WARM-UP 10-21-15

• Define the Following terms:

• Monastery

• Troubadour

• Serf

• What Leader brought Christianity to the Franks?

• Who wrote the book of rules that will be used to govern monasteries?

• Which Group of raiders or explorers were also known as Norsemen?

Objective: Describe events in Western Europe from the fall of Rome to the emergence of nation‑states and analyze the impact of these events on

economic, political, and social life in medieval Europe. Describe the rise and achievements of the Byzantine civilization.

POWER OF THE CHURCH &THE CRUSADES

HOMEWORK• READ PAGES 387-397 • Answer questions (3-8) on page 392 • Answer questions (3-6) page 397

•10 Questions• Due at the beginning of class

PAPAL MONARCHY – POPES WERE INVOLVED IN SPIRITUAL & POLITICAL AFFAIRS

• Lay investiture – secular, or lay, rulers chose church officers (kings/leaders not associated with the church)

• Pope Gregory VII – issued a decree forbidding lay investiture in 1075

• Interdict – forbids priests from giving sacraments

• Sacraments – formal church rites necessary for salvation

THE AGE OF FAITH • Monasteries led spiritual revival ?????

Problems in the Church

• Priests nearly illiterate

• Popes are men of questionable morals

• Reformers focused on three main issues:

• Village priests married and had families

• Simony

•?????

• Lay investiture

•?????

Reform & Organization

• Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced Church laws against simony and marriage of priests

• Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom

• Pope at its head

• Pope’s group of advisers called papal Curia

• Curia acted as a court

• Canon law on marriage, divorce, and inheritance

• Diplomats for pope traveled throughout Europe

• Deal with bishops and kings, enabling popes to establish authority

• Church collected taxes in form of tithes

• 1/10th of yearly income from all Christian families

PAPACY PROBLEMS – CHURCH’S AUTHORITY & POWER WEAKENED

• Babylonian Captivity, 1305–1377, papal court in Avignon (Clement V)

• Great Schism, 1378–1417

• Two & then three popes simultaneously

• One in Rome

• One in Avignon, France

• Jan Hus – Czech reformer; burned at stake, 1415

CRUSADES – LATIN CRUX, UNDERTAKEN TO RECOVER HOLY LAND

• Arab Muslims captured Jerusalem in A.D. 600s

• First Crusade – A.D. 1096 to 1099, led by French nobles

• Emperor Alexius I – asked for aid against the Seljuk Turks

• Pope Urban II

• Wanted to unite European rulers & nobles against a common enemy

• Called for the 1st Crusade in 1095

POPE URBAN II

CRUSADES CONTINUED…

• Crusaders – vowed to “take up the cross”

• Second Crusade – A.D. 1147, a defeat for the Crusaders

• Third Crusade – “Crusade of Kings”

• Saladin – led Muslim forces & retook Jerusalem in 1187

• Richard the Lionhearted of England struggled alone against Saladin

• Fourth Crusade – A.D. 1202, Crusaders plundered Constantinople

• Children’s Crusade – A.D. 1212

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES – BROKE DOWN FEUDALISM

• Strengthened authority of kings & decreased power of feudal lords

• Established a pattern of persecution of Jews in Europe

• Greater contact with Muslims ended isolation of western Europe

• Increased demand for goods from the East

• Increased trade in Europe

Cathedrals

• Most worship in small churches; larger churches called cathedrals in cities

• Cathedrals represent the City of God

• 800-1100 Romanesque style cathedrals

• Round arches, heavy roofs, thick walls and pillars, small windows

• Early 1100s new style of Cathedrals: Gothic

• Thrust upward, reaching toward heaven

• Sculpture

• Pointed arches, flying buttresses, spires, ribbed vaults

• Stained glass windows

• Elements meant to inspire worshiper with magnificence of God

SEE DIAGRAM ON PAGE 381

http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art101/Art101B-9-Gothic/WebPage-Thumb.00004.html

CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL

NOTRE-DAME, PARIS

NOTRE-DAME, PARIS

NOTRE-DAME, PARIS

http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art101/Art101B-9-Gothic/index.html

CHRIST TREADING ON THE LION

REIMS CATHEDRAL

CHARTES CATHEDRAL

CHARTES CATHEDRAL

NOTRE-DAME, PARIS

CHARTES CATHEDRAL

CHARTES CATHEDRAL

CHARTES CATHEDRAL

CHARTES CATHEDRAL