WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS A : SOAP AND DETERGENT Learning Outcome: You should be able to: state what soap is state what detergent is describe soap preparation process describe the cleansing action of soap describe the cleansing action of detergent compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent. identify the additives in detergent and their respective functions. Activity 1 Complete the sentences using the following words: Surface tension, saponification, calcium, sodium, magnesium,potassium, sodium palmitate, sodium hydroxide, fat/oil ,potassium stearate, RCOO-Na + 1. Soap are……………….. or …………………… salts of long-chain fatty acids. 2. General formula of a soap is………………….. or ………………….. 3. Examples of soap are ………………………. and ………………….. 4. Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains the salt of………………….. and ………………… 5. The process of the production soap is known as …………………………. 6. The two materials used to prepare soap are ………………….. and ………………….. 7. When soap dissolved in water, it reduces the ……………………… of water. Activity 2 : Preparation of soap 1 A. 50 cm 3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salts (sodium chloride) are added. B. 25 cm 3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added in the same beaker
Transcript
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS
A : SOAP AND DETERGENT
Learning Outcome:You should be able to:
state what soap is state what detergent is describe soap preparation process describe the cleansing action of soap describe the cleansing action of detergent compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent. identify the additives in detergent and their respective functions.
Activity 1 Complete the sentences using the following words:
1. Soap are……………….. or …………………… salts of long-chain fatty acids.
2. General formula of a soap is………………….. or …………………..
3. Examples of soap are ………………………. and …………………..
4. Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains the salt of………………….. and
…………………
5. The process of the production soap is known as ………………………….
6. The two materials used to prepare soap are ………………….. and …………………..
7. When soap dissolved in water, it reduces the ……………………… of water.
Activity 2 : Preparation of soap
1
A. 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salts (sodium chloride) are added.
B. 25 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added in the same beaker
C. The mixture is boiled and stirred for a few minutes
D. The mixture is boiled slowly while being stirred with a glass rod for 15 minutes
E. The observations are recorded in the table provided
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
1 Rearrange the methods for preparation of soap in the correct sequence. Then write your answers in the spaces provided.
(i) 5 cm 3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) …………………………………………………………………………………………..
(v) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(vi) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(vii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Name another substance that can be used to replace sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution in the preparation of soap.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Why was sodium choride, NaCl used in this activity?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Write a word equation for the reaction between palm oil and sodium hydroxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Name two other substances that can be used to replace the palm oil in this activity.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
F. The mixture in the beaker is left to cool down and the resulting white solid is filtered
G. The following tests are carried out on the white solid:a) Touched using a fingerb) Some of the white solid is shaken together with water in a test tube.c) Tested with a red litmus paper.
H. 5 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker
I. The white solid that is produced is washed with a little water and dried with the filter paper
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
Activity 3 Match the questions with the correct answers. 1 State an example of
detergent.White precipitate
2 What is hard water? Biological enzyme
3 Name the additive that removes organic stain.
Sodium perborate
4 What is the advantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent?
Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
5 Name the three materials used to prepare detergent.
Alkylbenzene,sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
6 State the observations when a little soap is added to hard water.
Calcium of magnesium salts of detergent are soluble.
7 An additive that prevents the fading of color.
Works effectively in hard water.
8 An additive that reduces the formation of foam.
Alkyl monoethanolamide
9 Explain why detergent can be used in hard water.
Water that contains calcium ion or magnesium ions
Activity 4: Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent
Complete the sentences by using the words in the box below
3
Soap /detergent reduces the ………………
of water. Hence water can wet the cloth thoroughly.
The …………………… part of the
soap/detergent anion dissolves in grease.
The ……………….. part of the soap/detergent is attracted to the
water molecules.
hydrophobic , emulsion, hydrophilic,
surface tension, scrubbing small droplets ,
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
Activity 5Complete tables with the correct answers. (Refer to page 182 – 186 from your text book)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT SOAP DETERGENT
DEFINITION ………… or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Sodium salt of..……… acid
EXAMPLES Sodium laurate ,CH3(CH2)10COONa,
…………. palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COONa+
……………….,CH3(CH2)16COOK+
Potassium oleate, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOK+
Sodium alkyl sulphate
Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate.
PREPARATION NAME OF
METHOD
MATERIALS
CHEMICAL EQUATION
Saponification
Palm oil, …………………….
Chemical Equation : (RCO)3(C3H5O3) (s) + 3NaOH)
(aq) 3RCOONA (aq) +
C3H5(OH)3 (aq)
Sulphonation ………………..
Concentrated sulphuric acid , long chain alcohol, sodium hydroxide.
Chemical Equation : CH3(CH2)10 CH2-O-SO3H +
NaOH CH3(CH2)10CH2-0-S-
O3Na+ + H2O
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
From…………….. resources.
Animal fats examples cows and goats, vegetable oils –
Synthetic resources such as petroleum.
4
The ………………… action helps to
lift off the grease from the cloth.
The grease is broken into ……………… during scrubbing. These droplets remain suspended and separated as an
……………….. due to the repulsion between the negative charges on thesurface
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumerspalm oil, olive oil and coconut oil.
EFFECTIVENESS Soaps are effective cleaners in soft water.
Effective cleaners in both soft and
…………….. water.
FORMATION OF SCUM IN HARD WATER
Hard water contains calcium or magnesium ions.
These ions react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate known as
………………………..
Detergents do not form scum with hard water.
They form soluble substances
with calcium or …………………… ions.
EFFECT TO ENVIRONMENT
Soaps are ………………….. and do not cause any pollution.
Detergents are ………………... Detergents give thick foam that kill aquatic lives
ACTIVITY 6 : Additives in Detergent And Their FunctionsComplete the table below with the correct answer.
Type of additive Example Function.
Biological enzyme Amylase, protease, cellulases and lipase
Sodium perborate To convert stains into colorless substances.
Optical whitener Fluorescent dyes
BuilderTo enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by softening the water
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics.
Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate.
Foam control agent -
To add fragrance to both the detergent and fabrics.
Activity 7 : Cleansing Action Of Soap And Detergent(Refer to page 184 and 185 from your text book to answer the following questions)
1 The statement below is about soap and detergent.
5
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
The cleaning action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.
You have two socks stained with oil. Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observations and conclusions to prove the above statement, by using substances such as soap, detergent and hard water.
Procedure of the experiment:
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. Observations:
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. Conclusions:
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
2 The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory.Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate(soap) + glycerol
a) What is the name of this reaction?
………………………………………………………………………………
b) What is the homologous series of palm oil?
……………………………………………………………………………..
c) Complete the anion part of the soap particle in the space provided
3 A pupil wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap.
What alkali should he use?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 C
6
boil
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
4 Figure 2.1 shows part of the washing action of detergent particle on grease stained cloth.
i) State the part of a detergent particle that is soluble in grease.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) Based on figure 2.1 explain the washing action of detergent particles on greasy stains.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
B .FOOD ADDITIVES
Learning Outcomes: You should be able to
State the types if food additives and their examples. State the functions of each type of food additives. Justify the use of food additives. Describe the effects of food additives on health and the environment.
ACTIVITY 81. A food additive is a natural or synthetic substance which is added to food to_________________
or ____________________its appearance, ________________ or ____________________
2. Complete the chart.
3. Complete the following table.
Type of food additive.
State the function Give two examples
To slow down the growth of Salt, vinegar, benzoic acid.
7
Types of additives
:
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumersmicroorganisms so that food can be kept for longer periods of time.To prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits
Vitamins C and E
To improve the taste of food and restore taste loss due to processing.
To prevent emulsion from separating out
To thicken food
To add or restore the color in food to enhanceIts visual appeal.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives?
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
5. Figure 5.6 shows a part of the label of a tin of baked beans.
a) State the food additives present in the food.
b) To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong
Food additives present in baked beans in tomato sauce
Type of food additives
6. Sugar is used as food preservative as well as for sweetening. Patients with medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus or obesity must be wary of their intake of sugar.
a) i) Name one artificial sweetener that can replace sugar.
8
Baked beans in tomato sauceIngredients:Beans, sugar, tomato puree, salt and spice, permitted modified starch.
State examples of traditional medicines State the types of modern medicines and their examples. State the functions of each type of modern medicines Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicines.
ACTIVITY 9Traditional medicines
Complete the table below using the words in the box.
Plant Uses/function
For preventing flu attack or asthma attack.For reducing high blood pressure.
For treating stomach pain due to wind in stomachFor supplying heat energy to keep the body warm.
For treating itchy skinFor treating burns on the skin.
For treating boils or abscesses on the skinFor preventing flu attackFor treating skin diseases
For treating malariaFor preventing muscle crampsAs tonic to improve the overall health of human beingsFor increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue
Has antibacterial and antifungal propertiesFor treating coughs
As a tonic for after birth and general healthTo increase male libido
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For ConsumersTo treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes
To treat coughs colds and bronchitis.
To treat depression and for longevity
Activity 10 : Modern Medicines Complete the table below for classification of modern medicines and its function. (Please refer to page 198 – 201 from your text book)
Type of modern drugs Examples Uses
a) Analgesic
Aspirin
Paracetamol
Codeine
To relieve pain
.………………………………
To treat headache and cough
b) ……………………..
Penicillin
Streptomycin
To cure bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia.
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For ConsumersDifferences between Soap and Detergent
SOAP DETERGENTDEFINITION sodium sulphonic
EXAMPLES Sodium potassium
PREPARATION sodium hydroxide and fat/oil
Sodium alkyl sulphate
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
natural synthetic
EFFECTIVENESS hard
FORMATION OF SCUM IN HARD WATER scum magnesium
EFFECT TO ENVIRONMENT Biodegradable Non-biodegradable.
Activity 6
Type of additive Example Function.To remove protein stains such as blood.
Whitening agent To convert stains into colorless substances.To add brightness and whiteness to white fabrics.
Sodium tripolyphosphate To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by softening the water
Suspension agent
To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it to be poured easily.To control foaming in detergent.
fragrance -
Activity 7
1 ProcedureTwo beakers are filled with hard water. Soap is added to one of the beaker and detergent is added to another. Dirty cloths are placed into the beakers and agitated.
Observations :
Detergent in hard water Soap in hard water1. Cloth is cleaned fast 1. Cloth is cleaned
slowly2. No formation of scum 2.Scums forms3. The water turns dirty 3. Water is less dirty
16
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For ConsumersConclusion :Detergent cleans stains more effectively compared to soap
2. a) saponification b) ester c) COO-
3. Concentrated potassium hydroxide
4. i) hydrophobic ii) Hydrophilic ‘head’ dissolves in water
Hydrophobic ‘tail’ dissolves in grease Detergent ions reduce the surface tension of water.
Complete the table below using the words in the box.
Plant Uses/function
garlicFor preventing flu attack or asthma attack.For reducing high blood pressure.
gingerFor treating stomach pain due to wing in stomachFor supplying heat energy to keep the body warm.
Aloe vera For treating itchy skinFor treating burns on the skin.
lemonFor treating boils or abscesses on the skinFor preventing flu attackFor treating skin diseases
quinine For treating malariaFor preventing muscle cramps
ginseng As tonic to improve the overall health of human beingsFor increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue
Lemon grass
Has antibacterial and antifungal propertiesFor treating coughs
Tongkat aliAs a tonic for after birth and general healthTo increase male libido
Misai kucingTo treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism
Hempedu bumi
To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes
selasih To treat coughs colds and bronchitis.
Activity 10
a ) To relieve mild to moderate pain such as headache,muscle and joint paint,backache and period painsb) antibiotic. To treat tuberculosis,whooping cough and some forms of pneumoniac) Sedate,calm or relax or induce sleep.
To treat pschyhiatraic illness such as schizophrenia.
2. a. gonorrheab. streptomycin, penicillinc. all the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor must be consumedd. to ensure all the bacteria are killed
3. a. to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting conciousness. b. gastric patient and children c. to cause brain and liver damage if given to children with flu or chicken pox. d. paracetomol4. A type of hormone used to cure diabetes mellitus.5.
Traditional medicine Modern medicineUsually not processed Processed in laboratoryDerived from plant and animal Synthesized based on substances found in nature.
6. a. To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. b. this is because these antibiotic are broken down by the acid in the stomach.
Activity 131.
Medicine function example Side effectsStimulant To reduce fatigue metithylphenidate Physical and psychological
dependenceAntidepressant To reduce tension
and anxietybarbiturate addiction
Antipsychotic To treat psychiatric illness
chlorpromazine dizziness
2. chemicals Proper managementdetergent Use biodegradable detergentFood additive Avoid consuming to much salt and sugarmedicines No self medication
3. Tomato sauce, salt,xanthan gum 4. falvoring agent:: tomato sauce and salt
Thickener : xanthum gum
Activity 14
a(i) R
a(ii) Stomach pain due to wind in the stomach
a(iii) Extract the juice from the rhizome and drink
b(i) X : AnalgesicsY : AntibioticsZ : Psychotherapeutic medicine
(ii) Can cause bleeding in the stomach19
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers
(iii) The bacteria will attack the patient with the same disease againiv) Calm down the patient’s emotion
