of 94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
1/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
2/94
Waste Management
Definitions
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
According to the Basel Convention:
"Substances or objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed
off or are required to be disposed off by the provisions of international law"
(Basel Convention).
Produced by the United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.):
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is productsproduced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms
of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and
of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the
extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into
intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and
other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of
generation are excluded."
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
3/94
Waste Management
Chapter 2
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Concepts
Diagram of the waste hierarchy.
There are a number ofconcepts about waste management which vary in their
usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used
concepts include:
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_concepts7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
4/94
Waste Management
Waste Hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms
ofwaste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most
waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract
the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste see: resource recovery.
Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where thepolluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect
to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste
generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.
History Of Waste Management
Historically, the amount ofwastes generated by human population was
insignificant mainly due to the lowpopulation densities, coupled with the
fact there was very little exploitation of natural. Common wastes produced
during the early ages were mainly ashes and human &biodegradable wastes,
and these were released back into the ground locally, with
minimal environmental impact. Before the widespread use ofmetals, wood
was widely used for most applications. However, reuse of wood has been
well documented. Nevertheless, it is once again well documented that reuse
and recovery of such metals have been carried out by earlier humans.
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduce_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduce_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
5/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
6/94
Waste Management
Chapter 3
TYPES OF WASTE
Waste can be divided into many different types. The most common methods
of classification are by their physical, chemical and biological
characteristics. One important classification is by their consistency. Solid
wastes are waste materials that contain less than 70% water. This class
includes such materials as household garbage, some industrial wastes, somemining wastes, and oilfield wastes such as drill cuttings. Liquid wastes are
usually wastewater's that contain less than 1% solids. Such wastes may
contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is a class
of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3% and
25% solids, while the rest of the material is water dissolved materials.
Industrial Waste
Industrial waste is waste type produced by industrial factories, mills and
mines. It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution. Toxic
waste and chemical waste are two designations of industrial waste. It is
considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Certain types of
household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic
to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or
explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. India
generates around 7 million tones of hazardous wastes every year, most of
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(factory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(factory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_waste7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
7/94
Waste Management
which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,
and Tamil Nadu. In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous
waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber
goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as
mercury and cyanide can be fatal.
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or
potentially harmful to human health or the environment. The universe ofhazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids,
solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be the by-products of
manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like
cleaning fluids or pesticides. It exhibits at least one of four characteristics -
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Hazardous waste is regulated
under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle.
Definition of hazardous waste
A waste will fall under the scope of the Convention if it is within the
category of wastes listed in Annex I of the Convention and it does exhibit
one of the hazardous characteristics contained in Annex III.
In other words it must both be listed and contain a characteristic such as
being explosive, flammable, toxic, or corrosive. The other way that a waste
may fall under the scope of the Convention is if it is defined as or considered
7
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
8/94
Waste Management
to be a hazardous waste under the laws of either the exporting country, the
importing country, or and of the countries of transit.
Radioactive waste that is covered under other international control systems
and wastes from the normal operation of ships is not covered.
Hospital Waste
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization
of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in theproduction or testing of biologicals.
It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical
waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc.
These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids,
human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate
manner. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in
a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.
8
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
9/94
Waste Management
Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is
generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount
of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its compositionchanging.
In 1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tones of
solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 million tones.
9
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
10/94
Waste Management
Biodegradable Waste
Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating fromplant or
animal sources, which may be degraded by other living organisms. Wastes
that cannot be broken down by other living organisms are called non-
biodegradable.
Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste
(sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste,
food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Otherbiodegradablewastes include human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste. In the
absence ofoxygen much of this waste will decay to methane by anaerobic
digestion.
Climate Change Impacts
The main environmental threat from biodegradable waste is the production
of methane in landfills. Methane is 21 times as potent a greenhouse gas as
carbon dioxide and accounted for some 3% of total greenhouse gas
emissions in the EU-15 in 1995. The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC obliges
Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste that they
landfill to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016, which will significantly reduce the
problem.
10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_of_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_of_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
11/94
Waste Management
Uses Of Biodegradable Waste
Biodegradable waste can often be used for composting or must doubtless be
a resource for heat, electricity and fuel in future as it is being achieved by
the Swiss Kampongs treatment for 20 years now. This produces additional
Biogas and still delivers the compost for the soil. It is a fully developed
system and produced 27 million Kwh of electricity and Biogas in 2009. The
oldest of the companies own Lorries has achieved 1.000.000 kilometers
driven with biogas from household waste in the last 15 years.
Biodegradability Prediction
Biodegradability prediction isbiologically inspired computing and attempts
to predict biodegradability of anthropogenic materials in the environment.
Demand for biodegradability prediction is expected to increase with
governments stepping up environmental regulations (see, for instance,
testing forbioaccumulation in the REACH proposal).
Example: Development of quantitative structure-activity relationship
(QSARs) forbiodegradation, for instance, biochemical oxygen demand for
chemicals released into the environment with the aid of machine learning
and other artificial intelligence methods. The University of Minnesota
Biocatalysis and Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD), which contains
information on microbial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways
for primarily xenobiotic, chemical compounds. One of its many features
11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologically_inspired_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation_and_Authorization_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_structure-activity_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologically_inspired_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation_and_Authorization_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_structure-activity_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
12/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
13/94
Waste Management
Terminology
The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical
properties of the climate system when considered over long periods of time,
regardless of cause.
The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by
human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as
part of Earth's natural processes. In this latter sense, used especially in the
context ofenvironmental policy. Within scientific journals, however, globalwarming refers to surface temperature increases, while climate change
includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas
amounts will affect.
Causes
Climate changes in response to changes in the global energy balance. On the
broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the sun and the rate
at which it is lost to space determine the equilibrium temperature and
climate of Earth. This energy is then distributed around the globe by winds,
ocean currents, and other mechanisms to affect the climates of different
regions.
Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or "forcing
mechanisms". These include such processes as variations in solar radiation,
deviations in the Earth's orbit, mountain-building and continental drift, and
13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_forcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_forcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
14/94
Waste Management
changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate
change feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing.
Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond
slowly in reaction to climate forcings, while others respond more quickly.
Forcing mechanisms can be either "internal" or "external". Internal forcing
mechanisms are natural processes within the climate system itself (e.g., the
meridional overturning circulation). External forcing mechanisms can be
either natural (e.g., changes in solar output) or anthropogenic (e.g., increased
emissions of greenhouse gases).
Whether the initial forcing mechanism is internal or external, the response of
the climate system might be fast (e.g., a sudden cooling due to airborne
volcanic ash reflecting sunlight), slow (e.g. thermal expansion of warming
ocean water), or a combination (e.g., sudden loss of albedo in the arctic
ocean as sea ice melts, followed by more gradual thermal expansion of the
water). Therefore, the climate system can respond abruptly, but the full
response to forcing mechanisms might not be fully developed for centuries
or even longer.
14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
15/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
16/94
Waste Management
The most significant climate processes since the middle to late Pliocene
(approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and interglacial cycles.
The present interglacial period (the Holocene) has lasted about 11,700 years.
Shaped by orbital variations, responses such as the rise and fall of
continental ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the
climate. Other changes, including Heinrich events, DansgaardOeschger
events and the Younger Dryas, however, illustrate how glacial variations
may also influence climate without the orbital forcing. Glaciers leave behind
moraines that contain a wealth of material including organic matter, quartz,
and potassium that may be dated recording the periods in which a glacier
advanced and retreated. Similarly, by tephrochronological techniques, the
lack of glacier cover can be identified by the presence of soil or volcanic
tephra horizons whose date of deposit may also be ascertained.
Sea Level Change
Global sea level change for much of the last century has generally been
estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time
to give a long-term average. More recently, altimeter measurements in
combination with accurately determined satellite orbits have provided an
improved measurement of global sea level change. To measure sea levels
prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that
grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids
in limestones, and near shore archaeological remains. The predominant
dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic
radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced
relative sea level fall.
16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interglacialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_forcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrochronologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_terracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-thorium_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_radionuclide_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_radionuclide_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interglacialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_forcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrochronologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_terracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-thorium_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_radionuclide_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_radionuclide_dating7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
17/94
Waste Management
Radioactive Wastes
Radioactive wastes arise primarily from nuclear generation; smaller
quantities are derived from military sources and a variety of uses in medical,
industrial and university establishments. There are many types of radioactive
waste which can be classified either according to their radioactive properties
or according to the sources from which they originated. Low level
radioactive wastes generally consist of contaminated laboratory debris,
biological materials, building materials. High levels of radioactive waste
consist of spent fuels from nuclear power reactors, together with liquid andsolid residues from reprocessing of spent fuels.
Non - Hazardous Waste
Non-hazardous are those that pose no immediate threat to human health
and the environment. Household garbage is included into this category.
17
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
18/94
Waste Management
Chapter 4
WASTE GENERATION
Indias garbage generation stands at 0.2 to 0.6 kilograms of garbage per head
per day. Also, it is a well known fact that land in India is scarce.
Kerala is a state considered to be having a developed modern society. The
consumption of more resources results in the generation of more waste. All
types of waste including solid, hazardous and biomedical waste generation
in the state are more compared to other states in the country.
There is a series of actions initiated at National and State level abate the
problems arise due to the wastes, particularly the pollution problem. Solid
waste generation is mainly due to industrial and domestic activities. The
waste generated due to industrial activities is of hazardous as well as non-
hazardous nature.
The solid waste generation due to domestic sources, the garbage, is very
high in the State. The biomedical wastes are generated from all health care
institutions. The responsibility of collection, treatment and safe disposal of
all types of solid wastes rests with the generator.
18
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
19/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
20/94
Waste Management
generating industrial solid waste. All industries with wastewater treatment
plants are generating solid waste. Hazardous wastes handling units are
classifies on the basis of their size of operation as large, medium and small.
The sector wise distribution of industrial units that hazardous waste in
Kerala State us as shown in the below figure
Biomedical Waste
The number of health care facilities in the State is highest among all the
States. Its number and sophistication is also changing. More over, there is a
trend that more and more foreigners are making use of the health care
facilities in the State. This will in turn increase the quantity of biomedical
waste generation and so more money to be found for waste management
facilities, apart from planning for meeting the future scenario. At present the
total number of beds is just about 1, 10, 00 and the biomedical waste
generation is about 300gm/bed per day. Once the facilities in the health care
establishments are improved it is estimated that the biomedical waste
generation will be more that 500gm per bed per day.
20
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
21/94
Waste Management
Kerala is having the highest number of health care institutions as per the
1991 census. About 26% of total health care institutions in India are located
in Kerala. District wise details of health care institutions, number of beds
and quantity of waste generated are in the Table given below
District wise details of health care institutions, beds and waste
generation
District No of Health
CareInstitutions
Number
of beds
Total Waste
kg/day
Alappuzha
Ernakulum
Idukki
Kannur
Kasaragod
Kollam
Kottayam
Kozhikode
343
546
194
392
209
704
440
342
8835
15819
4096
5149
2107
7530
9323
9034
11486
20565
5325
6694
2739
9789
121209
11744
21
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
22/94
Waste Management
Malappuram
Palakkad
Pathanamthitta
Thiruvananthapuram
Thrissur
Wayanad
327
316
310
411
434
127
5030
4925
5096
12910
12991
2307
6539
6403
6625
16783
16888
2999
Total 5095 105152 136699
Quantity Of Waste Generated, Collected, Transported And
Disposed
Total quantity of hazardous waste generated and handled in the state is about
82724 t/y. The quantity of recyclable hazardous waste is 10725 t/y,
incinerable hazardous waste is 2596 t/y, and the balance is used for land
filling.
22
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
23/94
Waste Management
It is roughly estimated that about 1.3 to 2.0 kg/bed/day of solid wastes are
generated from health care institutions of which 15 to 20% are biomedical
waste. The number of beds in government and private institutions are about
40000 and 58000 respectively. About 1.5 lakh t/day of solid waste is
generated from the hospitals and other health care centers in the state.
23
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
24/94
Waste Management
The quantity of garbage generated in the state is about 60000 t/d. This
includes wastes generated from all Municipal Corporations, Municipalities
and Grama Panchayath areas. The different treatment and disposal option
followed in Kerala is shown below. This shows that the trend in the state is
to follow one or other biodegradation methods.
Waste Characteristics And Its Variation Quantity
The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) quality is same in all areas but its
quantity varies. There are cases of biomedical waste, industrial waste and
hazardous waste mixing with MSW. No segregation of MSW done in
general. However in certain urban areas like Kozhikode Municipal
Corporation an attempt is being made to segregate the waste.
Industrial hazardous waste quality and quantity is based on the type of
source. Industrial solid waste and Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge are
24
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
25/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
26/94
Waste Management
Biomedical wastes are not fully segregated at source, though there is
tremendous improvement in the biomedical waste in the State. So the entire
solid waste generated from health care in institutions becomes infectious.
26
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
27/94
Waste Management
District Wise Distribution Of Health Care Institutions In Kerala
27
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
28/94
Waste Management
Impacts Of Waste Generation
Municipal Solid Waste
The improper disposal of municipal solid waste at the disposal/dumping
sites attracts rodents, files, etc. apart from this the open dumping of wastes
create an unhygienic condition.
Soil Contamination
The unscientific management of municipal solid waste will lead to
contamination of soil. The contamination of soil was reported from a few
dumping sites. The soil purification activities cannot be dreamed at the
present level of economic condition of the State.
Ground Water Contamination
The contamination of soil, in turn, leads to contamination of ground water.
This is mainly due to percolation of leachate. The quantity of leachate will
be more in Kerala due to heavy rainfall. Once the ground water is polluted it
may take decades to attain the normal condition. Some studies shows that
ground water contamination is observed near some waste dumping yards.
28
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
29/94
Waste Management
Health Problems
The open dumping areas can create health problem, as it will lead to
multiplication of rodents and flies. Open dumping may result in the
generation of anaerobic gases, which lead to creation of bad odor primarily
resulting in a variety of diseases. There are persistent complaints from
people residing near open dumping areas. Health care establishment
premises with poor solid waste management are more prone to spreading
diseases.
Impact Of Hazardous Waste
The improper and unscientific disposal of hazardous wastes results in
adverse impact on ecosystem including human health. In absence of
common hazardous waste handling facilities in the State the industrial units
generating hazardous waste are presently storing the wastes in their own
premises.
Soil Contamination
Once hazardous wastes are disposed on land toxic metals, oils and toxic
chemicals will contaminate soil. It is reported that some toxic organic
chemicals can affect the soil productivity.
29
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
30/94
Waste Management
Ground Water Contamination
The contamination of soil results in the pollution of groundwater due to
heavy metals and toxic organic compounds. Groundwater once contaminated
may take years to get purified. Kerala is a State where large numbers of
wells are used for drawing groundwater for domestic purposes as well as for
agricultural use. The use of such polluted water will affect adversely the
health of the people. There are a few areas in the state near industrial units
where the groundwater contamination is reported.
Health Problems
The contamination of soil as well as groundwater will affect the health of the
people.
Impact of Biomedical Wastes
The biomedical wastes, which comprises of toxic chemicals and pathogens
will lead to more environmental problems if not managed properly.
Soil Contamination
The disposal of biomedical waste on land without treatment will lead to the
contamination of soil. The disposal of needles, biomedical solid waste, etc.
is a major area of concern.
30
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
31/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
32/94
Waste Management
Chapter 5
DUMPING GROUNDS IN MUMBAI, INDIA
There are mainly three dumping ground in Mumbai.
Deonar
Mulund
Gorai
Deonar
Deonar is located at northwestern end of Mumbai. Its footprint land area is
52 ha and maximum height is 35 m. its capacity is 13 million cum the inflow
rate is 4100 trucks per day and residual life before closure is 2.24 per year.
In Deonar kitchen waste is 39.24, fruit waste is 8.33 and rest of waste is 0.76
that total up the wet organic material to 52.12. And dry grass is 9.60, dry
tree remaining is 0.48, cotton waste is 2.57, wood chips is 0.33 and wooden
furniture waste is 0.62 that total up the dry organic material to 13.60 And the
amount of recyclable material are plastic is 10.14, paper is 7.25, cardboard
and thermocol are equal that is 0.19, glass is 0.71, rubber is 0.52 and leather
is 0.67 that total up the recyclable material to 19.94.
32
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
33/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
34/94
Waste Management
shifting 2500 TPD of waste. Under this arrangement, the time required for
completion of this activity will be about 14 months.
Mulund
Mulund is located at western end of Mumbai. Its footprint land area is 10 ha
and maximum height is 35 m. its capacity is 1.6 million cum the inflow rate
is 600 trucks per day and residual life before closure is 1.96 per year.
They fill with the foot print area is presently having undulation with steep
mounds and deep depression. This would be leveled at an even level. Based
on the site contour map the top level after completion will be approximately
at +36.5 m. The leveling can be completed within a period of 2 month if
necessary vehicles/equipments are mobilized. As a part closure activity of
the landfill at Mulund, the material lying in and around which are
haphazardly dumped will be shifted and relocated over the finished level
after initial leveling of the site and will compacted the quantity to be
relocated is estimated to be 0.21 million cum, trucks and the JCBs will be
deployed in shifting the fill material, deploying necessary trucks and
equipments. Under these arrangements the time required for completion of
this activity will be 4 months.
The material lying in the dump is having step side slopes. These slopes have
to be brought to moderate slope. This activity can be achieved by deploying
the JCBs along with trucks and bulldozers. The period required for
34
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
35/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
36/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
37/94
Waste Management
Chapter 6
TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Urban Waste Management
The overall goal of urban solid waste management is to collect, treat
and dispose of solid wastes generated by all urban population groups
in an environmentally and socially satisfactory manner using the most
economical means available.
Local governments are usually authorized to have responsibility for
providing solid waste management services, and most local
government laws give them exclusive ownership over waste once it
has been placed outside a home or establishment for collection.
As cities grow economically, business activity and consumption
patterns drive up solid waste quantities. At the same time, increased
traffic congestion adversely affects the productivity of the solid waste
fleet.
Productivity loss is exacerbated by longer hauls required of the fleet,
as open lands for disposal are further and further away from urban
centers. The challenge is to rationalize worker and vehicle
performance, while expanding services to a growing urban population.
37
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
38/94
Waste Management
Municipal Waste Management
Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly
leading to products being packed in cans, aluminum foils, plastics,
and other such nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm
to the environment. In India, some municipal areas have banned the
use of plastics and they seem to have achieved success.
For example, today one will not see a single piece of plastic in the
entire district of Ladakh where the local authorities imposed a ban on
plastics in 1998. Other states should follow the example of this region and ban the use
of items that cause harm to the environment.
One positive note is that in many large cities, shops have begun
packing items in reusable or biodegradable bags.
Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact
proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen
the burden of solid waste that each city has to tackle.
Radioactive Waste Management
Radioactive waste management involves dealing safely with the
wastes from processes involving radioactivity.
This waste comes from a number of sources, and ranges from paper
towels used in hospitals to nitric acid solution formed as a result of
reprocessing nuclear fuel.
38
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
39/94
Waste Management
Most radioactive waste is currently stored safely on major sites under
license from the Health and Safety Executive's Nuclear Installations
Inspectorate and is subject to strict regulatory control.
Procedure Of Waste Management
The above four key aspects of waste management disposal, processing,
recycling and minimization is presented here in the form of a dual-axis
continuum (see Figure 1), which will help in understanding the actions to be
taken, and in building a comprehensive waste management strategy for localgovernments in cities of developing countries.
Waste Disposal
Historically, efforts in the management of waste have focused primarily on
the disposal part of the waste. Whilst there is now a general move towards
the recovery of resources from waste, disposal is still the most common
form of managing waste. Dumping, land filling of waste and incineration are
some of the most common methods of waste disposal.
39
Waste Processing Waste Minimization
Waste Disposal Waste Recycling
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
40/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
41/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
42/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
43/94
Waste Management
Solids
Catheters and tubes
Disposable gowns, masks, and scrubs
Disposable tools, such as some scalpels and surgical staplers
Medical gloves
Surgical sutures and staples
Wound dressings
Liquids
Blood
Body fluids and tissues
Cell, organ, and tissue cultures
Sharps
Blades, such as razororscalpel blades
Lancets
Materials made of glass, such as cuvettes and slides
Metal stylets
Needles
Plasticpipettes and tips
Syringes
43
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathetershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_gownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask#Medicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_gloveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_suturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_staplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressing_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_slidehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stylethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathetershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_gownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask#Medicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_gloveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_suturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_staplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressing_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_slidehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stylethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringe7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
44/94
Waste Management
Laboratory waste
Animal carcasses
Hazardous chemicals with biological components
Media
Medicinal plants
Radioactive material with biological components
Supernatants
Syringes
Exceptions
Cadavers, urine, faeces, and cytotoxic drugs are not considered biomedical
waste.
Biomedical Waste Management
Sorting of medical wastes in hospital. At the site where it is generated,
biomedical waste is placed in specially-labeled bags and containers for
removal by biomedical waste transporters. Other forms of waste should not
be mixed with biomedical waste as different rules apply to the treatment of
different types of waste.
Household biomedical waste usually consists of needles and syringes from
drugs administered at home (such as insulin), soiled wound dressings,
disposable gloves, and bed sheets or other cloths that have come into contact
with bodily fluids. Disposing of these materials with regular household
garbage puts waste collectors at risk for injury and infection especially from
44
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressing_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressing_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collector7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
45/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
46/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
47/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
48/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
49/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
50/94
Waste Management
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) "Where You Live" allows
users to select a region from a map to find information about Superfund sites
in that region.
Universal Wastes
Universal wastes are hazardous wastes that (in the U.S.) generally pose a
lower threat relative to other hazardous wastes are ubiquitous and produced
in very large quantities by a large number of generators.
Some of the most common "universal wastes" are: fluorescent light bulbs,
some specialtybatteries (e.g. lithium or lead containing batteries), cathode
ray tubes, and mercury-containing devices.
Also, in worldwide, The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
estimated that more than 400 million tons of hazardous wastes are produced
universally each year, mostly by industrialized countries (schmit, 1999).
About 1- percent of this total is shipped across international boundaries, with
the majority of the transfers occurring between countries in the Organization
for the Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Krueger, 1999).
In a country like the United States, some undefined portion of the total is
shipped legally or illegally to underdeveloped countries. Some of the
reasons for industrialized countries to ship the hazardous waste to
industrializing countries for disposal are the rising cost of disposing
hazardous waste in the home country.
50
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
51/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
52/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
53/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
54/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
55/94
Waste Management
Chapter 8
ELECTRONIC WASTE
Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices.
There is a lack of consensus as to whether the term should apply to resale,
reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to product that cannot be used for
its intended purpose. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing
countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, though these
countries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. Some
electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such
as lead, cadmium,beryllium, orbrominated flame retardants.
Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be
managed with caution, but many believe that environmental dangers of used
electronics have been exaggerated.
Definitions
"Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic
equipment, entertainment device electronics, phones, television and
refrigerators.
55
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
56/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
57/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
58/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
59/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
60/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
61/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
62/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
63/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
64/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
65/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
66/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
67/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
68/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
69/94
Waste Management
Technologies
Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt
new technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags,
GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality
data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data
entry.
Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on
presentation rates for curb-side pick-ups.
Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the
efficiency of ad hoc pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the
collection is done on a consumer request basis.
Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for
use in optimization of operations for waste collection operations.
Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OH&S reasons and video
recording devices are becoming more widely used, particularly
concerning residential services.
69
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
70/94
Waste Management
Infrastructure Provided For Waste Collection, Treatment And
Disposal Its Performance
The Kudumbasree, a voluntary agency is assisting all local bodies for the
house-to-house collection of municipal solid waste and transportation of
waste.
Infrastructure For Monitoring
The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is continuously and vigorously
monitoring the waste management activities by various agencies as well as
the environmental problems if treatment, disposal etc. corrective measures
are suggested to adopt environment friendly techniques for the management
of all sorts of solid waste.
Economic Incentives For Waste Management
The State govt. is providing incentives by way of grants for putting up
municipal solid waste management programmes. The Govt. of India under
the ministry of Environment and Forests is having a funding mechanism by
sharing the investment cost under their model facility scheme. One
municipal corporation in the state has already availed of this facility and a
few other local bodies are waiting for Government of India assistance.
70
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
71/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
72/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
73/94
Waste Management
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more
scarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills.
Waste to Energy (WtE) or Energy From Waste (EfW) are broad terms for
facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or
electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have
been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks.
Today incineration treatments not only reduce the amount of hazardous
waste, but also they also generate energy throughout the gases released in
the process. It is known that this particular waste treatment releases toxic
gases produced by the combustion of byproduct or other materials and this
can affect the environment. However, current technology has developed
more efficient incinerator units that control these emissions to a point that
this treatment is considered a more beneficial option. There are different
types of incinerators and they vary depending on the characteristics of the
waste. Starved air incineration is another method used to treat hazardous
wastes. Just like in common incineration, burning occurs, however
controlling the amount of oxygen allowed proves to be significant to reduce
the amount of harmful byproducts produced. Starved Air Incineration is an
improvement of the traditional incinerators in terms of air pollution. Using
this technology it is possible to control the combustion rate of the waste and
therefore reduce the air pollutants produce in the process.
73
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
74/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
75/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
76/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
77/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
78/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
79/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
80/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
81/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
82/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
83/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
84/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
85/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
86/94
Waste Management
Legislative Measures And Their Efficacy
There are a number of legislations on treatment of waste, both national as
well as state level. The actions initiated in the state are the following
Municipal Solid Waste
In the case of municipal solid wastes, the Govt. of Kerala is having an
ambitious programme-the Clean Kerala Mission. As this programme, Govt.
of Kerala is planning to have scientific solid waste management system to
all local bodies in the State. In the first phase, the mission proposes, to assist
all urban local bodies to provide solid waste management system and then to
extend the programme to all rural local bodies. The assistance is by way of
preparation of solid waste management schemes, help to identify suitable
waste processing and land disposal sites and extending financial assistance
for matters exclusively for these purposes. It is hoped that all local bodies
will be providing scientific municipal solid waste management system
within next two years.
In the case of municipal solid waste management the municipal
corporations, the municipalities and all the Grama Panchayaths are engaged
in the solid waste management activities. The Clean Kerala Mission is
assisting all local bodies for selection of proper technology, identifying
treatment and disposal sites, preparing action plans, arranging training
programme to various personal involved in the municipal solid waste
management, etc. even though the State Pollution Control Board is a
86
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
87/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
88/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
89/94
Waste Management
Chapter 12
CASE STUDY
Too Much Waste
All of us open biscuit or chips packets, eat the contents and casually discard
the plastic covers without giving a second thought to where they might go or
what might actually happen to them. Once the dustbins in our houses are
full, we empty them out onto the streets or hand them over to men who drive
garbage trucks, but where does all of it really go after that?
Usually, waste goes to large, empty yards on the outskirts of cities. In
Chennai, a lot of the waste gets dumped at the Palikaranai marsh, a fresh
water swamp. It is declared as a reserve forest area and is home to many
flora and fauna. But the dumping of solid waste and the discharge of sewage
are causing the marsh to shrink. Additionally, the people who live around
the marsh are also badly affected. The toxic waste is extremely hazardous to
their health. Children from these slums are often born with birth defects and
the people develop numerous other diseases inhaling these substances
throughout their lives.
The problem of waste is not only limited to where the waste is finally
dumped, but also to the treatment of those made to segregate it. Rag pickers
are usually children from a poor economic background, and anyone will spot
them digging into the street dustbins trying to gather and segregate waste. A
89
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
90/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
91/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
92/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
93/94
7/30/2019 Waste Management Full Approved
94/94