Waste water management

Waste Water Management

Submitted by:Ms. M. SamyukthaRoll no: 11011BA022B. Tech planning, VI semesterDepartment of Urban & Regional PlanningSchool of Planning & Architecture

Waste water management 2

Outline

Aim & Objectives Wastewater & its characteristics Wastewater management – Concept Municipal Wastewater scenario in INDIA Reforms for wastewater management in INDIA Case studies

Wastewater management in Chennai (National) Wastewater management in Singapore (International)

Indian Government initiatives Works cited

Waste water management 3

AimObjectives

– To understand the basic definitions & concepts with

respect to waste water management

– To analyze motivational factors for recycle & reuse of

water & reforms present for waste water management

– To identify a case Studies ( National & International) on

waste water management

– Analyze key lessons to be adopted from the case studies

To understand and analyze the

Concept of waste water

management in order to achieve

Sustainable development.

05/03/2023 Waste water management 4

Introduction Wastewater is generally divided into two categories: black water and gray water.

Black water refers to toilet waste and gray water refers to the remaining wastewater from sinks, showers,

laundry, etc.

The septic tank provides primary treatment of both types of wastewater by settling out the solids and providing

space for floating scum to be retained. Relatively clear, but not clean, water is discharged from the septic tank

to the absorption field. The soil provides for further treatment when the waste water percolates through the soil

profile.

Untreated or improperly treated wastewater contains biological contaminants known to cause disease.

Wastewater is not safe to drink, and discharging this water directly into the environment (onto the ground or into

a water body) can pose health and safety problems.

After all, this water is part of the water cycle and will eventually make its way into a source for our water

supply. The wastewater must be properly managed to protect human and environmental health and safety.


Characteristics of waste water Temperature

Changes in waste water temperatures affect the settling rates, dissolved oxygen levels, and biological action.

The temperature of wastewater becomes extremely important in certain wastewater operations has sedimentation tanks

and recirculating filters.

Color The color of waste water containing Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is normally gray. Black – colored waste water usually

accompanied by foul odors, containing little or no DO , is said to be septic.

Odor: Domestic waste water have a musty odor. Bubbling gas and foul odor may indicate industrial wastes, anaerobic

(septic) conditions,.

Color Problem indicated

Gray _

Red Blood or other industrial wastes or TNT complex

Green, Yellow Industrial wastes not pretreated (paints etc.)

Brown or other soil color Surface runoff into effluent, also industrial flows

Black Septic conditions or industrial flows

Waste water management

Reuse

• Some relatively clean wastewater

can be reused without treatment

• Gray water is wastewater generated

by washing, laundry, and bathing

(not from toilets)

•50-80% of domestic wastewater

•Reused for irrigation or flushing toilets

Recycle

• Wastewater can be treated (on-site

or off-site) and reused for

nondrinking purposes•Closed-loop treatment systems are often

used to capture, treat, and reuse

wastewater on-site

•Wastewater reclamation involves treating

the wastewater and using it for a different

purpose

Discharge

• Wastewater is transported to an (on-

site or off-site) treatment facility,

treated, and discharged into a water

body

• These treated water can be

discharged and reused, which can be

used for watering in gardens or

other washing purposes


Wastewater management encompasses a broad range of efforts that promote effective and responsible water use,

treatment, and disposal and encourage the protection and restoration of watersheds.


Motivational factors for recycle/ reuse• In order to avoid environmental problems arising due to discharge of treated/untreated wastewater to the environment

is another factor that encourages reuse. While the nutrients in wastewater can assist plant growth when reused for

irrigation, their disposal, in extreme cases, is detrimental to ecosystems of the receiving environment.

Major among the motivational factors for wastewater recycle/reuse are:

– opportunities to augment limited primary water sources;

– prevention of excessive diversion of water from alternative uses, including the natural environment;

– possibilities to manage in-situ water sources;

– minimization of infrastructure costs, including total treatment and discharge costs;

– reduction and elimination of discharges of wastewater (treated or untreated) into receiving environment;

• Reuse of wastewater can be a supplementary source to existing water sources, especially in arid/semi-arid climatic

regions. RECYCLE/ REUSE are considered as a method of water resource management.


Municipal Wastewater in India It is estimated that about 38,254 million liters per day (mld) of wastewater is generated in urban centres

comprising Class I cities and Class II towns having population of more than 50,000 (accounting for more

than 70 per cent of the total urban population).

It is expected that, Gross wastewater generation (mld) by 2051 in India will reach to 120000 mld.


Reforms in India for waste water management

Wastewater management in India has become

an extremely important area of focus due to

increasing health awareness and population

pressure. Despite the wastewater sector

witnessing major growth in the last decade

due to increasing government support and

private participation, the scale of the problem

remains enormous.

For instance, it is estimated that less than 20%

of domestic and 60% of industrial wastewater

is treated. Metros and large cities (more than

100,000 inhabitants) are treating only about

29.2% of their wastewater; smaller cities treat

only 3.7% of their wastewater.

REFORM components (JNNURM)


Benefits from the REFORMFor Citizens

Reliable local supply

Improvement in quality of life due to adequate availability of water

Cleaner environment through reduced pollution levels

Resource conservation and availability of better quality of water to downstream users due to reduced pollution load on rivers

For ULBs/ Parastatals Improved service delivery and therefore improved financial recovery

Increased efficiency in allocation and utilization of resources

Improved resource conservation resulting in environmental and financial sustainability

Freeing up of potable water resources thereby helping the demand needs of downstream users

Saving of cost for sewage treatment and disposal

For State Governments Efficient allocation of resources since reuse will lead to postponement of need for augmenting supplies & Water recycling


Bye – laws for water REUSE Recycled water should be used for non-potable :

uses such as watering parks, gardens, landscapes, golf courses, use for construction, laundry, industrial process, flushing, washing roads

etc .

uses for all large buildings with an area of more than 2000 sq. m. in all new developments.

If such water is not supplied by the ULB or water utility then the building should set up wastewater reuse infrastructure within

its premises .

All building plans and land development plans with an area of more than 2000 sq. m. shall compulsorily indicate the onsite

wastewater treatment and disposal arrangements and water reuse infrastructure including the plumbing plans etc.

All apartments or group housing complexes with more than 20 tenements and commercial, institutional and industrial complexes

with an area of more than 2000 sq.m should make plumbing and infrastructure provision for enabling localized sewage

treatment, use of recycled water for flushing, washing and for watering gardens.

Separate conveying system should be provided for sewage and sullage to facilitate reuse of sullage water for gardening and

washing purposes. This may require suitable storage facilities that are to be indicated on the building plans.

Location of treatment and disposal facilities for treating the wastewater should be indicated in the plans.


Case studies1. National2. International


CHENNAI1890: surface drains in the City were connected to Pumping Stations and the wastewater conveyed for disposal

away from inhabitation

1907: The proposal for comprehensive drainage scheme to cater to the needs of a topographically flat, fast growing city

was formulated; works were initiated in 1910 and completed during 1914 in stages . Planned to serve 6.5 lakhs in 1961 at

114 lt per capita water supply

1956: A fundamental change to this system was made by laying a force main to divert part of the sewage

discharged from the Purasaiwalkam Pumping Station to Kodungaiyur where the sewage farm was started.

1978: The Master Plan for Wastewater Management (Sewerage) was formulated to serve the population expected in

2008. Extension of sewer systems to the newly developed Areas and improvements to the existing system were

carried out based on this Master Plan.

1991: The Master Plan was updated to cater to the needs of population expected in 2021 and the proposal

envisages improvement to (a) sewage collection and conveyance system in the City (b) the sewage

treatment & disposal.


Waste water management in Chennai The Detailed design and Engineering for sewage collection & conveyance and for the sewage treatment & disposal

were finalized through independent consultants during 1995–1998 for expanding the capacity of sewage collection,

conveyance system and treatment & disposal arrangements to meet the requirement for the population expected in

2021 and due to increase in the availability of water under Krishna Water Supply Scheme.

The total estimated cost of the proposal was about Rs.1,300.00 crore. Based on this detailed design and

engineering, project proposals were formulated for implementation under Chennai City River Conservation Project

in the year 2000 at the estimated cost of Rs.720.00 crore as first phase for 2011 sewage flow.

The proposal consists of laying of interceptors 59.2 km. improvements to 28 nos. of pumping stations, construction

of 3 nos. of new pumping stations and laying of sewage pumping mains 28.85 km. gravity conveying main 17.3 km.

and expansion of sewage treatment capacity for 264 MLD. These works were commenced in January 2001 and

completed in August 2006.


Due to the enhancement of capacity of the 28 sewage pumping stations and construction of 3 new pumping stations, the

pumping capacity has been increased from 440 MLD to 575 MLD. The capacity of the sewerage treatment plants has been

increased from 222 MLD to 486 MLD and the sewage overflow and untreated sewage entering the waterways have been

reduced.

In the sewage treatment process, bio-gas is produced and is being used to produce power to run the plants. This incidentally

reduces the discharge of Green House Gas into the atmosphere and provides for Carbon Trading. CMWSS Board has adopted

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which leads to savings in energy cost to a turn of Rs.43.05 lakhs per month.

The sewage from Purasaiwalkam Pumping Station is being treated and the treated water is reused for industrial purposes

successfully. Details 1978 March 2010

Area covered 74% 100%

No. of dwellings with sewer connections 1,14,000 5,98,249

Length of sewer mains 1,223 km. 2,677 km.

No. of pumping stations 58 196

Treatment Plants 3 nos. 5 nos.

Treatment capacity 57 MLD 486 MLD


SINGAPORE• Singapore - small and densely populated country of about 28.3 million people

– Tropical Climate - diseases spread easily

– Shortage of fresh water sources – conservation required

• To prevent pollution of water courses and spread of diseases, proper collection, treatment and disposal of

sewage necessary

• Late 1800s

– public health and sanitation problems

• Before 1910

– most common method of sewage disposal was the private collection of “night soil” in buckets

– direct discharge of sewage into open monsoon drains was common

• First Sewage scheme in Singapore– Started off for the city area in the 1910s; Pumping stations at Park Road & River Valley Road; Alexandra Sewage Disposal Works; A trickling filter treatment

system; Albert Street and Kampong Bahru Pumping Stations; were subsequently constructed


Sewerage development programme Intensive sewerage development programme began in the 1960s and accelerated in the 70s and 80s:

To meet demand of rapid housing and industrialization programme

To prevent pollution of watercourses

Singapore’s sewerage system consists of:

3,100 km of sewers; 220 km of pumping mains; 132 pumping installations; 30 km of effluent pipe

Wastewater is collected and conveyed to 6 Water Reclamation PlantsSingapore Waste water treatment

system

Other waste water treatment systems



NEWater NEWater an advance wastewater reclamation, is

used in Singapore where roughly half of all water

must be imported from Malaysia which is being

bottled & sold in global market.

It is treated wastewater (sewage) that has been

purified using dual-membrane (via microfiltration

and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies, in

addition to conventional water treatment processes.

The water is potable and is consumed by humans,

but is mostly used for industry requiring high purity

water. The quality of NEWater consistently exceeds

the requirements set by USEPA and WHO

guidelines.

Apart from producing NEWater, Singapore has adopted FOUR TAP

STRATEGY , which makes Singapore self – reliant in water by 2060

The first year (2005) cost of desalinated water at Singapore's first

desalination plant was78 cents per cubic metre. Has been decreased to 45

cents per cubic metre by the year 2013.


1) Setting-up an Energy Fund: In the Union Budget 2010-11, the government announced

the setting up of the NCEF for all funding research and innovative projects within

clean technologies.

2) Initiating Waste Management Programs: Government has set up JNNURM program

to fund cities for developing urban infrastructure and services. These reforms has to

be effectively followed

3) Budget Expansion: Plan outlay for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has

increased by 61%, from € 99M in 2009-10 to € 160M in 2010-11

4) Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships: Through economic incentives, both the

central and state governments are promoting PPPs for the development of

infrastructure for environmental services

Government initiatives in INDIA


Waste water management is relatively low in India compared to other countries. But it is

necessary to adopt this approach of REUSE, RECYCLE & DISCHARGE to decrease

environmental pollution and to reach the water demands.

It is also essential for all of us as urban planners to notice that, it is not possible to always

adopt the same technologies & strategies in all scenarios, as their exists different

constraints. But we all should have the knowledge of different methods in order to achieve

sustainable development.


• (SPAN), N. W. (2009). Malaysia Sewerage Industry Guidelines Volume IV: Sewage Treatment Plants. Third edition.

• Bhardwaj, J. K. (2011). Indian Infrastructure Report (Municipal Waste water management in India).

• Bhardwaj, R. M. (2005). Status of Wastewater Generation.

• Blue, G. (2011, April 04). NEWater in Singapore. Retrieved June 2014, from Growing Blue: http://growingblue.com/case-

studies/newater-in-singapore

• Centre, E. B. (2012). Snapshot on Water & Waste water in INDIA.

• Chennai Metro Waters. (2011). Retrieved june 29, 2014, from http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in

• Department of Environment (DOE), M. (2011). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report. Misas Advertising Sdn. Bhd.

• JnNURM. BYE LAWS FOR REUSE OF WASTEWATER (Operational reforms under JnNURM).

• NEWater. (2014, july 16). Retrieved from Wikipedia.

• PUB. (2013, September 30). Water Pricing in Singapore. Retrieved July 2014, from PUB singapore's water agency:

http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Pages/WaterTariff.aspx

Works Cited

Date post:	16-Apr-2017
Category:	Environment
Upload:	samyuktha-samy
View:	1,792 times
Download:	0 times