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Warm Up:How were Arab Muslims able to
conquer and rule such a large empire with a relatively small population?
III. Islamic Civilization
A. Law and Dogma1. Shari’a• The law of Islam provides the foundation for
Islamic CivilizationBased on:• The sunna, or tradition of the Prophet• Based on the hadith, the words and deeds of
Muhammad
III. Islamic Civilization
B. Converts and Cities1. Conversion• To convert to Islam, a person must state, in
the presence of a Muslim:• “there is not God but God, and Muhammad
is the Messenger of God”• Many converts initially could not speak
Arabic, read the Quran
III. Islamic Civilization
2. Urbanization• Converts often faced discrimination in their
home communities• Migrated to Arab governing centers• Capital cities and military settlements• Muslim cities grew rapidly• Non-Muslim cities stagnated or shrank
III. Islamic Civilization
3. Islamic Architecture• It is in Architecture that the greatest cultural
blending can be seen• Already existing buildings were modified by Islamic
Ideals• Islamic Features:– Multi-lobed interwoven arches– Domes– Minarets– Large courtyards
Multi-lobed interwoven arches
Domes
Dome of the Rock• Located in Jerusalem• Rock in the center is believed to be the spot
from where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven
Minarets• Towers built from
where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day
Large Courtyards
III. Islamic Civilization4. Mosaics• Artwork created
using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles
• Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques
III. Islamic Civilization5. Arabic Alphabet• Arabic was first used
to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam)• Written from Right to
Left• Made up of 28 letters
III. Islamic Civilization6. Calligraphy• Art of beautiful
handwriting• In Islam, showing
living things in art was not allowed
• So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves.
Islamic Art Project
Warm Up:What was the purpose of mosaics and calligraphy in Islamic art and
architecture?
III. Islamic Civilization7. Universities • Muhammad strongly believed in the
power of learning–This led to support of places of learning
by Muslim Leaders• Qualified physicians = treat the sick• Mathematicians and Astronomers =
Calculated times for prayer
III. Islamic Civilization
8. Science and Technology• Muslim science exceeded that of European
counterparts• Built on Hellenistic traditions and observations
III. Islamic Civilization
9. Medical• The Comprehensive
Book –• An encyclopedia of
medicine • using knowledge from
Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge
III. Islamic Civilization
10. Math• Arabic Numbers were
adapted from India– Included the
number ZERO• Led to study of optics • which helped develop
lenses for telescopes and microscopes
III. Islamic Civilization
11. Astronomy• Determined the Milky Way lies far beyond
earth’s atmosphere• Explained why the sun and moon appear
larger on horizon than overhead
III. Islamic Civilization
C.Islam, Women, and Slaves1. Women• Muslim women were veiled and secluded • as they had been previously in the Byzantine
and the Sasanid Empires. • Women could be influential in the family, • but only slave women could have a public
role or appear in public before men.
III. Islamic Civilization
2. Women and Law• Muslim women did have rights under Islamic
law. • These rights included the right to own property
and to retain it in marriage, • the right to divorce, • to remarry, • to testify in court, • and to go on pilgrimage.
III. Islamic Civilization
4. Slavery• Muslims were not permitted to enslave their
fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians
- except when taken as prisoners of war.• Muslims could and did hold non-Muslim
slaves, but the status of slave was not hereditary.
III. Islamic Civilization
D.The Recentering of Islam1. Effects of Fragmentation• The decline of the caliphate and factionalism
within the ulama deprived Islam of a religious center.
• During the 12th & 13th centuries two new sources of religious authority developed:
• the madrasas (religious colleges) and the Sufi brotherhoods.
III. Islamic Civilization
2. Sufi Brotherhoods • Mystic fraternities whose members sought union with
God through rituals and training. • The early Sufis were mystics who went into ecstasies and
expressed their ideas in poetry;• the Sufi brotherhoods developed into organizations of
Muslim men.• Sufi brotherhoods provided their members with spiritual
guidance and rules for everyday life.• The brotherhoods originated in the urban areas and then
spread to the countryside.