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War 1812problem of communication Main problem that led to war –ended before it began
Major battle of the war –began after peace declared
War Hawks– Henry clay leading voice
Madison sends list of grievances against Britain
Close vote, but war declared against Britain
declared war to defend:– Sovereignty– Western territory– Maritime rights of
United States
Impressment Attack Canada Burn York
– Capital Holding pattern Napoleon
defeated British victories
Ross attacks at will on coast
Bladenburg Races– Aug 24
DC burnt Dolly Madison
Balitmore Land and Sea Land attack repulsed
– Ross killed Fort McHenry Massive bombardment Francis Scott Key
The Hartford ConventionNew England congressmen had
voted against going to war–British continue to trade with New
EnglandFederalists called Hartford
Convention, 1814–Federalist New England secession
Hartford Convention demands drowned out by end of war and New Orleans victory
New Orleans
Jefferson New Orleans America “Achilles heel”– 40% American trade
Andrew Jackson– Peace declared Dec 24 1814– Battle new Orleans Jan 8
Independence began July 4th 1776 completed Jan 8th 1815
ConclusionJefferson’s yeoman farmer
dream shatteredRepublican congress - headed
towards a market society and capitalist democracy
Immigration
From one boat to many
Post revolutionary war immigration had slowed to a trickle
But as the new century began the immigration rocketed
U.S. population and territory, 1790-1840
1790: pop. 3.9 million, in 13 states 1800: pop. 5.3 m. 16 states 1810: 7.2 m. 17 1820: 9.6 m. 23 1830: 12.9 m. 24 1840: 17.1 m. 26 land area (sq. mi.): 1790 0.86; 1840
1.75
The Irish
Just one of many groups, but the example we will look at
Predominantly protestant small farmers/landowners Coming with some money looking to
improve Mid 1820s to mid 1840s A gradual shift to poorer Non-landowners
1815 – 1840 approx 800,000 immigrants
1845-50 Disaster in Ireland Potato Famine
Basic food staple destroyed and many more forced to leave
1845-1855 1.8 million Irish immigrants
Poor immigrants Not much choice or opportunity Gathered together in urban areas Low paying manual labor
Men Construction work was the usual line of work Long, hard, dangerous Example: in 1818 3000 Irish laborers working on Erie Canal
Women
Main work was as either
House maids in the city or
Factory workers – particularly textile mils
Example: Lowell Mills in Massachusetts
Irish Women in Lowell workforce. 1845 – 8% : 1860 – 50%
Irish settlement was primarily in urban areas
At the time the census described an urban area as more than 8000 people
1790 America was 3.3% urban
1860 America was 16.1% urban
By 1850 Irish were over 50% of population in New York and Boston
This high concentration in the cities allowed for a high degree of continuation of home identity
Examples
Newspapers Food Language Customs
The Transportation RevolutionAfter 1815: dramatic
improvements in transportation:–Roads–Steamboats–Canals–Railroads
Tied communities togetherMade a market society physically
possible
Improvements: Canals and Railroads
Erie Canal –Hudson River – Lake Erie–Model for canal boom across
countryBaltimore and Ohio RailroadNew York Central 1820 – 40, 3000 miles1840 – 60, 57,000 miles
Robert Fulton’s Clermont plies the Hudson River
The Brooklyn ferry, 1839
Erie Canal at Lockport, New York
The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad’s DeWitt Clinton began service in 1831
Railroads in the United States, 1840 and 1860
Time and Money
Freight costs went down–1815 -60 95% drop
Speeds improvedMarket revolutionForeign trade continued to
expandGrowing internal domestic market
Time required to travel from New York City, 1800 and 1830
The Transformation of Rural Outwork
Position of outworkers declinesManufacture began to
concentrate in factoriesOutworkers were reduced to
dependence on merchants, who began to control the labor of outworkers
The Industrial Revolution
1820-1870: American cities grew faster than ever before or since
Seaport cities gain more from commerce with interior than overseas
Beginnings of industry and the greatest period of urban growth in U.S. history
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
A general notion rather than a specific policy
Journalist John L. O'Sullivan
"Annexation," United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17, no.1 (July-August 1845)
“the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”
Discussing annexation of Texas
December 27, 1845 in New York Morning News
Americans claim "the whole of Oregon":
“And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.”
Three Key Themes
1) The virtue of the American people and their institutions
2) The mission to spread these institutions, thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S.
3) The destiny under God to accomplish this work
Indian removal west
Removals and relocations of American Indians occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries
Developed to massive proportions during the 19th century
Indian Renewal Act of 1830 Provided for the exchange of American Indian land in any state or territory of US
Indian Removal Act 1830
Instrumental in relocating Southeastern Indians
Shifted to lands in the trans-Mississippi west
Exceptionally tragic was the removal of the Cherokee
Occurred during the late 1830s
nunna dual Tsunyi,
In Cherokee means literally, “the trail where we cried.”
Become known in English as the “Trail of Tears.”
Brief History of Cherokee
Estimated that there were over 22,000 Cherokee during the 1600s.
In the 18th century they suffered from smallpox epidemics
Epidemic in 1738-1739 severe, reduced tribe by half
Another smallpox epidemic depopulated them in 1760
From the 1760s to the early 1780s the Cherokee were also in almost constant warfare with the colonists on their lands
They sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, and by 1782 they were “reduced to the lowest depth of misery”
Then in the following year another small pox epidemic devastated the tribe
By end 18th century the Cherokee numbered slightly more than 13,000
With natural increase by 1835 about 22,000
What the population is estimated to have been some 200 years earlier
Cherokee tribal lands had once been immense comprising much of the southeastern region of the US
By 1830s, Cherokee Country, as it was called, encompassed area where the states of NC, TN, GA, and AL, more or less come together
Subjected to continued harassment by Georgia and pressures from the US government –particularly President Andrew Jackson
to cede remaining lands and move west of the Mississippi
Cherokee resisted
After three years and much harassment
Treaty was signed between the Cherokee and the US government
But not by the principal officers of the Cherokee nation
Signers ceded to the US the Cherokee lands in the Southeast in exchange for lands in Indian Territory and 15 million
Leaders of the Cherokee nation protested violently during the next years that the treaty should not be ratified.
Protests were to no availThe Cherokee were disarmed and removal began in 1838
Ordeal did not end on arrival in Indian Territory
Many survived the journey only to be stricken with disease in the new lands
Or to die there of starvationAs many as one-half of the early
immigrants died before the year was out
Estimated that over 8000 Cherokee may have died as more or less direct result of the Trail of Tears