WASTEMINIMIZATION
MANUAL
AnalyticalLaboratories
Action on WasteAlberta Environmental Protection.5th Flr., Oxbridge Place9820 - 106 St.Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6
ActiononENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
About This BookletThis booklet was developed by Alberta Environmental Protection (AEP),Action on Waste, to help analytical laboratories identify and implement wasteminimization practices. Practical, how-to information and specific examples ofopportunities for minimizing waste are provided. The booklet is aimed atencouraging analytical labs to minimize their waste, which will help theprovince achieve its goal of reducing waste by 50 percent by the year 2000.
In addition to providing specific opportunities to minimize your waste, itprovides a step-by-step process to develop your own waste minimization plan.
Analytical labs in Alberta employ approximately 11,000 people. This includesemployees in a variety of types of labs, including private and government,commercial and industrial, and research and educational labs. A relatively largequantity of waste is generated by these labs; estimates are as high as 8700tonnes per year. This includes both hazardous and non-hazardous waste as wellas solid and liquid waste. Efforts by analytical labs to minimize waste can helpreduce the quantity and the hazard potential of this waste.
The Waste ChallengeWaste management and disposal is a growing concern among Albertans.Industry, government and the public are becoming more aware of theenvironmental and economic issues related to waste management and disposal.Some environmental issues of concern are the transportation of hazardouswastes, potential toxic emissions and releases from hazardous waste facilities,the difficulty in siting new landfills and the potential leaching of toxicsubstances from landfills.
Hazardous waste management and disposal for analytical labs can be quitecostly. For example, the cost to dispose of one drum of hazardous waste may beas high as $500, depending upon the contents and the ultimate waste disposaldestination. On top of this are transportation costs and costs associated withproper on-site management of hazardous wastes.
While landfill tipping fees are low compared to hazardous waste disposal, thefees in Alberta have increased dramatically over the past few years. This trendis expected to continue as landfill space diminishes and environmentalregulations become more strict. In addition, some landfills are imposing bans orsurcharges on the disposal of certain waste materials such as cardboard,asbestos and other materials that require special handling or are recyclable.
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INTRODUCTION All of these environmental and economic factors are reasons to considerminimizing waste in your analytical lab. Not only can you contribute towardsthe waste solutions, but you can benefit as well.
Benefiting From Waste MinimizationThe implementation of waste minimization in your business can help theenvironment and save you money. For example, when you use materials andproducts more effectively, you conserve resources and reduce waste andpollution. You also save money on materials, products and disposal costs. Theextent to which you can save money depends on waste minimizationopportunities available to you and your waste hauling and disposal fees. Inaddition, a waste minimization program that reduces the amount of hazardouswaste being handled and disposed of may result in less environmental liability.It can also strengthen existing health and safety programs in your lab byexposing personnel to smaller amounts of hazardous waste.
The Alberta Government is committed to achieving a 50 percent reduction inwaste by the year 2000 and is encouraging voluntary waste minimization byAlberta businesses. This will result in less waste entering the environment, andwill reduce the regulatory burden of hazardous waste management for bothgovernment and business.
Waste minimization should be viewed as part of total quality management andshould not compromise the need to meet health and safety standards or good labpractice. It should become part of your management and operations system, andfocus on short- and long-term opportunities to reduce waste and save money. Asenvironmental awareness increases and environmental requirements becomemore strict, waste minimization will become synonymous with good businesssense.
The 4Rs of Waste MinimizationWaste minimization in your lab requires the application of the 4Rs: Reduce,Reuse, Recycle and Recover. These are presented in the order of preferencebased on their environmental benefit and potential for cost savings.
Reduce
This waste minimization measure involves the reduction of waste at the source(sometimes called source reduction). Reduction is the most favourable wasteminimization option from an environmental perspective because theconsumption of materials and products is reduced and the amount of wastegenerated is minimized. For analytical labs, reduction also refers to reducing thehazardous nature of waste before disposal. This might include using lesshazardous reagents, such as substituting toluene for benzene, or treating reaction
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INTRODUCTION products and spent reagents to make them less hazardous, such as neutralizingstrong acids or bases before disposal. Reduction measures are usually easy toimplement and provide cost savings in both the purchase of materials and wastedisposal.
Reuse
This waste minimization measure involves the direct reuse of a waste materialin its original or slightly altered form, which helps extend the life of thatmaterial. The reuse option also saves on the cost of buying new materials andproducts and reduces the amount of waste generated. It generally requires a littlemore effort than the reduction measure. Examples in the lab include the repairand reuse of damaged glassware and participation in chemical exchanges.
Recycle
This waste minimization measure involves the collection and reprocessing ofwaste materials into new products. Recycling usually requires sorting andsegregating waste materials. Recycling diverts waste from disposal, but itrequires more labour and resources than waste reduction or reuse alternatives.Some recycling examples for labs include solvent distillation, oil recycling andthe collection and reprocessing of paper, corrugated cardboard and glass.
Recovery
This waste minimization measure involves extracting usable energy from wastematerials. For example, used oils and solvents can be burned as fuels or used forfuel blending.
The next section of this guide discusses how you can develop and implement awaste minimization plan that incorporates the 4Rs.
IMPLEMENTING A WASTE MINIMIZATIONPROGRAMSetting up a waste minimization program is similar to managing any otheraspect of your lab. It requires planning and coordinated effort. This sectiondescribes the steps involved in implementing a waste minimization program,including:
l Step 1: Getting everyone involved
l Step 2: Taking a look at your waste and waste management practices
l Step 3: Developing a waste minimization plan
l Step 4: Implementing your program
l Step 5: Keeping at it
Each of these steps are described below. An example of a waste audit worksheetis provided in Appendix A to help you collect information and develop yourwaste minimization plan. You can photocopy and use it directly or modify it tobetter suit your needs.
Step 1: Getting Everyone InvolvedExperience by analytical labs has shown that the success of a wasteminimization program relies on the involvement and support of your employees.This includes all employees from lab managers, analysts and technologists tooffice and administration workers. Everyone has a role to play.
Upper management support is crucial. Many labs have adopted wasteminimization policies or guiding principles that are endorsed or signed bymanagement. This demonstrates their commitment to minimizing waste andencourages other staff to be committed too.
To get your program off the ground, you should consider designating a wasteminimization coordinator or committee. These people should be enthusiastic,willing participants, and represent key departments or services in your lab (e.g.,purchasing, chemical stockroom, sample storage and preparation, labexperiments and office activities). Their responsibilities will include developingand implementing the program, communicating and training staff, andmonitoring and tracking successes.
Everyone in your lab should be made aware of the importance of wasteminimization and be encouraged to participate. Waste minimization may requiresome changes in day-to-day operations and some training may be necessary.However, once employees realize how waste minimization can benefit thebusiness and the environment, they will be more committed to your wasteminimization program. It is important in a lab environment where hazardous
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IMPLEMENTING AWASTE MINIMIZATIONP R O G R A M
materials are present, that a waste minimization program does not compromisehealth and safety or good lab practice.
You should also consider getting your contract services, customers andsuppliers involved. For example, your janitorial and maintenance contractorsshould be aware of your waste minimization goals and initiatives. They may beable to help. Informing your customers of your efforts and seeking furthersuggestions from them may also be beneficial and necessary for the success ofyour program. Your suppliers can also play an important role in helping youminimize your waste.
Step 2: Taking A LookThe next step in implementing a waste minimization program is to look at thewastes you generate and your current waste management practices. This task isreferred to as a waste audit. It is an important tool that is used to help identifypotential waste minimization and cost-saving opportunities-necessaryinformation for developing a waste minimization plan. A waste audit includesdetermining the quantity and composition of your waste, areas of wastegeneration, methods of waste disposal, measures for minimizing waste andwaste management costs.
A waste audit can be as simple as a quick walk-through of your lab operationsand a visual inspection. It can also be very detailed, involving a records review,interviews with staff, a detailed inspection and waste sorting and analysis. Youcan decide what is best for your lab,
To help you conduct your waste audit, this guide includes a waste auditworksheet to compile the information necessary to identify potential wasteminimization opportunities. The waste audit worksheet, which is provided inAppendix A, can be used to record information on the waste quantity,composition and areas of generation as well as waste management practices andwaste management costs.
After completing the worksheet you can prioritize your waste streams. Thisinformation is important as it helps to identify where you can make the greatestreduction in your total waste generation and it provides you with baseline datato measure your waste minimization successes.
A variety of different types of lab wastes are listed in the worksheet. Some ofthese wastes may not apply to your lab or you may generate other wastes thatare not included. You can modify the worksheet to meet your needs. You canobtain the information for the waste audit worksheet either by visual estimationor by measuring. The latter involves sorting or separating the various wastetypes and measuring the quantity generated.
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IMPLEMENTING AWASTE MINIMIZATIONPROGRAM
Step 3: Developing a Waste Minimization PlanAfter conducting your waste audit, review the table in Appendix B to identifypotential waste minimization opportunities for your lab (these are discussed inmore detail in Section 3). You may want to share your ideas with some of youremployees to get their input and suggestions; they may even have additionalideas. The next step is to evaluate and prioritize your potential wasteminimization opportunities and develop an action plan.
First, your environmental coordinator or environmental committee shouldestablish realistic waste minimization, program goals and objectives. Thesegoals should be quantifiable and attainable. For example, you may have a goalof a 25 percent reduction in waste generation over the next year withmeasurable savings in waste disposal costs. Striving towards unrealistic goalswill limit your success and discourage employees from participating.
Next you will need to develop criteria to evaluate and prioritize your potentialwaste minimization opportunities. Some criteria to consider include:
l effectiveness of reducing the amount of waste you generate;
l ease of implementation; and
l potential cost savings.
Measures that result in significant waste reduction, have high potential costsavings, and are relatively easy to implement should be considered first. Thenconsider options that are more difficult to implement, have less potentialsavings, or have less impact on the reduction of your waste.
Also, keep the hierarchy of the 4Rs in mind as you evaluate your wasteminimization opportunities. Waste reduction and reuse alternatives are generallymore favourable from an economic and environmental perspective thanrecycling and recovery. However, all four help to divert waste from disposal.
Step 4: Implementing Your PlanAfter prioritizing your waste minimization opportunities, you can finalize andimplement your waste minimization plan. Where possible, you shouldimplement your program in a phased approach. It takes time and effort tosuccessfully implement a program and it is better to start with a few initiativesand expand rather than attempt to undertake too many changes at once.
For each of the prioritized waste minimization opportunities you should developan implementation strategy as follows:
l Describe the waste minimization initiative.
l Outline the expected benefits of the initiative (e.g., waste reduction and costsavings).
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IMPLEMENTING AWASTE MINIMIZATIONPROGRAM
l Identify lab areas or operations that will be affected.
l Develop a list of action items (e.g., operational changes, staff training, binrental, hauling agreements and identifying a recycler).
l Identify who is responsible for the action items.
l Establish a time frame for completing the action items.
The implementation of your waste minimization program will require somechanges to your day-to-day operations. Initially, some organization and effort isrequired but, once new procedures are implemented properly, they quicklybecome routine. You will need to inform your employees about the changes andsome training may be required. Where possible, keep lines of communicationopen with employees to encourage participation in your waste minimizationprogram.
Step 5: Keeping At ItAs with any other management program, it is important to monitor yourprogress and track the success of your waste minimization program. Yourprogram is dynamic, and you will need to periodically review and update it.This may require repeat waste audits to assess your waste management andwaste minimization practices and identify new waste minimizationopportunities. New waste minimization alternatives will become available astechnology advances, regulations change and markets develop.
Check periodically with your employees to assess the progress of your programand to solicit new ideas for waste minimization. Consider a suggestion box orsurvey to obtain employee comments. As well, you may want to providerecognition to employees who suggest effective waste minimization initiatives.
Finally, it is important to keep records of initiatives that you have implementedand the benefits realized. For example, you should track the amount of wasteyou generate and the amount you divert from disposal. You should also trackyour waste management costs and cost savings. This information will provideyou with a measuring stick to monitor your successes. You may also considercommunicating your successes to your customers, which demonstrates yourcommitment to the environment.
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WASTE MINIMIZATION OPPORTUNITIESThis section of the booklet provides you with information on specific wasteminimization opportunities for analytical labs in Alberta. These include ways toreduce the quantity of waste you generate and ways to reduce its hazardpotential. The list of opportunities provided here may not be exhaustive and youmay think of other options. Additional information on waste minimizationopportunities may also be obtained from some of the resource contacts providedin Section 6 of this booklet.
Waste minimization opportunities are presented in this section according toactivity and the 4Rs classifications. This same information is also summarized inAppendix B in a tabular form according to type of waste and should be useful toyou as you conduct your waste audit and develop your waste minimization plan.
Table 1 - Activities Generating Waste
Activity Wastes Generated
Purchasing and Inventory. Shipping and receivingl Sample storagel Chemical/reagent storage
l Packaging waste (e.g., cardboard,Styrofoam)
l Unused samplesl Unused/expired chemicalsl Spills
Office Activitiesl Data generationl Report preparationl Lunchroom activitiesl Washrooms
l Computer paperl Office paperl Toner cartridgesl Food wastel Containersl Paper towelsl Cleanersl Newsprint
Lab Activitiesl Sample preparationl Analytical proceduresl Lab experimentsl Pilot studiesl Cleanup of analytical areas
l Spent solventsl Acids and basesl Waste reagents and chemicalsl Used samplesl Reaction productsl Labware and suppliesl Cleaners
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WASTE MINIMIZATIONOPPORTUNITIES Waste minimization opportunities for each of these activities are discussed
below.
Purchasing and InventoryOne of the first steps in reducing excess consumption and wastage of materialsand products is to review your purchasing and inventory practices. You will findthat changes in some of these practices can reduce the amount of materials youconsume and the amount of waste you generate. In addition, cost savings mayresult by reducing the amount of chemicals wasted due to expiry orunnecessarily high inventories. For example, consider the following:
l Implement a green purchasing policy that favours environmentally friendlyproducts or products that are less hazardous or toxic. Purchase materials withrecycled content where possible. Ask your suppliers for information onavailable products, and favour suppliers that carry them.
l Implement a centralized purchasing program, and designate someone to beresponsible for the inventory. This person should monitor requests forchemicals and ensure that duplicate chemicals are not ordered by differentdepartments or for different projects if stock already exists.
l Order only what is needed, and use a first-in, first-out inventory system. Thiswill prevent storing large quantities of chemicals that may expire before theycan be used.
l For chemicals and reagents that are used infrequently or expire quickly, orderin the smallest quantity practicable to avoid wasting. However, for frequentlyused chemicals, order in bulk for a lower unit cost and reduced packaging.
l Keep an up-to-date inventory of all chemicals and reagents, perhaps with acomputer-based system. There is software commercially available forcomputerized inventory systems.
l As part of your inventory review, purge the stockroom of unused or expiredchemicals.
l Return unopened and unused chemicals to your supplier.
l Properly store chemicals and reagents to prevent breakage and spills. Smallerbottles and containers tend to break less often or less easily than larger bottles;spillage is less and cleanup is easier and safer for smaller containers.
l Maintain labels on all chemicals to prevent the generation of unknown wastes,which are harder and more expensive to dispose of. Note on the label if thechemical is time- or temperature-sensitive, or requires special handling.
l Encourage suppliers to support waste minimization efforts (e.g., take backpackaging).
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WASTE MINIMIZATION Office ActivitiesOPPORTUNITIES
Office and administrative activities at your lab generate waste. Consider thefollowing waste minimization opportunities:
l Use double-sided photocopies.
l Use the backside of single copies for scrap paper.
l Circulate or post memos and other correspondence.
l Use electronic mail where possible for both internal correspondence and fortransmitting analytical and experimental results to clients.
l Use paper products with recycled content; where possible, maximize the post-consumer recycled content.
l Use reusable/refillable toner cartridges for photocopiers and printers.
l Reuse office supplies such as file folders, binders and envelopes.
l Regularly service office equipment to maintain efficiency and prevent wastingmaterials.
l Recycle office paper.
Lab ActivitiesWaste from analytical labs is generally more diverse in composition than wastefrom other industries. Labs typically generate a number of different, smallquantity waste streams, many of which are hazardous or potentially hazardous.Waste composition in your lab will depend on the type of services you perform.Examples of some of the wastes that may be generated in the lab are shown inTable 2.
The following sections outline some of the waste minimization opportunitiesavailable for reducing the quantity and hazard potential of wastes generatedfrom lab activities. Keeping the hierarchy of the 4Rs in mind, reduction andreuse opportunities are presented first, followed by recycling and recovery. Thisinformation is also presented in tabular form in Appendix B by type of wastestream.
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WASTE MINIMIZATIONOPPORTUNITIES
Table 2Types of Wastes Generated by Analytical Labs
Waste Category
Halogenatedsolvents
Nonhalogenatedsolvents
Unused/expiredchemicals
Inorganic acidsand bases
Samples
Waste chemicals/reagents andreaction products
Used oil
Radioactive waste
Biohazardous waste
Lab supplies andequipment
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Glass
Wastewater(to sanitary sewer)
Air emissions
Examples of Wastes
Methylene chloride, freon, carbon tetrachloride.chloroform
Xylene, acetone, toluene, methanol, isopropyl alcohol
Chemicals and reagents required for samplepreparation, analysis, experiments or standards
Nitric acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid,sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
Solid, liquid, soils, water, hydrocarbons
For sample preparation, analysis and experiments;may be toxic (heavy metals, cyanide)
Lubricating oil from rotating equipment orvacuum pumps
Radioactive ore samples
Tissue samples, cultures
Disposable gloves, pipettes, wipes, broken glassware
Office paper, computer paper, mixed paper, newsprint
Corrugated boxes and inserts from packaging
Sample containers, moulded and chipped Styrofoam
Sample containers. chemical and reagent containersand glassware
Water from washing and rinsing, cooling water.water samples, chemical reaction products
Air samples, gas samples, volatile emissions fromfume hoods
HazardousorPotentiallyHazardous
Yes
Yes
Possibly
Yes - ifconcentratedN o - i fdilute
Possibly
Possibly
Yes
Yes
Yes -unlesssterilized
Possibly -ifcontaminated
NO
No
Possibly -ifcontaminated
Possibly - ifcontaminated
Generallynot
Possibly
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WASTE MINIMIZATIONOPPORTUNITIES
Reduction OpportunitiesBecause reduction is the preferred waste minimization alternative, you shouldconsider these opportunities first. This benefits the environment and saves youmoney by reducing your consumption and wastage of materials and products.Waste reduction can be considered during experimental planning. Proper choiceof experimental methods, analytical equipment, and reagents can significantlyreduce the amount of waste generated, the hazards associated with the waste, orboth. Keep in mind, however, that any changes in methods or procedures shouldnot compromise health and safety or good lab practices. Some reductionopportunities for you to consider are as follows:
l Consider alternative analytical methods that use less hazardous chemicals orno chemicals and, therefore, produce less waste. For example, considersupercritical solvent extraction as an alternative to conventional extraction.Some labs are attempting to phase out the use of mercury, which is present inmany reagents and catalysts. Because most labs are required to followstandard methods, opportunities for method substitution may be limited.However, keep up to date with new standard methods that are beingdeveloped and tested.
l Substitute less hazardous or less toxic chemicals for hazardous chemicalswhere possible. For example, replace chlorinated solvents with non-chlorinated solvents, substitute toluene for benzene, and minimize the use ofchromic acid as a glass cleaner by substituting a commercially availablealternative.
l Segregate waste streams to prevent non-hazardous waste from mixing withhazardous waste. This will reduce the amount of hazardous waste to bedisposed of, as well as prevent the contamination of potentially reusable orrecyclable streams.
l Maintain labels on reagent and reaction products to prevent the generation ofunknown waste, which is expensive to manage and dispose of. Less effort isrequired to do this than to analyze an unknown solution so it can becategorized for disposal.
l Where possible, reduce the scale of experiments (e.g., microscale) or run testson smaller samples. This uses fewer chemicals and generates less waste. Inaddition, smaller samples can be collected.
l Consider returning excess or hazardous samples to your clients for disposal, orcharging your clients for disposal. Alternatively, give samples away toemployees if appropriate (e.g., fertilizer samples).
l Reduce solvent and acid use in cleaning operations. For example, sonic bathsmay be used for cleaning difficult glassware instead of chromic acid solutions.Decrease the use of organic solvents for cleaning glassware and rinsingequipment. Eliminate the use of hazardous materials in maintenanceoperations.
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WASTE MINIMIZATIONOPPORTUNITIES
l General consumption of supplies can usually be reduced. Remember, smallamounts of waste do add up over time. Where possible, use washable orreusable labware in place of disposable items. Avoid unnecessary or wastefuluse of lab supplies. Keep chemicals and reagents covered to preventevaporation or spills.
l The hazard potential of many wastes generated in the lab can be reduced byon-site treatment. This can be as simple as autoclaving biohazardous wastes orneutralizing strong acids and bases before disposal down the drain.Opportunities for on-site treatment are explored further in Section 4.
Reuse OpportunitiesThere are many opportunities in analytical labs to reuse labware, lab supplies,and in some cases, lab chemicals. The following reuse opportunities should beconsidered:
l Repair and reuse damaged specialty glassware (e.g., glassware with curves andbends such as condensers and distillation flasks) rather than throwing it away.Damaged glassware can be sent to a commercial glassblower for repairs. This notonly reduces waste, but can save you money. For example, one Alberta lab hasfound that repair costs are only 25 to 35 percent of glassware replacement costs.
l Reuse sample containers where possible; this may be feasible for repeat orroutine analyses with the same client (e.g., surface water samples). This mayalso be feasible for glass containers that can be properly cleaned.
l Consider waste material exchanges that typically accept properly labeledchemicals or reagents in their original containers. Waste exchanges can beinternal for larger organizations or could be organized based on industrysectors or geographical location. Labs should also consider participating in theU of A Chemical Exchange and Alberta Waste Materials Exchange, or anumber of other waste exchanges across the country that are in the process ofbeing linked up by computer. Chemical/waste exchanges may provideinformation on waste exchange contacts, recycling industry contacts, technicalassistance on waste reduction methods, etc.
l Explore the possibility of returning unused chemicals to your supplier.
l Where possible, design experiments so that a product from one experimentcan be used as a starting material in another experiment. Make sure you labelthe end products accurately if they are to be stored before reuse.
l Reuse packaging where possible. For example, many labs reuse Styrofoamchips and cardboard boxes for sending clients sample containers. Also, somepackaging may be returned to your supplier for reuse.
l Reuse chemical and reagent containers where possible, such as for collectingand storing wastes or for storing other chemicals that are purchased in bulk.Ensure they are compatible with the contents and are properly labeled. Someplastic containers can also be reused as bailers.
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WASTE MINIMIZATIONOPPORTUNITIES
Recycling OpportunitiesAfter reduction and reuse, recycling is the next waste minimization measure toconsider for your lab. While recycling is generally more labour and resourceintensive, it still diverts waste from disposal and it may save you money. Thissection of the booklet gives examples of specific recycling opportunities foranalytical labs in Alberta.
l A key to successful recycling is proper segregation as recyclable materialsshould be free of contamination from non-recyclable materials. Segregation ismost effective at the point of generation.
l Consider using solvents that can be recycled and either recycle them in houseor use an off-site service.
l Many solvents such as acetone, dichloromethane, freon, methanol, xylene,toluene and hexane may be distilled inexpensively in house. Lab-size stillsdesigned for solvent recovery can be purchased or can be assembled by labpersonnel using standard lab equipment. Very dirty solvent mixtures mayhave to be sent off-site for disposal.
l Consider off-site commercial recycling for larger volumes of spent solventsand alcohols.
l Paper and cardboard are commonly recycled by analytical labs. Papershredders are available if confidentiality is an issue. Many paper recyclers alsooffer shredding services. Toner cartridges are also recyclable.
l Consider glass and plastic recycling. These include chemical and reagentcontainers and sample containers. Proper cleaning and rinsing is likelyrequired for these materials to be acceptable for recycling.
l If you generate small amounts of recyclable materials, consider a blue boxprogram for the collection of recyclables (e.g., paper, glass, metal, cardboard)or take your recyclables to a municipal drop-off location.
l Used oil from lab equipment (e.g., vacuum pumps or rotating equipment) canbe recycled.
l Consider a vermicompost bin for organic food waste from your lunchroom.
l Get information about recycling possibilities from the AEP Recycle Info Line,your local municipality and local haulers or recycling companies. See Section6 for contacts.
Recovery Opportunitiesl Consider sending nonhalogenated spent solvents and other organic wastes off-
site to be burned or blended as fuel.
l Collect used oil (from vacuum pumps and rotating equipment) for recycling orfuel blending.
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ON-SITE TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTEMany opportunities are available to treat hazardous wastes to recover usefulbyproducts or to render them non-hazardous or less hazardous. This is muchmore environmentally friendly than disposal or dilution of hazardous waste. Notonly does this reduce safety concerns with respect to handling the waste, it alsoreduces disposal costs.
Certain wastes can be made less hazardous by simple treatments in the lab.These treatment methods are often specific to the particular compounds orchemicals involved and are based on their chemistry. A number of excellentreference books are available on specific methods for particular chemicals andwaste types. Some of these are included in Section 6 of this booklet. You areencouraged to consult these books as part of your waste minimization program.Some examples of on-site treatment opportunities available to you include:
l Biohazardous waste can be autoclaved to sterilize it. The sterilized waste canthen be disposed of in the regular trash.
l Corrosive and reactive wastes can be neutralized before disposal.Neutralization can be done by a simple treatment method requiring a fumehood, personal protective equipment and corrosion-resistant containers andequipment. Waste or surplus dilute acids and bases can be used forneutralizing. Chemicals suitable for neutralization and the associated labprocedures are listed in various reference books.
l The disposal of many heavy metals into landfills in Alberta is prohibited.Some of these metals may be precipitated as salts that may be acceptable forlandfill disposal if they are insoluble. Metal precipitation does not completelyeliminate disposal requirements but can render some hazardous wastes non-hazardous. The aqueous portion can be used for oxidizing some organic wastestreams or be disposed of down the drain. It may also be worthwhile torecover and recycle valuable metals (precious metals).
l Reducing the volume of dilute solutions of inorganic salts can simplifydisposal. For example, if an experiment yields a large volume of diluteaqueous solution containing toxic heavy metal ions, the solution can be placedin a large evaporating dish in a fume hood and allowed to evaporate. Theremaining residue is packaged and labeled for disposal.
l Mercury and chromium salts may be recovered from the solutions remainingfrom COD tests.
l For mixed wastes, phase separation can often be used to separate thehazardous portion from the non-hazardous portion. For example, toxicprecipitates can be settled or filtered out from a slurry for separate disposal, ornonaqueous organic material can be separated from the aqueous phase.
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ON-SITE TREATMENT OFHAZARDOUS WASTE
l Oxidation reactions may be applicable to many substances, includingpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamides, aromatic amines, cyanidesand sulphides. Many oxidants may be suitable for this purpose, includingsodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. (Check with available referencesfor details.)
l Strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate, sodium chlorate andcalcium hypochlorite can be reduced before discarding to the sanitary sewer.This may be done with an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite.
l Acidic solutions of potassium dichromate are widely used for cleaningglassware. This material is hazardous and should not be disposed of down thedrain . Non-hazardous, insoluble chromium hydroxide can be formed byreduction of the dichromate with sodium thiosulphate solution. Alternatively,there are other less hazardous glass cleaners available.
l Appropriate personal protection, such as gloves, goggles, lab coats, etc.,should be worn during on-site treatment of wastes. It may be necessary toconduct treatment reactions under a fume hood. Make sure that youunderstand the chemistry involved in the particular treatment reaction to avoidan unsafe situation. Also, check the reference materials for details ontreatment processes.
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PROPER WASTE DISPOSALAfter implementing your waste minimization program, you will still have somewaste that must be disposed of. For analytical labs, this waste will be made upof both non-hazardous and hazardous or potentially hazardous materials. Thissection outlines some of the environmental and health and safety regulationsgoverning hazardous waste management, and briefly reviews proper wastestorage, handling and disposal procedures. Disposal practices for non-hazardouswastes are also briefly described.
Applicable RegulationsBecause of the complex nature of lab wastes, there are several regulations thatlab workers should be aware of. These include federal, provincial, andmunicipal regulations. This section summarizes the regulations that may beapplicable to the operations of your analytical lab. Further information can beobtained from the references listed in Section 6 of this report.
The Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA) isapplicable to the management of many wastes generated by analytical labs. Inparticular, the Waste Control Regulation deals with the storage, collection,transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste and hazardousrecyclables. This regulation also describes how to tell if a material is hazardous,how hazardous wastes should be handled, how long hazardous wastes can bestored and exemptions for small quantities of waste. For more informationcontact the Industrial Wastes Branch of AEP.
The Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Act, Chemical Hazards Regulation,was developed to ensure the health and safety of workers coming into contactwith hazardous substances. This includes procedures to minimize exposure, theduties of employers, and mandatory training for employees. WorkplaceHazardous Material Information System (WHMIS) training is required underthis Act. For more information, contact the Alberta Environmental HealthServices or your local health board.
The Alberta Fire Code regulates storage and handling requirements for severalgroups of substances used in analytical and research labs, including flammableand combustible liquids, compressed gases, reactive, radioactive, corrosive,oxidizing, poisonous and infectious substances. The Act contains provisionsregarding types and size of storage containers, maximum storage quantities,spill control, fire suppression system requirements and ventilation requirements.For more information, contact your local fire department.
The Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and associated regulations(TDGR) contain rules for handling, offering for transport and transportation of
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PROPER WASTEDISPOSAL
dangerous goods. The Act and regulations provide criteria for classifyingdangerous goods; specify packaging, labeling and manifesting requirements;and list the safety requirements for handling, offering for transport andtransportation of dangerous goods. TDGR also contains provisions regardingsafety requirements for personnel training and requirements associated withaccidental spill and loss reporting and inspection. For more information, contactAlberta Public Safety.
Municipalities may also have regulations restricting the disposal of solid andliquid wastes. Municipal landfills may prohibit or restrict the disposal of certainmaterials. Sewer use bylaws may restrict the discharge of prohibited materialssuch as flammable, corrosive, odourous or toxic materials to the sanitary andstorm sewer systems. The disposal of metals and organic chemicals is oftenrestricted. Contact your municipality for more information.
Radioactive wastes are regulated by the federal government under the AtomicEnergy Control Act. The production, importation and management ofchlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) are regulated under the federal HazardousProducts Act.
Handling and Storing Hazardous WastesHazardous wastes that cannot be further treated or eliminated must be storedand managed in a way that ensures the safety of lab workers and meets therequirements of all applicable regulations and guidelines. There are a number ofreference books and materials that address hazardous waste handling andstorage. Given below are some suggestions for safe storage and handlingpractices for you to consider in your lab. For more information, refer to thereferences in Section 6 of this guide.
l Familiarize yourself with applicable legislation and regulations and be awareof handling and storage requirements for specific materials, e.g., corrosives,flammables, reactive materials, toxic compounds, etc.
l Segregate hazardous wastes based on compatibility, particularly ignitablesfrom oxidizers or sources of ignition. As well, segregate chlorinated solventsfrom nonchlorinated solvents.
l Store hazardous wastes in compatible containers.
l Keep containers closed to prevent spills and vapor releases.
l Properly identify and label wastes according to proper waste managementpractices to ensure employee safety and transportation safety.
l Provide an appropriate storage area for hazardous wastes. Consider secondarycontainment, spill control measures, proper ventilation and fire or explosionprotection, if necessary. Inspect storage areas routinely to detect and preventspills or releases.
18
PROPER WASTEDISPOSAL
l Prevent hazardous wastes from entering storm drains or drains to the sanitarysewer.
l Avoid accumulating hazardous wastes for extended periods. Be aware of themaximum allowable accumulation time specified in the regulations.
l Provide appropriate training for employees. This may include WHMIS, healthand safety, or hazardous waste management training.
l Ensure that proper records are kept for hazardous waste storage and transport,e.g., manifests.
l Ensure proper transport of hazardous chemicals and wastes in the lab toprevent spills and other incidents.
Hazardous Waste DisposalHazardous lab wastes that cannot be recycled or rendered non-hazardous shouldbe disposed of in a safe and responsible manner. In Alberta and mostjurisdictions, hazardous waste must be disposed of at an approved facility.Examples of approved facilities may include hazardous waste incinerators orlandfills approved to accept hazardous waste. Before you dispose of yourhazardous waste, check to ensure that the disposal facility is approved to acceptyour waste.
Hazardous waste disposal facilities may accept wastes in a variety of forms,including lab packs, containers such as pails or drums, or in bulk. Lab packs areone of the most common packaging methods for hazardous wastes from labs.Small containers are packed together in a drum according to hazard class withan absorbent material added to cushion and absorb any leaks or spills. Theadvantage of lab packs is that they are relatively simple and safe to use. Themain disadvantage is that they are generally a more expensive disposal methodas there is excess void space in the drum.
An alternative to lab packing is bulking wastes, which requires the removal ofmaterials from their original containers. Bulking is more time consuming andmore attention must be paid to compatibility. However, the advantage ofbulking wastes is that it can reduce the total cost of disposal through a moreefficient use of drum space.
Wastewater DisposalPreviously, it was a commonly accepted practice in most labs to dispose ofliquid wastes and wastewater indiscriminantly down the drain. However, this isno longer the case. Most lab drains are connected to a sanitary sewer system andthe effluent eventually flows to a sewage treatment plant. Concerns aboutchemicals that can create hazards such as fire, explosion, air pollution and waterpollution, or can corrode the system piping or upset the operation of the sewage
19
PROPER WASTEDISPOSAL
treatment plant have meant that disposal of some materials is no longeracceptable. Wastewater disposal practices must comply with applicableregulations, such as the local sewer bylaw, and will depend on characteristicsand capabilities of the local wastewater treatment plant.
Some suggestions for the disposal of wastewater are:
l Drain disposal should only be to the sanitary sewer and not to the stormsewer. Wastes disposed of down manholes or catchbasins enter the stormsewer system and are discharged directly to rivers and lakes. These wastesreceive no treatment.
l Familiarize yourself with the municipal sewer bylaws. This is your bestresource for determining if a chemical is suitable for drain disposal. Forchemicals that are not explicitly listed, contact your municipal public worksdepartment or, if in doubt, assume a material is hazardous and do not disposeof it down the drain.
l The quantity of chemicals disposed of down the drain should be relativelysmall and highly diluted with water. For example, dilute solutions of inorganicsalts may be acceptable for disposal down the drain.
l In addition to being compatible with the sewer system and treatment plant (asstated in the municipal regulations), there is a need for compatibility withother chemicals entering the drain system. Incompatible chemicals can mix inyour lab’s plumbing or in the sewer pipes and become corrosive or toxic.
l As described earlier, consider pretreatment of liquid wastes before disposingof them down the drain. For example, acids and bases should be neutralizedbefore they are disposed of.
Landfill DisposalConventional landfill disposal is only appropriate for non-hazardous waste. Thedisposal by landfilling of suitable solid hazardous waste requires, in Alberta,strict compliance with specific landfill design requirements.
20
WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATIONThis section provides you with a list of resources and sources of information onwaste management and waste minimization for analytical labs in Alberta.Information on specific businesses providing waste minimization services arenot included because this information quickly changes. However, you will findthat many of the organizations and resources listed below maintain up-to-datelistings of such businesses.
Government AgenciesAlberta Environmental Protection, Action on WasteAlberta’s Recycle Info Linel-800-463-6326You can obtain information on waste minimization opportunities in Alberta aswell as phone numbers of businesses providing waste minimization servicesthroughout the province. Several guidance publications have been published byAlberta Environmental Protection that are available to the public free of charge.
Alberta Environmental Protection, Action on Waste(403) 427-5838 (Edmonton)To be connected toll-free call 310-0000 and ask for 427-5838.You can obtain guidance and technical assistance on waste minimizationopportunities in the province.
Alberta Environmental Protection, Library(403) 427-5870 (Edmonton)To be connected toll-free call 310-0000 and ask for 427-5870.Alberta Environmental Protection has an extensive library that includesinformation on waste management and waste minimization in the province.Access to these library services is available to the public free of charge.
Alberta Environmental Protection, Industrial Wastes Branch(403) 427-5847 (Edmonton)To be connected toll-free call 310-0000 and ask for 427-5847.The Industrial Wastes Branch can provide you with information on applicablehazardous waste regulations and requirements and how to properly manage yourhazardous wastes.
Alberta Health, Environmental Health Services(403) 427-2643 (Edmonton)To be connected toll-free call 310-0000 and ask for 427-2643.Alberta Health can provide you with information on applicable health and safetyregulations that affect waste management and waste minimization in analyticallabs. You can also contact your local health board for this information and anyother specific policies that may apply.
21
WHERE TO GET MOREINFORMATION
Alberta Public Safety Services, Compliances Information Centrel-800-272-9600Alberta Public Safety Services can provide you with information on theTransportation of Dangerous Goods Act and associated regulations with regardto classifying dangerous goods, packaging, labelling and manifestingrequirements.
Alberta Waste Materials Exchange, Alberta Research Council(403) 450-5050 (Edmonton)The Alberta Waste Materials Exchange is an information clearinghouse for reus-able waste materials that are available and wanted in the province. It publishes aquarterly bulletin that provides listings of these materials as well as services.
Recycling Council of Alberta(403) 287-1477 (Calgary)The Recycling Council of Alberta can provide information on recyclingopportunities in the province.
City of Edmonton, Waste Management Branch - Waste Hot Line(403) 496-5678 (Edmonton)You can obtain information from the Waste Hot Line regarding wastemanagement and waste minimization opportunities for your lab. The WasteManagement Branch also operates the Commercial Waste Reduction Program,which assists Edmonton businesses in minimizing their waste.
City of Calgary, Solid Waste Services Division - Recycling Hotline(403) 277-7770 (Calgary)You can obtain information from the Recycling Hotline on recycling opportunitiesfor your lab. If you want general information on waste management and wasteminimization initiatives in the City of Calgary, you can also call the hotline.
Other Organizations and AssociationsUniversity of Alberta, Chemistry DepartmentChemical Exchange Program(403) 492-7484 (Edmonton)The University of Alberta Chemistry Department operates a chemical exchangeprogram that is available to both university and non-university personnel. Formore information on the program and the types of chemicals that are accepted,contact the Chemistry Department.
Environmental Services Association of Alberta(403) 439-6363 (Edmonton)The Environmental Services Association of Alberta (ESAA) is an industryassociation whose members include waste management companies andrecyclers. ESAA publishes a directory annually that includes a listing ofmembers and their services.
22
WHERE TO GET MOREINFORMATION
Reference MaterialsThere are a number of useful reference materials that address lab wasteminimization techniques, waste management and on-site treatment of hazardouswaste. Some of these references are listed below; however, the list is notexhaustive and other references are available.
l American Chemical Society. The Waste Management Manual for LaboratoryPersonnel. Washington, D.C. April 1990.
l Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide. CRC Press.1991.
l ASTM. Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples.D 4447-84. 1990.
l American Chemical Society. Laboratory Waste Management: A Guidebook.Washington, D.C. 1994.
l National Research Council. Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals fromLaboratories. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 1983.
23
WASTE AUDIT WORKSHEETThe attached waste audit worksheet can help you compile information about thetypes and quantities of waste you generate, where these wastes are generated,how they are managed, and the cost of waste management. To obtain thenecessary information, you may need to:l Conduct a walk-through of your lab.
l Talk to your employees or contractors.
l Review business records such as waste hauling and disposal contracts andinvoices.
l Sort and measure various waste streams.
You can decide on the appropriate level of detail for conducting a waste audit atyour lab.
Worksheet InstructionsSome instructions and things to keep in mind when completing the waste auditworksheet are provided below.
General Information
This section of the worksheet provides general information that is useful forfuture reference. It includes the name of your lab and its location, which isimportant if you have more than one location. It also includes the date that thewaste audit worksheet was completed and by whom.
Waste Quantification and Characterization
This table summarizes information about the waste you generate and how youmanage that waste. Several different categories and subcategories of waste areincluded for consideration. They may not all apply to your lab, or there may beother wastes that you wish to add to the table. You can modify the table to meetyour needs.
Areas Generating Waste. Identify the areas of your lab that generate each wastetype (e.g., purchasing and inventory, office activities and lab activities).
Waste Quantity Generated. The quantity of each waste type generated can beexpressed as weight or volume, or a percentage of the total waste stream. If youexpress quantity as a percentage, be sure to indicate if it is on a weight orvolume basis. If you express the quantity as a weight or volume, you will alsoneed to specify the time period (e.g., kg/d, tonnes/week, yd3/month). You canobtain waste quantity information by visual observation, waste hauling anddisposal information, and/or sorting and measuring your waste. The value yourecord should correspond to the total amount of waste generated, whether or notit is disposed of.
24
Waste Quantity to Disposal. This is the quantity of waste generated that isdisposed of in landfills, sanitary sewers, or off-site hazardous waste disposalfacilities. Quantities should be expressed in the same units as those incolumn (3).
Waste Quantity Diverted. This is the quantity of waste that is diverted fromdisposal (i.e., landfill, sewer, off-site disposal). For example, you may reuse orrecycle certain wastes. Quantities should be expressed in similar units to thosein columns (3) and (4). If you express quantity as a percentage, be sure toindicate if you mean a percentage of the total waste or of the specific type ofwaste.
Waste Diversion Measures. Make a note of the measures taken to divert eachtype of waste stream from disposal. Waste diversion measures may include on-site reuse, off-site reuse, recycling, on-site treatment, etc.
Waste Management Costs. Record your waste management costs. This includeswaste disposal costs (bin rental, hauling fees, landfill tipping fees, hazardouswaste disposal fees) and waste diversion costs such as recycling (bin rental,hauling costs, revenue generated). You may want to express these costs on asimilar time basis as used in columns (3), (4), and (6).
Potential Waste Minimization Opportunities. As you work through your wasteaudit, you will identify potential waste minimization opportunities for varioustypes of waste. You may want to make a note of them here. For ideas on wasteminimization opportunities see Section 3 of this booklet or the summary table inAppendix B.
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APPENDIX A
Table A-1 - Analytical LabsWaste Audit Worksheet
I. G e n e r a l I n f o r m a t i o n :
Laboratory name and location:
Date(s) of waste audit:
Person(s) conducting audit:
I I . W a s t e Q u a n t i f i c a t i o n a n d C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Waste Type
Chemicals:l Solventsl Inorganic acids and basesl Unused/expired reagentsl Waste reagents and
reaction productsl Others (specify)
Area(s) QuantityGenerating Generated
Waste (wt/vol/%)
Waste Quanityto Disposal(wt/vol/%)
WasteQuantity Diverted
(wt/vol/%)
WasteDiversionMeasures
WasteManagements
Costs
Potential WasteMinimizationOppotunities
Samples:l Hazardousl Non-hazardous
Used Oil
Lab Equipment and Suppliesl
l
l
Paper waste:l Corrugated cardboardl Office paperl Computer paperl Other paper (specify)
Plastic waste:Plastic waste:l Sample containersl Sample containersl Chemical containersl Chemical containersl Beverage containersl Beverage containersl Film, wrap, bagsl Film, wrap, bagsl Other (specify)l Other (specify)
Metal waste:Metal waste:l Beverage containersl Other metal containers/cansl Other metal containers/cansl Other metal (specify)l Other metal (specify)
Glass waste:Glass waste:l Sample containersl Sample containersl Chemical containersl Chemical containersl Beverage containersl Beverage containersl Broken glasswarel Broken glasswarel Other glass (specify)l Other glass (specify)
Biohazardous waste:Biohazardous waste:l Specifyl Specify
Radioactive waste:Radioactive waste:l Specifyl Specify
Wastewater:Wastewater:l Washing and rinsingl Washing and rinsingl Cooling waterl Cooling waterl Reaction Productsl Reaction Productsl Other (specify)l Other (specify)
Other wastes (specify)Other wastes (specify).ll
l.
Total wasteT e
WASTE MINIMIZATION OPPORTUNITIESSUMMARY TABLEThe enclosed table summarizes a number of waste minimization opportunitiesthat may be applicable to your lab. The opportunities provided are listed fordifferent lab waste categories. For more detailed information on theseopportunities, see Sections 3 and 4 of this booklet. Consider these opportunitieswhen completing your waste audit and developing your waste minimizationplan.
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APPENDIX B
Waste Minimization Opportunities Summary Table
Waste Category
Halogenatedsolvents
Nonhalogenatedsolvents
Unused/expiredchemicals
Inorganic acidsand bases
Samples
Examples
Methylene chlorideChloroformFreonCarbon tetrachlorideTetrachloroethylene1,1,1 -trichloroethaneChlorobenzeneEthyl bromide
TolueneAcetoneMethanolIsopropylalcoholXylene
Chemicals and reagentsused for samplepreparation, analyses,experiments or standards
Nitric acidSulfuric acidHydrochloric acidAcetic acidPotassium hydroxideSodium hydroxide
May be solid or liquid,hazardous or non-hazardous
Characteristics
l Many halogenated solventsand hydrocarbons are toxic
l Generally low solubility inwater
l Solvents may be ignitablel Special handling required
l Many nonhalogenated solventsand hydrocarbons are toxic
l Solvents may be ignitablel Special handling required
l May or may not be hazardousdepending on nature ofchemical
l Hazardous in concentratedform
l Non-hazardous in dilute form
l May be hazardous or non-hazardous
l Some constituents orcharacteristics may beunknown
Minimization Opportunities
l Properly segregate halogenated solvents fromnonhalogenated solvents
l Provide appropriate storage for waste solvents(e.g., proper containers, away from ignition sources,segregated from oxidizers)
l Consider recovering and recycling (on-site or off-site)l Lab pack and dispose of using a licensed waste
management firml Bulk and dispose of using a licensed waste management
firml Avoid disposal down the drain
l Properly segregated halogenated solvents fromnonhalogenated solvents
l Provide appropriate storage for waste solvents(e.g., proper containers, away from ignition sources,segregated from oxidizers)
l Consider recovering and recycling nonhalogenatedsolvents (on-site or off-site distillation)
l Consider reusing solvents where possible (if high puritynot a concern)
l Lab pack and dispose of using a licensed wastemanagement firm
l Bulk and dispose of using a licensed waste managementfirm
l Avoid disposal down the drainl Consider sending off-site for fuel blending and burn for
heat recoveryl Reduce the amount of solvent used for rinsing
l Only purchase chemicals that are neededl Check current inventories before purchasingl Purchase the smallest amount practicable: work with
suppliers to take back unused chemicalsl Properly maintain labels to avoid generating unknown
wastesl Participate in chemical or waste exchanges
l Dilute weak acids and bases before disposing down thedrain
l Neutralize strong acids and bases before disposing downthe drain
l Properly manage concentrated acid and base wastes;manage as hazardous waste
l Determine to the extent possible the characteristics ofthe sample
l Properly store and manage hazardous samplesl Dispose of non-hazardous samples down the drain
(liquid) or in the trash (solid)l Consider returning samples to your clients (particularly
hazardous samples)l Consider charging clients for hazardous waste disposall Give away fertilizer samples to employees
(continued...)
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.(... continued) APPENDIX B
Waste Category
Wastechemicals,reagents andreactionproducts
Examples Characteristics Minimization Opportunities
From sample preparation, l May be hazardous or non- l Purchase non-hazardous or less hazardous chemicalsanalyses and experiments hazardous depending on where possible
nature of chemical l Properly store chemicals to prevent spills and breakagel Reaction products may be of containers
unknown l Use opened containers of chemicals before opening newones
l Consider method substitution to replace hazardouschemicals
l Use reaction products from one experiment as a feedmaterial for another
Used oil Lubricating oil fromrotating equipment andvacuum pumps
l May be hazardous l Segregate from other wastesl Send off-site for recyclingl Send off-site for fuel blending and burning for heat
recovery
Lab equipmentand supplies
Paper
Cardboard
Disposable gloves, l May be hazardous if l Avoid the use of disposable supplies where practicalpipettes, wipes, broken contaminated but generally l Wash and reuse supplies and containers where possibleglassware non-hazardous l Avoid contamination where possible
From office activities and l Non-hazardous l Use E-mail internally or to send analytical reports toreport generation; clients to reduce paper wastecomputer paper, office l Reuse paper where possiblepaper, newsprint l Recycle paper
Corrugated boxes and l Non-hazardous l Reuse cardboard boxes and inserts for shipping sampleinserts from packaging containers
l Recycle cardboard
Plastic Sample containers,molded and chippedStyrofoam
l Non-hazardous unlesscontaminated
l Reuse Styrofoam chips where possiblel Return Styrofoam to your chemical supplierl Consider reusing plastic containers from chemicalsl Consider reusing plastic sample containers (where
possible)l Recycle plastic containers (provide proper cleaning)
Glass
Biohazardouswaste
Radioactivewaste
Sample containers, l Non-hazardous unless l Repair and reuse expensive and intricate glasswarechemical and reagent contaminated l Reuse sample containers where possiblecontainers and glassware l Reuse chemical and reagent containers; proper washing
requiredl Recycle glass where possible (provide proper cleaning)
Tissue samples, l Hazardous unless sterilized l Sterilize in an autoclavemicrobiological cultures l Dispose of sterilized waste in the trash
Radioactive ore samples l Hazardous l Segregate from other wastes(uranium) l Properly store and dispose of
l Return samples to client
Wastewater Water from washing and l Generally non-hazardous but l Be aware of applicable regulations and bylawsrinsing, cooling water, may contain hazardous l Neutralize acids and bases before disposing of down thewater samples, chemical constituents (toxic metals, drainreaction products organics, etc.) l Reduce strong oxidizing agents before disposing down
the drainl Precipitate out metals before disposing of down the drainl If in doubt, assume a waste is potentially hazardous and
don’t dispose of down the drain
30
NOTES
31
NOTES
32
