Warm Up Question

• What is skepticism? (define)

• What is an event or idea that you are skeptical about?

• Define Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation

Background to the Reformation

The Church and the Revolt

Reformers

•Objective:•Define the Reformation, place it in historical context, and explain how it emerged as a result of the spread of humanism into Northern Europe.

What is the Reformation?• Religious upheaval

that sought to reform the Church and eventually formed a new branch of Christianity.

• 1500 – 1600

Catholic

Lutheran

Calvinist

Anglican

Christianity

Why are there so many different

Branches of Christianity?

The Church before…• The Popes compete for Political Power– Fought wars, purchase art and architecture

for prestige (St. Peter’s Basilica, etc), get caught up in political intrigue…..

• To pay for the art, wars, and lavish lifestyles the church increase fees, and begin selling Indulgences

• Corruption of the Clergy- leaders within the Church– Regularly go to brothels–Many have mistresses and illegitimate

children – Give up on education • Some Priest can not even read

Popes of the RenaissanceExamples of Corruption

• Pope Alexander VI – had several mistresses and fathered 7 children.

• Sixtus IV – imposed a license on brothels and a special tax on any priest who had a mistress.

• Innocent VIII – “sold” a cardinal's seat to the Medici family, Giovanni de Medici (later Pope Leo X) who was 13 yrs old at the time.

Indulgence – a piece of paper that the church sold to lessen the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory (a place you atoned for your sins before going to heaven)

• Situation: – Both you and your friend get in trouble and are

sent to the principles office. The principal gives you two options • 1. spend a week in detention • 2. give a $100 “donation” to the new school building

project

OR

Nepotism - is favoritism granted to relatives or friends, with no regard to merit

Situation - • You and your friend have both applied for a job

at your local restaurant but there is only one position available….– Your friend is related to the chief but you have

experience as a waiter (waitress). How do you get the job? • 1. Write a great resume and get a recommendation from

your last restaurant job. • 2. Call your aunt who is related to the owner and ask her

to help you get hired (maybe include a bribe)

How did the Reformers seek to change the Church?

Reform led by Martin Luther (German monk and Professor) & other low level Catholic Clergy

• Complained mainly about the secularism that had crept into Catholicism – Indulgences – Not living with vows– Not focusing on education

Objective: Identify Martin Luther, his central complaint against the Catholic Church, and his actions to reform the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther• Started publishing

pamphlets asking for reform– 95 Theses – Martin Luther’s

major work against indulgences (1517)

– The Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Continued by suggesting the formation of new churches outside of Catholicism – A new branch was called

Protestantism (for their protests)

Martin Luther• Religious Implications– Pope did not speak for God– Church and priesthood not

necessary for salvation– God’s grace given to all who

seek it• Political Consequences– Peasant war– Northern Europe became

Protestant

Martin Luther• Suppression by the Pope• Diet of Worms (a meeting at Worms,

Germany)– Charles V ordered Luther to recant– Luther goes into hiding

• Refusal to submit– Excommunication

“Unless I am proved wrong by scripture or by evident reason, then I am a prisoner in conscience to the word of God. I cannot retract and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen.”

Martin Luther

Warm Up - Reformation • Terms:

– Try to define the following terms in your own words without looking at your notes…

– Define what an Indulgence is.– Define what Nepotism is.– Define Protestantism.

• Questions: 1. How many different types of

Protestantism do you know of?2. Why do you think there are so many

types of Protestantism?3. Why would Protestantism spread so

quickly in Europe? (Remember how the Renaissance spread)

Protestant and Catholics differed on some main points…..

Protestant Catholic

Faith lead to heaven(sola fide)

Faith and good deeds lead to heaven

Anyone can read and interpret the Bible Only the Catholic Church can interpret the Bible

Get to the basics: only the Bible matters(sola scriptura)

The Bible and church rituals matter

Head of Church = Elected Council Head of Church = Pope

Sacraments – accept some but reject others…. Only God can erase sin. Sin can not be erased through ritual (no confession)

7 sacraments: Baptism, confirmation, marriage, ordination, communion, anointing the sick and confession.

Leaders of the Reformation & Counter ReformationErasmus

Sir Thomas More

John Calvin Henry VIII

Ignatius Loyola

Martin Luther

Man & his Sect Location(s) Major work &

Year of Pub.Unique beliefs or

traditions

Main opposition reason for

disagreement

Desiderius Erasumus(no sect)

Martin Luther__________

John Calvin

__________

Henry VIII

__________

Ignatius Loyola__________

The man and his _sect_ Location(s) Major work &

year pub.Unique beliefs or

traditionsMain opposition &

reason for disagreeing

Erasmus 

(no sect)

NetherlandsThe Praise of Folly 1509

Get back to the roots: the Bible

Too many people in society were secular and had forgotten religion

Clergy & monks: cared more about appearance than religion

Merchants: were corrupt and charged unfair rates

Theologians: lost knowledge of Bible

Luther 

Lutheranism

Holy Roman Empire

“The 95 Theses” 1517

Indulgences needed to be reformed

Priests could no longer read

Priests were too secular and were breaking their vows

Catholic Church: brought Luther to trial at Worms and excommunicated him

Holy Roman Emperor: was pope’s close friend and supporter

Calvin 

CalvinismFrance and Switzerland

The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536

Predestination: everyone’s soul was already destined for heaven or hell

Original sin: people are born with sin in their soles and will be bad unless they follow rules of Christianity

Genevans (Switzerland): Calvin forced strict religious laws on them, so they kicked him out once

French king: king was Catholic, Calvin was Protestant

Henry VIII 

AnglicanismEngland

“Act of Supremacy” 1534

Pope has no authority in England

King is the leader of the Church of England & demands religious loyalty

King confiscates lands of the Catholic Church

Pope: did not want to grant Henry’s divorce, was upset since Henry used to be a major supporter

King of Spain: Henry was married to his relative and he was trying to divorce

Loyola 

Jesuits(Catholic)

Spain, Italy, the Holy Land

Spiritual Exercises 1524

Indulgences are one of many acts that, together, get people to heaven

Protestant ideas are creations and are not true

Do not question authority, like the Pope

Protestants: Loyola was trying to convince them to go back to Catholicism

Islamic peoples: Loyola was trying to convert them to Christianity

Catholic

Lutheran

Calvinist

Anglican

Christianity

Why are there so many different

Branches of Christianity?

EnglandThe English Reformation

• Henry VIII– Henry needs an heir….

Needs a annulment from 1st wife (can’t have anymore children) but the Pope will not consent

– Dissent over divorce – breaks with Catholic Church

– Passed Act of Supremacy – making Henry the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church founded)

Complicated Relationships• At the time of the divorce, Henry VIII only had

one surviving child, Mary Tudor. • Breaks with the church, has an Archbishop

annul the marriage, and marries Anne Boleyn.• Anne Boleyn gives birth to a girl, Elizabeth.• Boleyn is beheaded for treason and Henry

marries Jane Seymour, who bears Edward VI.

ElizabethAnne BoleynMary Tudor

What can be said about the attire of each of the women in these paintings?

Turmoil in EnglandHenry’s Children

• Edward VI• Very strict

Protestant

• Mary I of England “Bloody Mary”

• Very strict Catholic

• Elizabeth • Protestant

(middle ground)

Calvin• Minister who was inspired

by Luther but disagrees on a few points….– Beliefs: – 1. Humans are so corrupt/

evil that no good deeds can get you into heaven

– Only God can decide who goes to heaven, (Predestination)… nothing you do matters

(other names for Calvinists = Puritans)

Impact of the Reformation• The split of Christianity

•Diagram the new branch of Christianity that started as a result of the Protestant Reformation. Summarize the major differences between the two branches.

Catholicism Lutheranism/Protestantism

Calvinism

Salvation through Faith God alone predetermines who will be saved

Head of Church: Elected council

Head of Church: Council of Elders (appointed)

Bible alone source of truth Bible alone source of truth

dislike the Catholic structure

dislike the Catholic structure

Catholic

Lutheran

Calvinist

Anglican

Catholic Reformation: 1.

2.

3. 4.

Christianity

Counter Reformation/Catholic Reformation

• Reform movement within the Catholic Church• Steps the Church takes to reform:– Council of Trent 1545: meeting to end

corruption, increase education, and reaffirm Catholic beliefs.

– Inquisition: Persecuted non-Catholics (Protestants, Jews, etc.)

– Founded the Jesuits (“Soldiers of God”): new catholic group to spread and defend Catholicism

End Result – bring Some people back to Catholicism but Europe still split over religion…..

Europe after the Reformation

Warm-Up• How are the Protestant and

Catholic faiths different from one another?– Use at least 3 specific

examples (reference the chart in your notes if you need to)

• How did the Protestant Reformation change Europe?

Study Guide Questions

4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?

• Explain the secular interests and practices of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.- Indulgences, corruption, less education…

• What were Indulgences? What were their purpose?– Pieces of paper that the Catholic church sold to lesson a

souls time in purgatory for sins they had committed

4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?

• What were the 95 Theses? How did they spread throughout Europe? – 95 arguments by Luther on why indulgences are bad. – Spread by printing press

• What were Luther’s 3 major ideals concerning the Christian religion?– Salvation through faith alone– Bible source of all religious truth– Anyone can interpret the bible (don’t need Catholic

Church)

4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?

• What was the Diet of Worms? What was the result? – Meeting where Luther is ordered by the Pope to

recant (take back) his 95 Theses….. Luther refuses and is thrown out of the church

5. Compare and contrast the religious views of the

Roman Catholics, Martin Luther and John Calvin.

• What were the major tenets of Christianity that all three believed and taught?– All Christen, believe in the bible, Jesus, etc.

• How did their views differ on attaining eternal salvation? (reaching Heaven) – Catholics – need good works, and faith– Luther – need JUST faith– Calvin – Predestination (only god can determine

who goes to heaven)

• How did they view the role and interpretation of the Bible?– Catholics – Bible interpreted by the Church– Luther and Calvin – Bible interpreted by ANYONE

• What differences existed in terms of the leadership and organization of their churches?– Catholics – One leader = Pope– Luther and Calvin – elected council

6a. Explain the reasons behind the decision of Henry

VIII of England to start the Church of England.• Henry VIII’s personal issues:– His wife can no longer have any children and he

needs a male heir • Secular and political issues:– Without a male heir England could fall into civil

war – Catholic church wont let him get divorced because

Henry’s wife is related to the Holy Roman Empire and Pope needs his political support

6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle religious issues during their reigns?

• How did Henry’s reforms continue during the short reign of Edward VI?– Edward VERY protestant• Suppress all catholic teaching/ beliefs

• What happened to Protestantism during the rule of Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)?– Mary VERY Catholic• Brings back Catholicism

6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle religious issues during their reigns?

• What decisions did Elizabeth I make concerning the religion of England?– Elizabeth Protestant but chooses a middle road

and allows some Catholic rituals to remain in Protestant country

7a. What was the Catholic Reformation?

• What were the purpose and goals of the Catholic Reformation in the mid-1500s?– Religious upheaval that sought to reform the

church

7b. In what ways did it respond to Protestant ideas?

• What was the role of the Council of Trent?– To help direct the way people should take the

reform; To make and start the reformation.• Who were the Jesuits? What were their

responsiblities?– The Jesuits were missionary soldiers– The spread the catholic faith and protected it.

7b. In what ways did it respond to Protestant ideas?

• What was the Inquisition? What was the Index of Forbidden Books?– The Inquisition was a church council – This court used torture, secret testimony and

execution to rid of heresy– The Index of Forbidden Books was a list of works

that was against the catholic faith.