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Inadequate access to quality water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
services can negatively impact health, in addition to having huge
socioeconomic consequences on a society. Use of contaminated
drinking water and poor sanitary conditions result in increased
vulnerability to water-borne diseases, such as diarrhea, which is a
serious threat to many Nigerians. Absence of proper WASH services
has also been linked to malnutrition and poor education attainment
among young children, and losses in economic and environmental
resources. Nigeria barely met its MDGs for water supply. Progress
with the sanitation goals, on the other hand, has declined over the
years and millions of people were left without access to toilets in
2015.
Nigeria is committed to meeting the SDGs 6 on WASH which is to
achieve universal and sustainable access to WASH services by 2030.
As part of its strategies to attain the SDG 6, the WASH National
Outcome Routine Mapping Survey (WASH-NORM) was launched in
2018 to fill the chronic gaps in the sector data management and
monitoring. The WASH NORM is a routine assessment of the status
of the WASH services in Nigeria. It integrates user's perception of
service levels based on key outcome indicators with assessments of
WASH facilities to produce a comprehensive and in-depth analysis
on national WASH coverage. The WASH-NORM effectively
disaggregates data across different regions, sub-sectors and
demographic groups which can be used to target unserved and
under-served groups with appropriate policies that promote equity
in access to WASH. The study also contains information on topics
such as quality and sustainability of WASH services, which are of
relevance to the current issues plaguing the WASH sector.
The WASH-NORM will be used as a routine data collection tool to
track progress towards the attainment of national goals as
captured in the Partnership for Expanded Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene framework and the WASH Sector Revitalization
Plan. Availability of reliable, consistent and up-to-date data for the
sector will make room for sector-wide planning, priority setting,
effective resource mobilization and application. Evidence generated
on access to WASH services in public institutions, such as schools
and hospitals, can be used by policy makers and programme
administrators in planning, monitoring and evaluation towards the
achievement of their respective sector goals. On the whole, this will
promote governance, accountability, value for money and overall
sector sustainability.
The WASH-NORM survey was commissioned by the Federal Ministry
of Water Resources and led by National Bureau of Statistics, with
support from UNICEF, World Bank, the European Union and DFID.
The survey was carried out in all the 36 states of the federation and
federal capital territory, Abuja. This survey broadly focuses on two
components: Household based assessments of WASH levels and
facility-based assessments of WASH infrastructure. The
following chart pack summarizes the findings from the survey.
Key FindingsOverview
SCHOOL
HOSPITAL
Market
68%Use basic drinking water services
42%Use basic sanitation services
47 millionPractice open defecation
21%Households have access to basic
hand hygiene services
13%Schools have basic water and
sanitation services
6%Health facilities have basic water
and sanitation services
4 litersAverage per capita volume of
water per day for
the rural population
9%Markets and Motor Parks have
basic water and sanitation services
11%of households had at least one
diarrhea case in the past 6 weeks
11%Have access to basic water,
sanitation, hygiene services
11%Access to basic
water, sanitation and
hygiene services
Access to Basic WASH Services in Nigeria
The overall status of the WASH
sector in Nigeria is poor. Only 11
per cent of the population has
access to complete basic
water, sanitation and
hygiene services. Those living in rural
areas have less access to basic WASH
services compared to those in urban
areas.
11%National
18%Urban
8%Rural
Disparities were observed in the use of basic WASH services across different sub-regions, geopolitical zones and socioeconomic lines. The
most significant disparities are related to wealth. The wealthiest households are more than ten times more likely to access basic water,
sanitation and hygiene services than the poorest households.
Access to Basic
WASH Services by Sub-sector
Access to Basic WASH
Services by Geopolitical
Zones
Access to Basic
WASH Services by Wealth
Quintiles
Access to Basic WASH Services by
Education of Household Head
(Literate vs. Non-Literate)
Access to Basic WASH Services
by Households with Persons
Living with Disabilities
Access to Basic WASH Services
by Gender of Head of
Household
13%
6%11%
10%11% 11%
Peri Urban
Urban RuralItinerantSmall
TownsPoorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
Equity in Access to Basic WASH Services
8
8
12 9
14
15
13
20
107
13
36 5
9
32
1
Access to Basic...
< 4.4
4.4 - 8.8
8.8 - 13.2
13.2 - 18.2
> 18.2
Borno
Yobe
Gombe
Adamawa
Taraba
Plateau
Bauchi
Jigawa
KanoZamfara
Sokoto
Kebbi
Niger
Kwara
Oyo
Osun
Ogun
Lagos
Ekiti
Ondo
Edo
Kogi
Nassarawa
Kaduna
Benue
Cross River
Enugu
Imo
Akwa
IbomBayelsa Rivers
Delta
Anambra
FCT
Katsina
Access to Basic
WASH Services
0 - 4%
4% - 9%
9% - 13%
13% - 18%
18% - 25%
2
Map of Nigeria Showing Access to Basic WASH Services
32%Access to basic water
supply and sanitation
services
Access to Basic Water and Sanitation Services in Nigeria
Almost one-third of the population
have access to basic water supply
and sanitation services. The rural
population are more deprived of
these services compared to urban
population.
32%National
45%Urban
26%Rural
Disparities were observed in the use of basic water and sanitation services across different sub-regions, geopolitical zones and socioeconomic
lines. The richest households are at least four times more likely to have access to basic water and sanitation services than the poorest
households.
Access to Water and
Sanitation Services
by Sub-sector
Access to Water and
Sanitation Services
by Geopolitical Zones
Access to Water and
Sanitation Services by
Wealth Quintiles
Access to Water and Sanitation
Services by Education of
Household Head
(Literate vs. Non-Literate)
Access to Water and Sanitation
Services by Households with
Persons Living with Disabilities
Access to Water and Sanitation
Services by Gender of Head of
Household
35%
24%
32%27%
32% 32%
Peri Urban
Urban RuralItinerant Small
TownsPoorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
Equity in Access to Basic Water and Sanitation Services
28
32
3224
44
31
34
47
2226
31
1423 24
35
64
The poorest are the mostdeprived
3
Access to Basic Water and Sanitation Services by State
60
8
Access to Basic...
< 18.4
18.4 - 27.2
27.2 - 36.2
36.2 - 44.2
> 44.2
Borno
Yobe
Gombe
Adamawa
Taraba
Plateau
Bauchi
Jigawa
KanoZamfara
Sokoto
Kebbi
Niger
Kwara
Oyo
Osun
Ogun
Lagos
Ekiti
Ondo
Edo
Kogi
Nassarawa
Kaduna
Benue
Cross River
Enugu
Imo
Akwa
IbomBayelsa Rivers
Delta
Anambra
FCT
Katsina
Access to Basic Water andSanitation Services
8% - 18%
18% - 27%
27% - 36%
36% - 44%
44% - 60%
Map of Nigeria Showing Access to Basic Water and Sanitation Services
4
Na
tio
na
l
An
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Imo
Ab
ia
Ka
no
Ba
uc
hi
Ka
tsin
a
De
lta
La
go
s
Ad
am
aw
a
FC
T A
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ja
Ed
o
Na
sa
raw
a
Za
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ra
Og
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Akw
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Nig
er
En
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u
Osu
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Riv
ers
Go
mb
e
On
do
So
ko
to
Oy
o
Ko
gi
Ekit
i
Ka
du
na
Cro
ss R
ive
r
Pla
tea
u
Ta
rab
a
Jig
aw
a
Kw
ara
Yo
be
Ke
bb
i
Ba
ye
lsa
Be
nu
e
Bo
rno
Eb
on
yi
Access to Basic Drinking Water Services
Trends in the use of Basic drinking water supply
(2010 - 2018)
68%National
87%Urban
60%Rural
Have access to basic drinkingwater services
Equity in Access to Basic Water Supply Services
There are obvious disparities in access to basic water services with regards to the wealth quintiles and among states. People from the
poorest households are about two times less likely to have access to basic water supply than those from the richest households.
68%
National
61
67 68
Urban Rural
82
87
79
4654
60
2010 2015 2018
Access to Basic Water Services
by Geopolitical Zones
Access to Basic Water Services by
Wealth Quintiles
Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
73
59
76
82
63
58
Access to Basic Water Supply by
Education of Household Head
(Literate vs. Non-Literate)
Access to Basic Water Supply by
Households with People Living
with Disabilities
Access to Basic Water Supply
by Gender of Household Head
58%
68% 65%68% 67%72%
2010 2015 2018 2010 2015 2018
About 68% of Nigerians have access to basic drinking water services. In comparison with JMP data, the WASH NORM revealed that
progress in the achievement of universal and equitable access to the use of basic drinking water services has been slow. About 56 million
people still drink water from unimproved sources.
5
4659
6980
91
Peri Urban
Urban RuralItinerantSmall
Towns
7889
4560
69
Access to basic water services
by Sub-sector
Source of data: The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme data for 2010 and 2015 retrieved from www.WASHdata.org
Surface Water Unimproved Water Services Limited Water Services Basic Water Services
0
50
100
150
National Urban Rural
0102030405060708090
100
untitled
People living in Rivers state are three times more likely to use basic water supply services than those living in Sokoto state.
Inequities in the use of Basic Drinking Water Services by Category
Access to Basic Water Supply Services by State94
32
Water Supply Services Ladder
3246
94 91 87
60
82
58
72
58
68 68
65 67
Strongest
-
Weakest
State
Urban
-
Rural
Sector
Literate
-
Non-literate
Household
Head
Richest
-
Poorest
Female
-
Male
Household
Head
Strongest
-
Weakest
Geopolitical
Zone
Households
with PLWDs
-
Without
PLWDs
Soko
toG
omb
eTa
rab
a C
ross
Riv
erPl
atea
u
Zam
fara
Ke
bb
i B
ayel
sa
Bor
no
Kats
ina
Ben
ue
Nas
araw
a Eb
onyi
Ko
giKa
du
na
Kwar
aA
dam
awa
Kan
oEn
ugu
Oyo
Yob
eA
bia
Akw
a Ib
omO
nd
oEd
oB
auch
iFC
T A
bu
jaD
elta
Imo
Osu
nN
iger
Ekit
iJig
awa
Ogu
nLa
gos
An
amb
raR
iver
sN
atio
nal
6
68 87 60
6
15
1255
6
19
153
Based on WHO/UNICEF JMP definitions,Basic water services are improved drinking water sources in which collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuingLimited water services are improved drinking water sources for which collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuingUnimproved water services are drinking water sources from an unprotected well or unprotected springSurface water are drinking water sources from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal
3.74.1
3.23.7 3.7
2.9
4.5
34
44
16
2 4
Dependability of Water SystemsOnly 6 per cent of the water points are dependable with respect
to their design and configuration.
The average per capita share for the country is 4l/p/d. Only 6 percent of the population are using water
supply systems in rural areas that meet the adequacy threshold of providing a minimum of 12 liters of water
per person per day for those living within 500meters from the water system. Up to 80 percent of water
facilities nationwide are either snapped or stressed.
Average Per Capita Share by Zones Performance Levels of Water Facilities in Nigeria
Snapped Stressed Stretched Suitable SufficientNational North Central
North East
North West
South East
South South
Functionality
63%
Operation andMaintenance
11%
Design andConfiguration
6%
Public water points' dependability with respect totheir design, operation and maintenance and
functionality
Functionality of Water Systems
69% of Waterfacilities arefunctional
69%
22%
22% of Waterfacilities broke
down in theirfirst one year of
operation
Community WASH
management in place for
48% of public facilities
48% 66%
Adequacy of Water Systems
South West
WASHCOMS
Water point facility caretaker
is in place for 66% of public
facilities
7
"Snapped" water facilities refers to systems that are not contributing to per capita Share due to non-functionality
"Stressed" water facilities are systems that are serving more than 3 times the population they should serve and providing less than 5 liters per capita share
"Stretched" water facilities are systems that are serving about twice the population they should serve and providing between 5 and 12 liters in per capita share"Suitable" systems meet the prescribed per capita share in line with National Standards and providing between 12 and 16 liters in per capita share"Sufficient" These are Systems meeting the per capita share of 16 liters and above
Household Water Treatment Methods
The most commonly used methods for household water treatment are boiling and letting the drinking water stand and settle. Among
these households, boiling is prevalent in urban areas, while the stand and settle method is widespread in rural areas.
CL
Boil Add Chlorine
or BleachStrain through
Cloth
Water Filter Stand and
Settle
Solar
Disinfection
Add Alum
29
1510 9
2
312736
2520
37
Urban RuralUrban Rural
Access to Basic...
< 45.8
45.8 - 60.4
60.4 - 72.4
72.4 - 82.4
> 82.4
Borno
Yobe
Gombe
Adamawa
Taraba
Plateau
Bauchi
Jigawa
KanoZamfara
Sokoto
Kebbi
Niger
Kwara
Oyo
Osun
Ogun
Lagos
Ekiti
Ondo
Edo
Kogi
Nassarawa
Kaduna
Benue
Cross River
Enugu
Imo
Akwa
IbomBayelsa Rivers
Delta
Anambra
FCT
Katsina
Access to Basic Water Services
32% - 46%
46% - 60%
60% - 72%
72% - 82%
82% - 94%
Area Value Map for Access to Basic Water Services in Nigeria
8
34 3242
3039
5039
2738
Access to Basic Sanitation Facilities
42%National
50%Urban
38%Rural
Trends in the use of Basic SanitationServices (2010 - 2018) by Sector
According to the WASH NORM household survey, only 42 per
cent Nigerians use basic sanitation services in 2018. In
comparison with the JMP data, 36 and 32 per cent in 2000, 2015
and 2018, respectively, there has been an increase in the
number of people using basic services. Despite this progress, 47
million people still defecate in the open.
24%National
11%Urban
30%Rural
2010 2015 2018
National Urban Rural
Equity in Access to Sanitation Services
Access to Basic Sanitation by Wealth Quintiles
2010 2015 2018 2010 2015 2018
9
Practices opendefecation
24%Have access to basicsanitation services
42%
43
34
2
16
30
27
35
Access to Basic Sanitation by Geopolitical Zones
34
38
Open Defecation Basic Sanitation Services
Basic Sanitation ServicesOpen Defecation
71
10
Equity in Access to Basic Sanitation Services
42 41
24 25
Access to Sanitation by
Educational Level of Head
of Household
42 3724 24
4535
20
34
Access to Sanitation by
Households with People
Living with Disabilities
Access to Sanitation by
Gender of Head of Household
Basic Sanitation
Open Defecation
Without PLWD
With PLWD
Without PLWD
With PLWD
Literate Non Literate
Literate Non Literate
FemaleMaleFemaleMale
Basic Sanitation
Open Defecation
Basic Sanitation
Open Defecation
Based on WHO/UNICEF JMP definitions,Safely managed sanitation services are improved facilities which are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely emptied and treatedBasic sanitation services are improved facilities which are not shared with other householdsLimited sanitation services are improved facilities shared between two or more householdsUnimproved sanitation services are pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrinesOpen defecation is disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste
Open Defecation Unimproved sanitation Limited sanitation Basic sanitation
Safely managed sanitation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
National Urban Rural
The Sanitation Services Ladder
17
23
16
18
24
4
24 38
19
22
16
18
17
23
16
18
2411
24
26
31
8
17
23
16
18
24 30
17
21
10
22
11
Map of Nigeria Showing Access to Sanitation Services
11 15 19 20
42
Hygiene Practices in Nigeria
In Nigeria, the majority of households do not have basic handwashing services, that is, where a handwashing facility is available on
household premises with water and soap at the time of the survey. In 2018, only 21 per cent of households had handwashing facilities
available on premises with water and soap.
21%National
27%Urban
18%Rural
19 2115
21
32
21
Significant disparities with regards to wealth quintiles and geopolitical zones exist. The wealthiest households are about four times more
likely to have basic handwashing services than among poorest households. Households whose heads were non-literates almost twice less
likely to have basic handwashing services than their counterparts.
Equity in Access to Hygiene Service
Educational
Level of Head of
Household
Households
with People
Living with
Disabilities
Gender of
Head
of Household
Wealth QuintilesGeopolitical Zones
Poorest Second Middle Fourth RichestSouth East
North Central
North East
South West
North West
South South
21 23
22 21
24
14
Literate
Non-LiterateWithout
PLWD
With PLWD
Female Headed
Household
Male Headed
Household
Knowledge and Practice of Handwashing
12.5%Heads of
Households demonstrated
proper handwashing with water
and soap under running
6%Households are likely to
practice proper
handwashing with water
and soap at critical times
91.4%Heads of Households
that have knowledge of
at least 2 critical times
for handwashing
1. All indicators are expressed in percentages. 2. Critical times for handwashing include: after using the toilet, after changing child's diapers, before eating and before preparing food
Have handwashing facilities
available on premises with
water and soap
21%
12
1714 12 13 15
18
Schools have basic Water
Supply Services
36%Schools have basic Hygiene
Services
28%
WASH in Schools
Trends in WASH in Schools
36%National
40%Urban
33%Rural
31
53
33
35 37
4335
48
32 28 33
16%National
20%Urban
12%Rural
13
26
17 13
20
Primary Secondary Non-formal Public Private
Basic Water Services in Schools
South
EastNorth
Central
North
East
South
West
North
West
South
South
Access to Basic Water in Schools by
Geopolitical Zones
Primary Secondary Non-formal
Access to Basic Water
Supply Services in Schools
by Type of School
Access to Basic Water
Services in Schools
by Ownership
Public Private
Basic Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools
3242
27 26
47
Primary Secondary Non-formal
Access to Basic Sanitation
Services in Schools
by Type of School
Access to Basic Sanitation
Services in Schools by
ownership
Public Private
16%
Access to Basic Water
and Sanitation services
in Schools by
Ownership
Schools have basic Sanitation
Services
34%
Only 7% of all schools
have access to
combined basic water,
sanitation and hygiene
services
7%
Access to Basic Water
and Sanitation
services in Schools by
Type
Schools have access tobasic water and
sanitation services
44
2531 33
2030 32
41
South
East
North
Central
North
East
South
West
North
West
South
South
Access to Basic Sanitation Services in
Schools by Sector and Geopolitical Zones
Urban Rural
13
Access to Basic Water
and Sanitation services
in Schools by
Geopolitical Zones
South East
North Central
North East
South West
North West
South South
WASH in Health FacilitiesHOSPITAL
With Access (6%)
Without Access (94%)
6%National
10%Urban
4%Rural
Secondary health care centers are more than three times
likely to have basic WASH services than primary health care
centers. Private facilities are twice as likely to have basic
WASH services than public health facilities.
Disparities in Access to Water and Sanitation
Services in Health Care Facilities
Diarrhea Prevalence in Nigeria
1 in 10
75%
Hospital records showed 13% of
all sick reports are diarrhea cases
6%Health facilties have
access to basic water
and sanitation services
4
15
5
10
Access to Basic Waterand Sanitation Services
in Health Facilitiesby Type
Access to Basic Waterand Sanitation Services in
Health Facilities byOwnership
Households had at least one member who
suffered diarrhea in the past 6 weeks
preceding the survey
of household members who suffered
diarrhea are children under five years old
14
Primary Secondary Public Private
Only 5% of health
facilities in Nigeria have
combined basic water,
sanitation and hygiene
services
5%
Water Supply in HealthFacilities
Sanitation and Hygiene in HealthFacilities
Hospitals have basic Hygiene
Services
40%Hospitals have basic Water
Supply Services
46%Hospitals have basic
Sanitation Services
12%
32% Hospitals have basic water
supply services that are
accessible to people living
with disabilities
77% Hospitals have their waste
separated into at least 3
labeled bins and safely
disposed
46%National
66%Urban
38%Rural
Access to basic water supply in Health Facilities
by Sector
12%National
17%Urban
9%Rural
Access to basic sanitation services in Health
Facilities by Sector
10
23
10
18
Access to Basic SanitationServices in Health Facilities
by Type
Access to Basic SanitationServices in Health Facilities
by Ownership
43
7442
64
Access to Basic Water Supply Services in Health Facilities
by Type
Access to WaterSupply Services in HealthFacilities by Ownership
15
Primary Secondary Public PrivatePrimary Secondary Public Private
WASH in Markets and Motor Parks
Markets/Motor Parks withbasic Water and Sanitation
services
9%Only 9 per cent of markets and motor
parks have basic water supply and
sanitation services.
9%National
12%Urban
6%Rural
24%Markets/Motor Parks
with basic watersupply
Only 1 in 4 markets and motor parks have access to basic water
supply services.
24%National
30%Urban
20%Rural
Access to WASH in Markets and Motor Parks
Water Supply Services
Access to basic Water and Sanitation services inMarkets and Motor Parks by Geopolitical Zones
South East
North Central
North East
South West
North West
South South
Sanitation and Hygiene Services
About 75 per cent of markets and motor parks in Nigeria do not have
access to basic sanitation services and up to 95 per cent do not have
basic hygiene services.
12
8
11
7
3
10
15%Markets/Motor Parkswith basic sanitation
services
15%National
18%Urban
13%Rural
5%Markets/Motor Parks
with basicHygiene services
5%National
8%Urban
2%Rural
19% Markets and Motor Parks
have basic water supplyservices that are
accessible to PLWDs
13% Markets and Motor Parkshave latrines that
are cleaned at least once aday
1.4%
Only 1.4% of all
markets and
motor parks have
access to
combined basic
water, sanitation
and hygiene
services
16
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