War for the ContinentWar for the Continent

1689-17631689-1763© Ruth Writer© Ruth Writer

Western Michigan UniversityWestern Michigan University

Conflict started earlyConflict started early 1613—Port Royal raid by British1613—Port Royal raid by British 1628—Kirke Brothers raid on Quebec1628—Kirke Brothers raid on Quebec

• Did Brule assist with information?Did Brule assist with information?• Champlain sent to EuropeChamplain sent to Europe

North America 1650North America 1650

http://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah02_europeansettlementm.jpghttp://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah02_europeansettlementm.jpg

Roots of Conflict…Roots of Conflict… Imperial rivalry in EuropeImperial rivalry in Europe ReligionReligion

• Catholic/New FranceCatholic/New France• Protestant/English Colonies in AmericaProtestant/English Colonies in America

Interior being staked out with fortsInterior being staked out with forts• Mercantilism and trade Mercantilism and trade

Beaver in scarce supplyBeaver in scarce supply Trappers forced to go further westTrappers forced to go further west

Jesuit Missions and Tribal AreasJesuit Missions and Tribal Areas

Devens, Carol. Countering Colonization: Native American Women and Great Lakes Missions, 1630-1900. Berkeley, Calif:  University of California Press, 1992. 

Battle Ground TurfBattle Ground Turf French by 1683French by 1683

• Great LakesGreat Lakes• St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence• OhioOhio• MississippiMississippi

English by 1683English by 1683• 13 colonies13 colonies• Hemmed in by Atlantic & AppalachiansHemmed in by Atlantic & Appalachians• Hudson Bay Company isolated to northHudson Bay Company isolated to north

MercantilismMercantilism Limited resourcesLimited resources Limited marketsLimited markets

French neglected trade goodsFrench neglected trade goods English had great wool blanketsEnglish had great wool blankets Scots turned highlands to sheep raisingScots turned highlands to sheep raising Impacted emigration—and historyImpacted emigration—and history

End of New FranceEnd of New France Series of 4 wars including Fr/IndianSeries of 4 wars including Fr/Indian

• King William’s War [1689-97]King William’s War [1689-97]• Queen Anne’s War [1702-13]Queen Anne’s War [1702-13]• King George’s War [1744-48]King George’s War [1744-48]

Acadian Expulsion—1755Acadian Expulsion—1755 French and Indian War [1754-63]French and Indian War [1754-63] Plains of Abraham—1759Plains of Abraham—1759 Conquest--1763Conquest--1763

What a difference a name makes!What a difference a name makes!

Four global warsFour global wars• King William’s [War of League of Augsburg]King William’s [War of League of Augsburg]• Queen Anne’s [War of Spanish Succession]Queen Anne’s [War of Spanish Succession]• King George’s [War of Austrian Succession] King George’s [War of Austrian Succession] • French and Indian [Conquest]French and Indian [Conquest]

Two namesTwo names Two sets of datesTwo sets of dates European War v. North AmericanEuropean War v. North American Remember names and dates of N AmRemember names and dates of N Am

New FranceNew France STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS

• First Nations First Nations relationship goodrelationship good

• Knew interiorKnew interior• Control of waterwayControl of waterway• UnifiedUnified• End run around EngEnd run around Eng• Forts Forts

WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSES• Outnumbered 20:1Outnumbered 20:1• Less moneyLess money• Poor transportationPoor transportation• Iroquois enemyIroquois enemy• Only few key citiesOnly few key cities

MontrealMontreal QuebecQuebec LouisbourgLouisbourg

Colonial Wars ExperienceColonial Wars Experience Continuation of struggle in EuropeContinuation of struggle in Europe New France did not collapseNew France did not collapse New France was killed off by EnglandNew France was killed off by England Smaller than 13 colonies but…Smaller than 13 colonies but…

• Thriving Thriving • Sparta of North AmericaSparta of North America

What if…?What if…? New France could have lasted New France could have lasted

forever in small warsforever in small wars Mobility into interiorMobility into interior Harder to removeHarder to remove England brought reinforcementsEngland brought reinforcements

Maps of 1680sMaps of 1680sHennepin MapHennepin Map 

CANADA OU NOVVELLE FRANCE by Alain Manesson-Mallet

Nicolas Sanson Map 1683Nicolas Sanson Map 1683

http://www.mapsofpa.com/17thcentury/1683sanson.jpghttp://www.mapsofpa.com/17thcentury/1683sanson.jpg

King William’s WarKing William’s War1689-16971689-1697

Frontenac brought back as Governor Gen.Frontenac brought back as Governor Gen. America/England—dream of conquestAmerica/England—dream of conquest French on move—try to take HBCFrench on move—try to take HBC Lachine—200 killed by Am./IroquoisLachine—200 killed by Am./Iroquois

• Grisly attack, tortureGrisly attack, torture Frontenac sent parties to Maine-NYFrontenac sent parties to Maine-NY

• Colonies to south bonded together for firstColonies to south bonded together for first New England attack of Port RoyalNew England attack of Port Royal

England unsuccessful at England unsuccessful at siege siege QuebecQuebec

Peace of Ryswick--1697Peace of Ryswick--1697 France France

• Lost Hudson BayLost Hudson Bay• Kept AcadiaKept Acadia

http://jeffreyhosocials9.blogspot.com/http://jeffreyhosocials9.blogspot.com/

Five Cultures Clash--1702Five Cultures Clash--1702 EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench HuronHuron MohawkMohawk AbenakiAbenaki

Queen Anne’s WarQueen Anne’s War1702-17131702-1713

Canadian raids on New EnglandCanadian raids on New England• Deerfield, MADeerfield, MA

53 killed 53 killed 111 POW to Canada [300 mi]111 POW to Canada [300 mi]

• Detroit attacked by Sauk and FoxDetroit attacked by Sauk and Fox Cadillac [dishonest] founded it in 1701Cadillac [dishonest] founded it in 1701

• Beginning of Conquest of New EnglandBeginning of Conquest of New England Port Royal taken by EnglandPort Royal taken by England

• Became Annapolis RoyalBecame Annapolis Royal• Prize for English and American coloniesPrize for English and American colonies

http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/scenes/scene.do?title=Attack http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/scenes/scene.do?title=Attack

DeerfieldDeerfield

http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/4912 http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/4912 http://edge-empire.deerfield-ma.org/ http://edge-empire.deerfield-ma.org/

Route of CaptivesRoute of Captives

http://www.simonhoyt.com/deerfield-ma.htmlhttp://www.simonhoyt.com/deerfield-ma.html

Treaty of Utrecht--1713Treaty of Utrecht--1713 Marked beginning of end of New Fr.Marked beginning of end of New Fr. France gave up AcadiaFrance gave up Acadia

• Bad hair day for AcadiansBad hair day for Acadians• Did keep Cape Breton IslandDid keep Cape Breton Island

France gave up Hudson Bay areaFrance gave up Hudson Bay area• No boundaries setNo boundaries set

France gave up NewfoundlandFrance gave up Newfoundland• Kept some islands and pirate covesKept some islands and pirate coves• St. Pierre and Miquelon St. Pierre and Miquelon

Treaty of UtrechtTreaty of UtrechtMap from WikipediaMap from Wikipedia

LouisbourgLouisbourg Fortress on Cape Breton IslandFortress on Cape Breton Island Took 25 years to buildTook 25 years to build Star shaped walled fortressStar shaped walled fortress 30 feet high walls; up to 70 feet thick30 feet high walls; up to 70 feet thick Fraud, graft, corruptionFraud, graft, corruption Built as sentry for St. LawrenceBuilt as sentry for St. Lawrence To protect New France—NOT SO MUCHTo protect New France—NOT SO MUCH Other forts built in Great Lakes/Mississippi Other forts built in Great Lakes/Mississippi

regionsregions

Fort LouisbourgFort Louisbourg

http://www.fortressoflouisbourg.cahttp://www.fortressoflouisbourg.ca

Plan of LouisbourgPlan of Louisbourg

http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/voyager/2013/January/maps/Louisbourgc.jpghttp://www.canadahistory.com/sections/voyager/2013/January/maps/Louisbourgc.jpg

King George’s WarKing George’s War1744-481744-48

English into Ohio ValleyEnglish into Ohio Valley English Royal Navy took LouisbourgEnglish Royal Navy took Louisbourg

• Already weakened by mutinyAlready weakened by mutiny• Took cannons through swampTook cannons through swamp• Attacked weak sideAttacked weak side• Returned fort to France in exchange for Returned fort to France in exchange for

India India • Made Americans MAD—fought for itMade Americans MAD—fought for it

Britain built Halifax Citadel Britain built Halifax Citadel

Map of John Gibson--1758Map of John Gibson--1758

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1754-17631754-1763

British goal—to defeat New FranceBritish goal—to defeat New France Most fighting done by 1760Most fighting done by 1760 Ft. Necessity—1754Ft. Necessity—1754

Washington sent to ask French to leaveWashington sent to ask French to leave DefeatedDefeated

Battle of the WildernessBattle of the Wilderness• Washington and BraddockWashington and Braddock• Braddock killedBraddock killed

Two phasesTwo phases

• Up to 1758—New France doing fineUp to 1758—New France doing fine French Canadians and Native allies as far French Canadians and Native allies as far

south as Carolinassouth as Carolinas Ft. OswegoFt. Oswego Ft. William HenryFt. William Henry Ft. Carillon [Ticonderoga]Ft. Carillon [Ticonderoga] Exception: Ft. Beausejour in 1755Exception: Ft. Beausejour in 1755

• After 1758—loss of New FranceAfter 1758—loss of New France British invested troops, materials, moneyBritish invested troops, materials, money Louisbourg, Quebec, MontrealLouisbourg, Quebec, Montreal

War for EmpireWar for Empire

http://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist412.htmhttp://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist412.htm

LouisbourgLouisbourg Fell in 1758Fell in 1758 Siege of less than 2 monthsSiege of less than 2 months Attacked overland finallyAttacked overland finally

Art Gallery of Nova ScotiaArt Gallery of Nova Scotia

Quebec--1759Quebec--1759 Strategic location, symbolic heartStrategic location, symbolic heart English—General James WolfeEnglish—General James Wolfe

• Sailed up St. LawrenceSailed up St. Lawrence• Position on other bank of St. LawrencePosition on other bank of St. Lawrence• Siege after unsuccessful attackSiege after unsuccessful attack

French—Marquis de MontcalmFrench—Marquis de Montcalm Wolfe knew timing everythingWolfe knew timing everything

September 13, 1759September 13, 1759 It was a dark and stormy night It was a dark and stormy night 4500 troops silently across river4500 troops silently across river Scaled cliffsScaled cliffs Overran French sentry outpostOverran French sentry outpost Sunrise English beyond city wallsSunrise English beyond city walls Plains of Abraham—15 minutesPlains of Abraham—15 minutes Both leaders mortally woundedBoth leaders mortally wounded

Climbing the Cliff at QuebecClimbing the Cliff at Quebec

Drawing by a soldier of Wolfe's army depicting the easy climbing of Wolfe's soldiersHervey Smyth (1734-1811) - Library of the Canadian Department of National Defence

Death of General WolfeDeath of General WolfeBenjamin West—1771—National Gallery of CanadaBenjamin West—1771—National Gallery of Canada

Death of MontcalmDeath of Montcalm"Sketch for The Death of Montcalm" by Marc Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté - Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. Licensed under Public "Sketch for The Death of Montcalm" by Marc Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté - Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. Licensed under Public

Domain via Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpg#/media/Domain via Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpg#/media/File:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpgFile:Sketch_for_The_Death_of_Montcalm.jpg

MontrealMontreal 17601760 Surrendered to British and American Surrendered to British and American

forcesforces Anticlimactic battleAnticlimactic battle

http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1000fall_of_e.shtmlhttp://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1000fall_of_e.shtml

New BoundariesNew Boundarieshttp://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah05_prewarpostwarbdysm.jpghttp://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah05_prewarpostwarbdysm.jpg

ResourcesResources http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/ http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/ Calloway, Colin G. Calloway, Colin G. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North AmericaThe Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York: . New York:

Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://www.fortressoflouisbourg.cahttp://www.fortressoflouisbourg.ca Moore, Christopher, “Colonization and Conflict: New France and its Rivals.” Brown, Craig editor.

The Illustrated History of Canada. Toronto: Lester Publishing Limited, 2007. [pages 166-180] Morton, Desmond. A Military History of Canada. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985 See, Scott. History of Canada. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. [pages 47-56] Twatio, Bill. Battles Without Borders: The Rise and Fall of New France. Ottawa: Esprit De Corps

Books, 2004. http://www.warforempire.org/documents/educatorsguide.pdf http://www.warforempire.org/documents/educatorsguide.pdf