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Wake-up
1. Explain the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell.
2. Write down the summative formula for BOTH photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How do they compare?
Structure of a Nucleotide
1. Phosphate
2. Deoxyribose
3. Nitrogen Base
a. Adenineb. Thyminec. Cytosine
d. Guanine
He found that there were equal amounts of Adenine and Thymine; also equal amounts of
Guanine and Cytosine
DNA Discovery: Watson and CrickUsed their own data and information collected by the other scientists to discover the shape of
DNA
Matching Strands of DNA
A T G C T T A C A T G C T A C T T A A C
Remember that A=T and G=C
T A C G A A T G T A C G A T G A A T T G
Cell
Nucleus
Chromosome: DNA that is completely coiled-up; condensed
Chromatin: Loose mass
of DNA
DNA winds around Histones; similar to spoolsDNA keeps winding
up; tighter and tighter
Steps in DNA Replication #1
DNA Helicase (enzyme) attaches to DNA strand.
Helicase unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds holding together the bases
Steps in DNA Replication #2
DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to exposed strands.
It adds matching nucleotides.
It also proofreads its work to make sure there is no mistakes.
Centromere: Central part of a
chromosome
Chromatid(s): Wound up strand of DNA; two strands are sister
chromatids
When a chromosomes is shaped like an “X”, DNA
has been replicated (copied)
Chromosome
InterphasePurpose: Cell Preparation; getting the
cell ready to divideStages - (a) G1 (1st growth): Cell starts to
make more organelles for new cell Stages – (b) S (Synthesis): DNA is
replicated in the nucleus
Stages – (c) G2 (2nd growth): Cell completes the growth; organelles and
cytoplasm
Mitosis: Prophase
a. The membrane of the nucleus disappearsb. Chromatin (loose DNA) winds up into
chromosomes (condensed DNA)
c. Spindle fibers appear
Mitosis: MetaphaseThe spindle fibers attach to the
centromeres and pull the chromosomes to the middle of the cell
Mitosis: Telophase
a. The nucleus reappearsb. DNA uncoils/unwinds; chromosome to chromatin
c. Spindle fibers disappear
1st Step of the Cell Cycle
Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by
making more organelles and
cytoplasm; Replicates DNA
3rd Step of the Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell
End Result of the Cell Cycle
Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes
Interphase MitosisCytokinesis
If an organism has 50
chromosomes and it undergoes
mitosis, how many
chromosomes will be present in
the new cells?
If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be
present in the new cells?
If an organism has 18
chromosomes and it undergoes
mitosis, how many
chromosomes will be present in
the new cells?
If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 134,568, how
many chromosomes
will be present in the new cells?
134, 568
What is a GENE?
Instruction manual for our body
Portion of DNA that “codes” (has
directions) for a trait
Process of Transcription
T A C G C G C C T A G G A T T A G TA T G C G C G G A T C C T A A T C A
DNA Backbone Nitrogen Bases
Choose a gene that needs to be “read” or copied
RNA Polymerase attaches to DNA and
breaks Hydrogen bonds; splitting DNA
RNA Polymerase
Process of Transcription
T A C G C G C C T A G G A T T A G T
A T G C G C G G A T C C T A A T C A
DNA BackboneNitrogen Bases
DNA
A U G C G C G G A U C C U A A T C A
RNA polymerase adds matching nucleotides to exposed DNA strand
mRNA
RNA Polymerase
A T G C G C G G A T C C T A A T C A
DNA is split apart; separated
Process of Transcription
T A C G C G C C T A G G A T T A G TA T G C G C G G A T C C T A A T C A
DNA BackboneNitrogen Bases
DNA
A U G C G C G G A U C C U A A U C A mRNA
RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase leaves
A U G C G C G G A U C C U A A U C A
A T G C G C G G A T C C T A A T C A
mRNA leaves the nucleusDNA recombines
mRNA
Transcribe the following
TAC CAC AAT CTC GCA GAT TTA GCA AGTDNA
AUG GUG UUA GAG CGU CUA AAU CGU UCAmRNA
AUG CGC GGA UCC UCA UAA mRNA
UAC AGU AUUAGGCCUGCG
Met Ser StopSerGlyArg
Three base sequence in mRNA is called a codonCodon
Ribosome
A ribosome attaches to mRNAA tRNA anticodon matches with a mRNA codon
Anticodon
Codon
Another tRNA anticodon matches with a codon rRNA forms a peptide bond between theamino acids
Peptide Bond
First tRNA leaves and the ribosome shifts. A new tRNA fills empty space.
Another peptide bond is formed and the process continues
A protein has been made
ProteinAmino acid
TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ATT
AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UAA
Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - Met
DNA
mRNA
Amino Acid
Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence.
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat
Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat
Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting
in a different sequence of DNA.
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat
Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at
Type of Mutations: Missense Change in one base of the DNA sequence
which causes a change in amino acid.
Type of Mutations: SilentChange in one base of the DNA sequence which
has no effect on the amino acid sequence