Warm-Up

Imagine you are the first president of the United States. What do you think would be the most important issues you need to take care of first? (military, security, economic, etc.)

Answer this question at the top of page 20 in your journal.

The Early Republic (1789 – 1825)

• Approved by committee on Sept 17th, 1787• Ratified by the states in Sept 13th, 1788 (needed 9 of 13

states)• Goes into effect on March 4th, 1789

The U.S. Constitution

The Presidency – What is it??

• Chief of State – chief public representative of the nation

• Commander-in-Chief – leads the Armed Forces

• Chief Legislator – recommends new laws to Congress

• Chief Diplomat – both a national spokesman and world leader

• Chief Executive – sees that laws are faithfully executed

The Presidential Seal

• What does the Seal mean?

• What do you think the different parts of the symbols represent?

50 Stars = 50 States

E. Pluribus Unum = Out of many, one

Talons hold olive branches for peace and arrows for war. Head looks towards olive branches showing President always looking for peace but ready for war.

Shield has alternating red and white stripes representing the original 13 states with a blue band on top signifying unity, one nation.

The President’s Coat of Arms represents the military strength of the United States

1. George Washington (1789-1797)

• Elected unanimously in 1788 by the Electoral College

• Serves only 2 terms (sets precedent (tradition)

• Elected to second term in 1792• Congress paid president

$25,000/year but he declined it due to “selfless image” and wealth

• Preferred to be formally called “Mr. President” (another precedent he sets)

• Great administrator and judge of talent and character

• Sets precedent of creating a “cabinet” (group of advisors) to help him reach gov’t decisions

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George Washington (1789-1797)

Interesting Facts:

1. Was 6’ 2” tall and about 200 lbs

2. After years of toothaches, had all but one of his teeth pulled at age 57

3. Did not have wooden teeth, fake dentures made from carved animal bones and actual teeth from slaves (which he paid for)

4. Married Martha Custis at age 26 and never had any children of his own (Martha had two children from previous marriage)

5. Great dancer and horseman6. Only Founding Father who ran

a distillery

Washington’s Cabinet

Secretary of the Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

1789

Jacob Lew2013

Treasury Department(Deals with national financial matters)

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Washington’s Cabinet

Secretary of the State

Thomas Jefferson

1789

John Kerry2013

State Department(Handles relations with other

nations/foreign affairs)

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Washington’s Cabinet

Secretary of the

War/Defense

Henry Knox1789

Chuck Hagel2013

War/Defense Department(Provides for the nation’s defense)Page 21

Washington’s Cabinet

Attorney General

Edmund Randolph

1789

Eric Holder Jr.2013

Justice Department(President’s legal advisor and enforces

national laws)

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Question:

Which of Washington’s cabinet do you think would have been more important in shaping the young nation (U.S.)? Why?

Answer this at the bottom of page 20.

• Maintain national security• Create a stable economic system

(paying debts)• Build a military• Set up a court system• Define the central gov’ts authority

Presidential Challenges

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Interpretations of the Constitution “Necessary and Proper Clause”:

expands the powers of the Constitution to fit a working government (AKA: the Elastic Clause)

Strict Constructionist: believe that government ONLY has powers specified by Constitution

Loose Constructionist: want to use the elastic clause for what they think is “necessary and proper”

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Economic Policies

Secretary of Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

For a central, national bank, national currency

For tax whiskey and luxury items

Secretary of State

Thomas Jefferson Against a national

bank, thought it was unconstitutional

Against taxes thought unfair to farmers

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Economic Policies

For protective tariffs (taxes) to protect U.S. manufacturers. Taxes imports (goods from other countries)

Against protective tariffs…thought it would hurt farmers and increase cost of goods

Secretary of Treasury Secretary of State

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Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Jefferson’s argument and opposition to Hamilton’s plan

Leads to the creation of Political Parties in the

nation

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Political Parties

• Federalist Party• Leader: Alexander

Hamilton• Priorities:

Manufacturing, strong federal gov’t (loose interpretation of the Constitution), favored Britain as trading partner

• Democratic-Republicans

• Leader: Thomas Jefferson

• Priorities: Agriculture, strong state gov’ts (strict interpretation of the Constitution), favored France (revolutionary ally) as trading partner

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Washington’s Foreign Policies & Actions

Neutrality Proclamation – U.S. would stay neutral in other nation’s wars

Signed Jay’s Treaty – dodged war and promoted trade with Britain

Farewell Address – warned against political parties and getting involved in other countries problems (foreign affairs).

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Reflection

How were political parties formed? From what argument? How do political parties affect us today? Be specific and write a 4-5 sentence paragraph.

2. John Adams (1797-1801)

• Considered a “Founding Father” of our nation

• Strong supporter of the Independence movement before and after the American Revolution

• Helped write the Declaration of Independence

• Was the first Vice-President under Washington

• Was a lawyer and farmer from Massachusetts

• Only serves one term as President after losing to Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800

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2. John Adams (1787-1801)

• One of only two father-son Presidents in U.S. History (George H. W. and George W. Bush)

• Signer of the Declaration of Independence

• Had a fiery temper and loved to argue

• Defended the British soldiers accused of murder in the “Boston Massacre”

• Had an extremely close relationship with wife Abigail

• Dies on July 4th, 1826, on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence

Interesting Facts:

John Adams’ Presidency

Adams continues Washington’s policy of “neutrality” which angers the French

The French begin to “seize” U.S. ships on the high seas

The U.S. has many French supporters who want the U.S. to help them in the war against Britain

Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President, is one of them

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XYZ Affair

Adams sends diplomats to France to try and negotiate peace

French agents say France would only talk if U.S. pays them $10 million and a bribe to the French minister of $250,000

Americans very angrily refuse Congress allows U.S. Ships to

seize French ships and begins building an army

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Alien and Sedition Acts

Democratic-Republicans favor France and begin to attack Adams’ policies

Many new immigrants are Democratic-Republicans

Adams passes the Alien and the Sedition Acts to try and silence Democratic-Republicans and immigrant newspapers

Targeted aliens (immigrants)

Extended wait time to become a citizen from5 to 14 years

Allowed President to order aliens out of country

Made saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government an illegal act (sedition)

The issue of State’s Rights will continue until Civil War

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Election of 1800

Adams (Federalist) loses to Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

Adams was able to keep U.S. out of war and strengthened the Navy

Adams was the first president to live in the Executive (White House) Mansion in Washington, D.C., and first to leave it

Election actually decided by Congress due to 1st and 2nd place tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr

Hamilton (leader of Federalists) trusted Burr less than Jefferson and finally convinces Federalist-lead Congress to vote for Jefferson on 36th vote

VS

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Reflection

The Alien and Sedition Acts was probably the biggest political mistake that John Adams made. From what you know about the “Acts”, would you say they were constitutional or unconstitutional? Which, if any, of the Bill of Rights do you think they violated? Would it be possible today to pass a law like this? Explain. (5-6 complete sentences)

3. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

•Wrote the Declaration of Independence•Secretary of State under Washington and Vice-President under Adams•Leader of the Democratic-Republican Party•Was a “Strict Constructionist”•From Virginia, lived at Monticello•Wife Martha, dies in 1782 and never remarries•Wins two terms as President•Aaron Burr by finishing second in voting becomes his Vice-President Page 33

3. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

• Owned thousands of books• Helped create the Bill of Rights

for the U.S. Constitution• Designed and began the

University of Virginia• Was governor of Virginia twice• Designed his own house

Monticello and continuously made improvements

• Had 12 children and was a great-grandfather at the time of his death

• Died on July 4th, 1826, on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Died about 4 hours before John Adams.

Interesting Facts:

Views on Government

“When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. When the government fears the people, there is liberty.”

“My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much government.”

“The policy of the American government is to leave their citizens free, neither restraining nor aiding them in their pursuits.”

Jefferson’s Presidency

Even though he favored France, tries to stay “neutral” in conflicts

During his first term, Napoleon is taking over most of Europe and takes control of the Louisiana Territory from Spain

Napoleon closes the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans to the U.S.

The river and port are vital to the western state’s economies

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Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson sends group (including James Monroe) to France to buy New Orleans

Due to a devastating war in Haiti, Napoleon needs to gold

Napoleon offers to sell the Louisiana Territory for $15 million

To make sure it is not sold to another country, Jefferson agrees to buy using a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution

With purchase, protects movement of “goods” down the Mississippi River to New Orleans (port)

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LOUISIANA TERRITORY

The “doubling” of the country

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are commissioned by Jefferson to explore the newly added territory

Jefferson wants them to find a quick water route across the continent for commerce (business)

Begin their dangerous journey in May 1804 and return in September 1806

They explore and map the territory, established trade with Indian tribes

Also studied animal and plant life

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Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

Embargo Act of 1807

Embargo – (def) an official ban on trade (business) with another country

During the Napoleonic Wars, Britain and France were seizing American ships at sea

Jefferson convinces Congress to pass Embargo act

The law stops any/all trade with all countries

Jefferson hoped to hurt their economies

Decision backfires and only hurts the U.S. economy

Is repealed in 1809Page 37

4. James Madison (1809-1817)

•Known as the “Father of the U.S. Constitution” and “Founding Father” of the Bill of Rights•Born and raised in Virginia•Helped write the “Federalist Papers” with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to help ratify the Constitution•Part of the first Congress in 1789 who helped write many new laws for the new government•Was 43 yrs old when he married Dolley Payne Todd, a 26 yr old widow•Was Secretary of State under President Thomas Jefferson

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4. James Madison (1809-1817)

• Is the shortest President on record at 5 feet and 4 inches tall (weighed about 100 lbs)

• Never had any children of his own but adopted his step-son with Dolley Madison

• James and Dolley may have been the first to serve ice cream at the White House

• Had no military experience but led the U.S. during the War of 1812

• Died at age 85 in 1836 at his home estate Montepelier

Interesting Facts:

Madison’s Presidency

After election, decides to continue his mentor’s wishes by making sure the “National Bank” charter is not renewed

Bank is not renewed by Congress in 1811

Federalist Party has mostly been dismantled/non-existent

Oversees War of 1812 (which lasts until 1815) Page 39

War of 1812

Causes British seizures of U.S. ships and

sailors (impressment) British restricting trade with France British supporting Indians on frontier Pro-war Congress (“War Hawks”) Nationalism…pride for the U.S.

country increases

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War of 1812

Events British enacts a naval blockade of the U.S. British invading force burns down

Washington, D.C., including the Executive Mansion

U.S. military attempts and fails to invade British Canada

Treaty of Ghent in 1815 ends the war and returns both countries to pre-war conditions

Battle of New Orleans is fought after treaty is signed and lost by the British due to Gen. Andrew Jackson’s leadership

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U.S. independence from British is re-affirmed

Manufacturing in the U.S. increases (production of cotton and more use of interchangeable parts)

Andrew Jackson becomes a hero Star-Spangled Banner is written by

Francis Scott Key

Effects of the War of 1812

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5. James Monroe (1817-1825)

• From Virginia, considered the last President that was a “Founding Father”

• Fought under Washington in the Revolutionary War and studied law under Thomas Jefferson

• Was a Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787

• Tried to get elected to the first Congress in 1788 but lost to James Madison

• Virginia state legislature votes him to Congress as a U.S. Senator representing the state

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4. James Monroe (1817-1825)

• Served as an officer under Washington in the American Revolution

• Was fired as Minister for France by Washington for being too “Pro-French”

• Elected governor of Virginia in 1799

• Was Secretary of State and War under Madison during the War of 1812

• Elected President in 1816 and won in a landslide

• Last President to use 18th century fashions such as wearing powdered wigs and knee breeches

• Five new states enter the Union during his 8 years as President

Interesting Facts:

Monroe’s Presidency

Defeated Rufus King a Federalist in 1816

First elected President to have his inauguration outdoors and open to the public

Did not move into the White House until 1818 due to having burned down by the British in 1814

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Monroe’s Presidency

Presidency is known as the “Era of Good Feelings” No competition from other

political parties Increased feelings of nationalism,

patriotism and unity in the U.S. Country grows quickly and

citizen’s opportunities increase greatly

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U.S. Expansion

Mississippi (1817)

Illinois(1818)

Alabama (1818)

Maine (1820)

Missouri (1821)

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Acquisition of Florida (1819)

Spanish territory is sold to the U.S.

Feared disputes with U.S. and had hands full with other colonies

Unable to control Indian raids U.S. military led by Gen.

Andrew Jackson invades Florida during Indian Wars

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• Missouri is admitted as a slave state and Maine is admitted as a free state

• Keeps a balance in the U.S. Senate• All future states from the Louisiana Territory north of the

36°30’ would be free states

Missouri Compromise of 1820Page 45

• Actually written by John Quincy Adams who was Secretary of State

• Almost all Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America have achieved independence

• Threatens U.S. action against any European country that tries to establish new colonies in North or South America

• Or tries to reclaim former colonies or interfere in their independence

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

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