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Warm-up 1. What law system did Sumerians use? 2. How did Mesopotamians earn a living? 3. Between what two rivers did the Fertile Crescent lie? 4. What was their style of writing called?
Warm-up
1. What law system did Sumerians use?
2. How did Mesopotamians earn a living?
3. Between what two rivers did the Fertile Crescent lie?
4. What was their style of writing called?
ANCIENT EGYPT
Impact of Geography• limestone and granite:
• long lasting buildings• long lasting art
• Nile River: • regular flooding = positive view of life and afterlife• floods = great soil• year round water for irrigation
Fertile Nile River
Annual Flooding of Nile River• Advantages
• Water for drinking & irrigation• Travel• Annual floods brought nutrients up onto surrounding land for
farming
• Disadvantages• When flood waters were low, the amount of water was greatly
reduced. Thousands of ppl would starve.• When flood waters were higher, the unwanted water destroyed
houses, and farms• The vast deserts on either side of the Nile acted as natural barriers
between Egypt and other lands causing limited interaction with other peoples.
Impact of Climate• arid climate = • hot sun = • large deserts =• dry climate =
oil skin
Make-up for sun protection and black paint to cut glare
obstacles to invaders
must irrigate crops
Political Organization• 3000 BC unification under King Narmer,
first Egyptian dynasty centered at Memphis where Upper and lower Egypt meet.
• pharaoh =• pharaohs had absolute power and owned
all land; however, they were expected to behave morally and were judged on good deeds.
• theocracy = • pharaoh stood at center of religion,
government, and army
government run by religious leaders
god-king (son of Horus)
Scorpion King or Narmer
Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
Economic System• traded agricultural surplus: wheat
barley (from Nile which provided silt)
• mining of large mineral deposits of copper which used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined by slaves which greatly enriched the royal treasury.
• had enough economic strength to support massive public works = Construction projects
financed by the government for the benefit and use of its citizens
Religion• polytheistic• Akhenaton forces Egyptians to
worship one god (monotheism) temporarily
• king believed to rule even after death through his/her ka; therefore, tomb more important than earthly palace
Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus
God of the Dead[reincarnation of dead]
God of the Dead[transports the dead]
Goddess of Marriage
The Sacred Trinity
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Preparations for the Underworld
1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense
1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense
Materials used in Mummification**all classes planned for their burials**
Preparation for Afterlife
Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.Queen Tiye,
wife of Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
Journey to the Underworld
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement
Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris
slaves
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. E.
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility
Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class
Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’sServants in the Afterlife
Inventions / Innovations• hieroglyphics• originally pictographs, but eventually pictures represented
words as well as sounds• calendar developed (365 days and 12 months)• hieroglyphics written on papyrus – • Math:
• system of written numbers• basic geometry (to measure floods)
• Science:• Set broken bones• Surgery• checked pulse
one of 3 writing systems developed for economic, royal, and administrative info.
a paper-like writing material created from the papyrus plant that grows on the banks of the Nile.
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant
Hieratic Scroll PieceHieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus --> paper
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
What number is this?
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
Architecture• Pyramids – tombs for pharaoh's afterlife• built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not slaves)
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
Giza Pyramid Complex
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Middle Class HomesMiddle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
Peasant Homes
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
PerfumePerfume
WhigsWhigs
MirrorMirror
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
1336-1327 B. C. E.
1336-1327 B. C. E.
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
King Tutankhamon
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life
The end of the Bronze Age!The end of the Bronze Age!
Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
THE THREE KINGDOMS OF EGYPT
Egypt• The history of Egypt is broken down into three major
periods known as the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.• Periods known for peace, productivity and long-term
stability.• The Intermediate periods were known for political chaos
and invasion.• King Narmer united the Upper and Lower kingdoms of
Egypt to create the first Egyptian dynasty in 3100 B.C.E.
The Old Kingdom(2700 - 2200 B.C.E.)• Many of the greatest and largest
pyramids were built during this time period.
• The title of pharaoh was given to the leader of Egypt.
• Egypt was divided into 42 provinces, which were run by governors appointed by the pharaoh.
The Middle Kingdom(2050 - 1652 B.C.E.)• Followed a 150 year period of
chaos.• This period was marked by
expansion of the empire.• The period was also known for
compassionate pharaohs.• Public works projects replaced
pyramids and idol construction.
The New Kingdom(1567 - 1085 B.C.E.)• The Hyksos, using war
chariots defeated the Egyptians and ruled for 100 years prior to the New Kingdom.
• This is a period of military expansion and construction.
• The first female ruler - Hatshepsut rules during this period.
Hatshepsut
Ancient Egypt Quiz
1. Betcha you thought I’d put the questions here, didn’t you?
