Warm-up for 23-1

What role do you think government should play in public life? Should the government be involved in ensuring that people have opportunities for employment?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt- 32nd President (D) 1933-1945 2 term governor from NY distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt overwhelming victory; Senate & House won huge majority “Brain Trust” – team of advisors New Deal- program designed to end the depression

*3 goals- relief for needy, economic recovery, financial reform (15 pieces of New Deal legislation passed during first Hundred Days*)

Business Assistance & Reform declared bank holiday (closing banks March 5-12)

(Emergency Banking Relief Act- inspected banks)

fireside chats- radio talks about issues of public concern Glass-Steagall Act- est. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

insured accounts up to $5000

Federal Securities Act-required companies to provide info on all stock offerings (ex-transparency w/ quarterly & annual reports)

Securities and Exchange Commission- regulate stock market 21st Amendment repealed prohibition- $ through taxation

Farm Relief & Rural Development

Agricultural Adjustment Act- sought to raise crop prices by lowering production $ to destroy crops & livestock

(hog farmers were paid to slaughter 6 million pigs; cotton growers paid $200 million to plow under 10 million acres)

Tennessee Valley Authority- renovated dams, constructed 20 new ones, created jobs, provided flood control & hydroelectric power

Employment Projects

Civilian Conservation Corps- put young men (18-25) to work building roads, parks & planting trees (prevent another Dust Bowl- 200 million trees planted)

National Industrial Recovery Act

provided $ to construct schools & community buildings

(created 4 million jobs building 40,000 schools & paying salaries for over 50,000 schoolteachers)

Food, Clothing, and Shelter

Home Owners Loan Corporation- provided loans to homeowners in jeopardy

National Housing Act created the Federal Housing Admin-FHA loans today

Federal Emergency Relief Admin- $500 million for direct relief

for needy

in form of grants & work relief programs (distributed by the states*)

New Deal Under Attack deficit spending- spending more $ than the govt. receives in

revenue FDR agreed to w/ reluctance * New Deal did not end the depression*

conservatives argued the New Deal spent too much $ on direct relief & policies to control businesses & socialize the economy

conservative Supreme Court struck down the NIRA as unconstitutional & the AAA- saying agriculture should be regulated by the states (FDR proposed a court-packing bill but several judges retired which allowed for

judges that favored the New Deal- FDR appointed 8 justices & 1 CJ during his presidency)

Huey Long Louisiana Senator & critic of New Deal

Share-Our-Wealth program

Motto “Every Man a King”

proposed limiting fortunes (3-4 million), guaranteed incomes ($2,500), & free college education

assassinated

Promoted by a British economist named John Maynard Keynes. In his view, a country should spend its way out of a depression by putting money into the hands of consumers. This would make it possible for them to buy goods and services and thus fuel economic growth. Even if a government has to go deeply into debt, it should spend great amounts of money to help get the economy growing again.

Warm-up for 23-2

Document-based essays presented.

although the economy improved, unemployment remained high

FDR was easily re-elected in 1936 (most lopsided – electoral votes)

(1st time AA’s voted D instead of R & 1ST time labor unions gave united support)

2nd burst of activity- Second New Deal or the Second Hundred Days

Eleanor Roosevelt 1st lady & social reformer

pushed FDR to appoint women to govt. positions

niece to Teddy Roosevelt

distant cousin to FDR (5th cousin once removed)

"Removed" refers to how many generations "different" two people are.

Farming Relief

Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act- replaced AAA

aided farmers by regulating crop production & rewarding soil conservation methods

2nd AAA eventually approved minus processing tax declared unconstitutional

Farm Security Admin.

helped tenant farmers become landowners

hired photographers to document rural towns & farms

Farm Field Plowed for Erosion Prevention

Employment Projects

Works Progress Admin- quickly created unskilled jobs ex- construction- $11 billion spent to employ 8 million

(built 850 airports , repaired 651,000 miles of roads)

(women sewing groups made 300 million garments for the needy)

(employed historians to collect slave narratives)

(criticized as a make-work program- gave people purpose & hope)

National Youth Admin- provided education, jobs, & counseling to 2 million young people & needy students

Labor

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

defined unfair labor practices

(ex- threatening workers, firing union members)

settled disputes between employers & employees (collective bargaining)

Fair Labor Standards Act- set max work hrs. a week & minimum wage

(40 cents an hour by 1945)

Retirement

Social Security Act- provided aid (3 parts)1. old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older

2. unemployment compensation

3. families w/ dependent children & the disabled

Rural Development

Rural Electrification Admin- $ to bring electricity to isolated areas (only 12.6% of American farms had electricity in 1935)

Warm-up for 23-3

Compare and contrast how you feel when specifically included in an activity verse being excluded.

Women

Frances Perkins- America’s 1st female cabinet member; secretary of labor

FDR also appointed 2 female diplomats & a female federal judge

*some New Deal programs set lower minimum wages for women (NRA) or only hired men (CCC)

African Americans

Mary McLeod Bethune educator; headed the Division

of Negro Affairs of the NYA

organized “Black Cabinet” of influential AA’s to advise FDR on racial issues

Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for singer Marion Anderson to perform at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter, 1939

*FDR refused to approve a federal anti-lynching law & end the poll tax (S Dem.)

Mexican Americans

most lived in SW & worked on farms (mostly unprotected by federal laws)

*agencies disqualified workers from programs if they had no permanent address

Native Americans

received strong support- full citizenship by law in 1924

John Collier-restored tribal ownership to some reservations helped create the Indian

Reorganization Act in 1934 (3)1. land belonged to entire tribe; prohibited govt. from taking it

2. children could attend schools on the reservation

3. tribes could elect tribal councils to govern land

New Deal Coalition

alliance of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Dem party in the 30’s & 40’s S whites, AA’s, women, urban groups, & unionized workers

Women & AA’s were appointed to federal positions & programs

*unions enjoyed better conditions & increased bargaining power

Congress of Industrial Org. – labor organization composed of industrial unions sit-down strike was a bargaining tactic in the 30’s

Memorial Day Massacre- police attacked striking steelworkers in Chicago (10 killed & 84 wounded)- NLRB (Wagner Act) stepped in and negotiated with union & helped labor gain strength in the 1930’s

FDR won re-election in 1936 w/ help from urban voters

*work-relief programs & labor laws attracted urban voters

Warm-up for 23-4

Video warm-up

Discuss possible reasons for the immense popularity of movies during the Depression.

*By the late 30’s 65% of the population attended the movies once a week & nearly 90% of households had a radio*

Movies talking pictures ushered in a new era in Hollywood (comedies, musicals, love stories, and gangster films) Gone With the Wind- (1939) drama about S plantation life during the

Civil War The Wizard of Oz - (1939) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs - (1937) animation by Walt Disney

Radio

families spent hours listening to radio shows

FDR & “fireside chats” – most direct means to access Americans

Orson Welles

famous radio broadcast based on the novel The War of the Worlds

Martians had invaded Earth! -power of mass media recognized

directed movie classic Citizen Kane (1941)

Hindenburg disaster-1937

TV

comedians Bob Hope, Jack Benny, & George Burns

soap operas- sponsored by soap companies; played late morning for homemakers

children’s programs ran late afternoon once they were home from school

Art

artists supported by the Federal Art Project (a branch of the WPA)

art was sober and serious

Grant Wood- famous painting- American Gothic

Music

Woody Guthrie- sang about the hardships during the depression & hope

(This Land is Your Land)

Writers writers supported by the

Federal Writers’ Project (also a branch of the WPA)

Richard Wright-Native Son-about a young black man trying to survive in a racist world

The Grapes of Wrath- John Steinbeck’s novel about Oklahomans who left the Dust Bowl for California where hardships continued

“If you're in trouble, or hurt or need - go to the poor people. They're the only ones that'll help - the only ones.”

Warm-up for 23-5

Consider how government policies and programs affect your lives.

3rd New Deal not employed the economy had improved &

FDR did not favor continued deficit spending

Hitler’s rise to power in Germany warranted attention

Critics of the New Deal Conservatives -fed govt. was

made too large & too powerful Liberals -not enough done to

socialize the economySupporters of the New Deal good balance between

unregulated capitalism & overregulated socialism

Lasting Effects FDR expanded the power of the fed govt. & the presidency

more active role in shaping the economy ex - creating jobs, regulating supply & demand, helping settle labor disputes

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. -regulates banking (insures individual accounts)

Securities & Exchange Commission-monitors the stock market New Deal legislation set standards for wages & hours, banned

child labor, and ensured collective bargaining (FLSA & Wagner) *New Deal did not end the depression- spending for WWII did

If the government spends more than it takes in over the course of one year, then it has run a deficit. A deficit applies to just one year. So, if the government takes in $10 trillion dollars but spends $13 trillion dollars in one year, then it has run a $3 trillion dollar deficit. When the government runs a deficit, then it must borrow money to make up the difference.

A debt is completely different. Think of debt as accumulated deficits. If the government has to borrow money every year, then its debt will continue to grow year-after-year. This debt does not disappear unless the government elects to try and pay it down. The debt usually grows year-after-year. With each additional deficit, the debt continues to grow.

Lasting Effects cont. National Labor Relations Board-

(Wagner) mediator in labor disputes

Social Security-legacy lives on today helping millions

shows some govt. responsibility for social welfare

2nd AAA made loans available to farmers determined by surplus & parity

price- price intended to keep income steady

CCC planted trees & created hiking trails

Tennessee Valley Authority-hydroelectricity & flood prevention