
29.6 kg milk/d
Example 3: local vs global feed supply chains
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 23
Relative impacts of the two rations (per kg milk)
Le colza consomme plus d'engrais de synthèse – et l'écart avec le sojan'est pas compensé par les transports transatlantiques.
Resou
rces
Global
war
min
g
Ozone
laye
r
Human
Tox
.
Aquatic
Ecot
ox.
Mar
ine
Exoc
ox.
Terre
stria
l Eco
tox.
Ozone
pollu
tion
Acidifica
tion
Eutro
phicatio
n
Land-u
se0
20
40
60
80
100
SOYBEANOSR
Rel
ativ
e im
pact
s (%
)
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 24
Breakdown of the Acidification impact(per kg milk)
0
0,0005
0,001
0,0015
0,002
0,0025
SOJA COLZA
kg S
O2
eq
Autre
Transportpar route
Production engrais
Transportpar mer
Mécanisationagricole
Culture
Possible improvement: using rapeseed oil as biofuel in tractors (which reverses the trend between soybean and oilseed rape rations).
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 25
Conclusion on the application of LCA
• Ranking of systems varies across impact categories.
• Thus, there is often no fully optimal system.• There is a trade-off between global and local
impacts, and land-use.• Indicators are more contrasted for supply chains
than agricultural production systems.• Few examples of use in decision-making as yet (but
certification and labelling offer rapid prospects).• Despite its advantages in principle, the
methodology faces a series of limitations.
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 26
Pros & cons of LCA
• LCA is a relatively complex method
• Some of its components are highly uncertaint (eg field emissions)
• Its indicators are usually not normalized
• It is not suitable to score 'qualitative' impacts (eg soil quality or biodiversity)
• The method is transparent and repeatable
• LCA can respond to system management scenarios (inasmuch as emissions may be predicted)
• It is one of the most comprehensive methods
• It is increasingly used in environmental management (industry, also in the agricultural and food sectors)
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 27
How to improve the reliability of LCA
Kaiser et al., 2000
Compilation of N2O
emissions data across crops,
locations, and climatic years
in Germany, in relation to
fertilizer N rates.
LCAs carry uncertainties on the emissions fluxes, and their variability in relation to soil/climate conditions and management practices (and their interactions within cropping systems).
Envelope of the 'IPCC (1996)' relationship
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 28
Consequences of uncertainties on emissions
Uncertainty in the CO2 emissions of biofuels
Fossil fuelsuncertainty
4g CO2eq/MJ
Biofuelsuncertainty
10-40g CO2eq/MJ
=> due to N2O
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Diesel Gasoline RME EtOH
g C
O2
/MJ
JRC/EUCAR/CONCAWE 2008
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Séminaire Filières Courtes 19 Novembre 2009 29
Future research on environmental assessment
(and food supply chains)• Taking into account local characteristics in:
– Environmental emissions (farm scale)– Fate and damage of pollutants (regional scale)
• Applying LCA to real farm systems (internalizing the decision components when exploring scenarios)
• Using LCA as an eco-design tool (reverse engineering?)
• Combining LCA with socio-economic assessment (and foresight scenarios)
• How do we assess multi-functional systems ?
• Transferring evalution methods to stakeholders
– Construction of (open-access) data bases – Develop simplified, screening tools
Life Cycle Assessment for biofuel (or food) chainsLife Cycle Assessment for biofuel (or food) chains
Goal and scope Goal and scope definitiondefinition
Inventory of Inventory of extractions and extractions and
emissionsemissions
Impact assessmentImpact assessment
Uncertaintyanalysis
Interpre-tation
inputs agricultural production conversiondistribution/storage combustion
system boundary
IndicatorIndicatori i ==ΣΣjj(substance(substance j j xx factor factori,ji,j))
Impact categories:Impact categories:- Global warmingGlobal warming- Consumption of non-renewable Consumption of non-renewable
ressourcesressources- Eutrophication of ecosystemsEutrophication of ecosystems- Air quality (ozone)Air quality (ozone)- Toxicity, ecotoxicityToxicity, ecotoxicity- .... ....