water 126116.3

August/September 2012 - Vol. 27, Issue 4

www.wwinternational.com

Priority Substances

Impact on European Utilities

Asia’s Leaky Lessons

Urban Water Management Focus

Better BiosolidsThermal Hydrolysis Experience in UK

Danish DynamoCEO Carsten Bjerg speaksexclusively on Grundfos’new direction

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1August/September | 2012www.wwinternational.com

August/September 2012 - Vol. 27, Issue 4

www.wwinternational.com

Priority Substances

Impact on European Utilities

Asia’s Leaky Lessons

Urban Water Management Focus

Better Biosolids

Thermal Hydrolysis Experience in UK

Danish DynamoCEO Carsten Bjerg speaksexclusively on Grundfos’new direction

Cover image courtesy

Grundfos

ContentsAugust/September 2012 Vol. 27 Issue 4

$67 Single copies US & Int’l, $44 Digital (worldwide)To receive this magazine in a digital format, go to wwi.omeda.com

10 24 40

Technology Roundup

Editorial FocusMICROPOLLUTANTS

24 The European Commission is proposing to add 15 additional chemi-

cals to the list of pollutants to be monitored and controlled by water utilities.

This article addresses what improvements would need to be measure these

“Priority Substances”.

COLLECTION & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

28 Around 29 billion cubic meters of water is lost each year in Asia. Yet

certain utilities have reduced non-revenue water down to a mere 6%. Why

the disparity? A look at the Philippines, Cambodia and India.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

32 South Korea has learnt to harvest rainwater to cope with monsoon

conditions, followed by drought. A look at where this originated in Star City.

SLUDGE PROCESSING/BIOSOLIDS

36 The UK’s Davyhulme facility is not only one of the world’s largest bio-

solids facilities, it’s also proving the importance of thermal hydrolysis tech-

4 Perspective

6 News

50 International Show Preview: WEFTEC

54 Technology Roundup: Computer Software

55 Product Review: Water Storage

56 Diary/ Ad Index/Web Promo

WATER LEADER FOCUS

10 Global pump manufacturing giant Grundfos is diversifying into water

treatment. CEO Carsten Bjerg speaks exclusively to WWi about the move

and the firm’s recent S-tube impeller launch.

CREATIVE FINANCE

16 The latest report from industry analysts Frost & Sullivan investigates

efficiency priorities for the top five European water utility markets (France,

Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK).

Regulars

Regional SpotlightEASTERN EUROPE

20 Bucharest’s Boom: utility Apa Nova Bucharest explains the story

behind how the city has transformed its wastewater infrastructure since pri-

vatization and future opportunities for the global water sector.

54 Computer Software & Automation Technology: Texan utility imple-

ments Derceto’s Aquadapt energy management software; SCADA educa-

tional software update from InduSoft; particle/water analysis software; mass

flow transmitter from Endress+Hauser.

Product Review53 Water Storage: modular pH sensor for open tanks from Sensorex; elas-

tomeric lining to reduce cracking on secondary containment structures and

GEOlight stormwater storage units from SDS.

News Highlights6 Recycle Phosphorus and prevent future food crisis

6 Nano-toilet could eliminate water needed for sanitation

8 Reverse Osmosis confirmed for Gaza desalination plant

nology for sludge treatment.

40 Organic food leftovers and wastewater are usually treated anaerobi-

cally, but separately. This article addresses why, given the similarities in

technologies, there should be more co-digestion.

INDUSTRIAL WATER/WASTEWATER

44 Added micronutrients to a brewery in Spain helped enhance biogas

production and stabilize digestors following poor performance from anaero-

bic digestors.

46 Landfill leachate disposal is now requiring more complicated filtration

techniques to meet increasing regulations. A look at how UF and RO mem-

branes are being applied.

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performance. www.abb.com/powergeneration

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FRÉDÉRICK COUSIN, PRODUCT MANAGER Degrémont Technologies [Paris, France]

BEATRIZ LÓPEZ LINARES Environmental Superintendent DaimlerChrysler [Toluca, Mexico]

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PAUL OVERBECKExecutive Director International Ozone Association-PAG and International Ultraviolet Association [Phoenix, USA]

ANDREW WARNESSenior Product Manager - Systems Pentair Residential Filtration - A Joint Venture of GE & Pentair [Chicago, USA]

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Perspective

4 August/September | 2012 www.wwinternational.com

Tom Freyberg

Chief Editor

Like any other red blooded carnivore, I’ve

been partial to a good steak in the past. A

medium-rare Wagyu sirloin, to be precise,

was one of the highlights of my steak eat-

ing conquests.

In the past I’ve not really put any thought – like

the majority of Westerners – in the journey a par-

ticular steak has taken to make it from “f eld to fork”

for my enjoyment. Even having a strict vegetarian

f ancée hasn’t changed my eating habits over the

years.

Yet recently my diet has changed. It’s always

been healthy but over the last month it’s got better.

I’ve cut down on the amount of red meat, increased

grilled, lean white meat such as chicken, reduced

carbohydrates and increased fruit, salad and veg-

etables.

Why the change? Firstly it was a decision to

cut down on saturated fat (a known baddie in

red meat). Food labels, including Guideline Daily

Amounts (GDA), were once considered annoying

coloured spots getting in the way of a good meal.

Now, instead, I take note of ingredients and these

GDAs, choosing healthier options where possible.

Secondly it’s because I’m training for a half-mara-

thon distance event, coming up in three months’

time – so diet is a key part of the training.

Yet, there is another factor now impacting peo-

ple’s diets and choices of food: virtual water. Many

of you will be aware of the amount of embedded

water in products and the often quoted f gure that it

takes 15,000 liters of water to produce 1 kilo of beef.

To date I don’t think such stark statistics would

have impacted on shopping habits when people

are at shops or supermarkets. Are consumers

thinking about the water footprint of a product be-

fore making a conscience effort to buy it? Probably

not. Decisions are driven by price, taste, impulse

and brand loyalty. Even carbon mile labels aren’t

enough to break these habits. And that’s certainly

one topic that has been in the public eye longer

than virtual water.

Yet a new report hopes to change these percep-

tions and provoke more discussion. Called ‘Feeding

a thirsty world: Challenges and opportunities for a

water and food secure world’, the Stockholm In-

ternational Water Institute's latest report addresses

water scarcity and food production.

It states

that with 70% of water with-

drawals used in agriculture, growing more food to

feed an additional two billion people by 2050 will

place greater pressure on water and land.

Most of us are aware that we’re exhausting the

world’s resources at an alarming pace, but what is

the report recommending we do? Improvements in

on-farm water eff ciency; reductions in losses and

waste in the food supply chain; enhanced response

networks and early warning systems in agricultural

emergencies are all recommended.

The UN recommends that we should all fol-

low a healthier, sustainable diet and consume less

water-intensive products. This is as well as reduce

the 30% of wasted food which is produced and im-

prove current production methods. The theme of

the World Water Day earlier this year was even “Wa-

ter and Food Security” to try and hammer home the

message.

Nor should these global, political challenges be

seen as out of reach from the water sector, includ-

ing technology providers.

As WWi featured earlier this year in its Middle

Eastern spotlight, a small group of farming settle-

ments in the Negev region, Israel, solved the prob-

lem of inadequate freshwater sources. The farmers

pooled their resources together and funded an ef-

f uent reuse system, which was situated next to a

nearby wastewater treatment plant. Filtration and

UV technology was provided by a major water pu-

rif cation company and reused water was piped to

the f elds.

In conclusion, it’s worth noting a comment made

back in 1974 at the f rst World Food Summit by US

Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger. He boldly said:

“No child will go to bed hungry within ten years.”

This aim/prediction couldn’t have been more

wrong. Today there remains one billion undernour-

ished people. This raises the question that if the

worldwide population will reach its predicted nine

billion by 2050, how on earth will everyone be fed?

And if agriculture is increased, even if super

crops are developed which require less water to be

grown in arid climates, what will this increase mean

for the water industry? It’s certainly worth thinking

about the next time you tuck into a meal. WWi

Eating Our Way to a Thirsty PlanetA new report highlights threats and

opportunities for food and water

scarcity. Can the West change its

water intensive eating habits?

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Worldwide News Europe/Middle East

Threats/opportunities

outlined in SIWI report

on water and food

securityContinuing current trends in food

production could lead to increased

shortages and intense competition for

scarce water resources in many re-

gions across the world, the Stockholm

International Water Institute (SIWI) has

said.

The f ndings were documented in its

new report entitled “Feeding a thirsty

world: Challenges and opportunities for

a water and food secure world”. It noted

that 900 million people are hungry and

two billion more people are under nour-

ished in spite of the fact that per capita

production continues to increase.

With 70% of all water withdrawals

used in agriculture, growing more food

to feed an additional two billion people

by 2050 will place greater pressure on

available water and land.

The authors spotlight a number of

essential and largely overlooked chal-

lenges where dedicated action can

help ensure food security to a growing

global population with available water

resources.

These included improvements in

on-farm water eff ciency, reductions in

losses and waste in the food supply

chain, enhanced response networks to

early warning systems for agricultural

emergencies, and increased investment

to close the gender gap in agricultural

production. The f ndings also investi-

gated the impact of the recent surge in

foreign direct investment to lease land

in developing countries on local and

regional water resources. SIWI said this

phenomenon requires more stringent

regulation to ensure that the water and

land rights of local farming communities

are upheld.

Authors behind the report included

SIWI, the Food and Agriculture Orga-

nizations of the United Nations and the

IWMI.

FIELD NOTES

Urgent action is needed to reduce

the rate of phosphorus depletion, the

Chartered Institution of Water and En-

vironmental Management (CIWEM) said

in its latest Policy Position Statement

(PPS).

The PPS outlines the main issues

relating to the world’s supply of useable

phosphate and highlighted the need for

urgent action to achieve its recovery to

improve food security and reduce geo-

political risk.

The statement highlighted how the

mining of inorganic phosphates are re-

lied upon for agriculture and industry.

At the present rate of extraction,

today’s phosphate mines will be ex-

hausted by the end of the 21st century

and estimates of future reserves range

from 200 to 400 years (at the current

rate of extraction). China and the USA

have both tried to implement measures

to reduce exports of phosphate as they

have already realised its strategic im-

portance.Wastewater treatment could

recover 95% of the phosphate from

urban wastewater, the statement said.

CIWEM said land application of suit-

ably treated biosolids (sewage sludge)

is invariably the best way to conserve

and recycle the phosphate it contains.

Currently only 20% of the phosphate in

urban wastewater in the EU is recycled.

In order to increase this, CIWEM

called on all governments to follow the

examples of Sweden and Germany and

make phosphate recovery from urban

wastewater a legal requirement.

Nick Reeves OBE, executive direc-

tor at CIWEM, said: “Phosphorus is

scarce and resources are being de-

pleted rapidly. To date, attention has

focussed on removing phosphate from

wastewater streams to prevent the eu-

trophication of waters.

“But phosphate is of huge strategic

value over the longer term and we must

also act to recover phosphate from

waste-streams for use. The economics

of extensive phosphate recovery from

wastewater would be quite favourable

if we viewed phosphorus as a resource,

rather than the conventional approach

of treating it as a pollutant in the envi-

ronment, and mining it in mineral form

to fertilise our crops.”

Canadian f rm Ostara Nutrient Re-

covery Technologies is working with UK

utility Thames Water to recover phos-

phorous from the Slough WWTP.

Itron has been awarded a contract for

more than 11,000 advanced residential

water meters equipped with communi-

cation modules, as well as the f xed net-

work infrastructure to support customers

in Floresti, Moldova. Servicii Comunale

Floresti, the water utility servicing several

municipalities, will deploy Itron technol-

ogy over the course of six months begin-

ning later this year.

Itron’s water meters will replace ag-

ing meters and will be installed on new

subscribers’ homes throughout the city.

Consumption data will be transmitted

through the f xed network. The automa-

tion of the entire meter reading process

is hoped to reduce operational costs and

improve eff ciency.

“As part of our water distribution net-

work modernization project, mainly f -

nanced by the World Bank and European

Bank of Reconstruction and Develop-

ment, we decided to select Itron to im-

plement high-end metering technologies

and the EverBlu advanced data collection

system,” said Sergiu Rusu, director of

Servicii Comunale Floresti. “Itron’s wire-

less solution is ideally suited to our needs

for collecting data from hard-to-read me-

ters in urban and semi-rural areas.”

As part of the Gates Foundation

global challenge to reinvent the toilet in

developing nations, the UK’s Cranf eld

University has designed a solution that

uses nano and advanced water treat-

ment technologies.

The university received $800,000

worth of funding from the ‘Reinvent the

Toilet Challenge’ of the Bill & Melinda

Gates Foundation Water.

Cranf eld’s Nano Membrane Toilet

can treat human waste on-site without

external energy or water, allowing it to

be safely transported away and poten-

tially reused.

The concept uses a combination of

nano and advanced water treatment

technologies and works by essentially

reducing the water content of the sludge

through membranes that allow extrac-

tion of water as a vapour, using a mech-

anism powered by the user. Resulting

sludge moves downwards under gravity

and is encapsulated in briquette form,

with the potential for reuse in combust-

ing or applying to land as a fertiliser.

Cranf eld University said the reinvent-

ed toilet will also have potential in devel-

oped as well as developing countries,

such as Africa.

The results of the f rst round of grants

were showcased at the Reinvent the

Toilet Fair on August 14 and 15, 2012

at the foundation’s off ces in Seattle,

Washington.

The fair showcased innovations from

around the world, working towards the

shared vision for a ‘reinvented toilet’.

A prototype of the Cranf eld concept is

due for completion next year.

Moldova upgrades water meters

Nano-toilet could eliminate water needed for sanitation

Recycle Phosphorus and prevent future food crisis

News Briefs

MBBR order in Egypt helps Headworks Bio enter market

The General Egyptian Company

for Buildings (GEC) in Cairo has

contracted Texas-based Headworks

BIO to retrof t a wastewater treat-

ment plant in Alexandria.

The Mubarak facility in Alexandria

was initially designed to treat 4,000

m3/day and was commissioned in

2001. However, the plant was taken

out of service in 2009 after suffering

from membrane fouling challenges.

Headworks BIO was asked to

review the performance of the exist-

ing plant and evaluate the options

available for refurbishment. The pro-

posed system involves retrof tting

MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) aera-

tion tanks with a Moving Bed Biof lm

Reactor (MBBR) to treat 4,000 m3/

day and convert the remaining vol-

ume into a secondary clarif er.

The retrof t will help the facil-

ity produce a consistent eff u-

ent quality of 50:80:50 mg/L for

BOD:COD:TSS. The biological

treatment process will remove the

inf uent BOD to meet the required

eff uent target and require minimal

maintenance because each piece

of media self-maintains an optimum

level of productive biof lm, according

to the company.

The Flygt heritage of groundbreaking innovations

continues, as yet again our application expertise

and engineering excellence lead the way. From

the development of the world’s fi rst submersible

pump which revolutionized the world’s municipal

wastewater infrastructure, to sustaining high

effi ciency with our innovative N-hydraulics. Time

and again, we listen to you to understand your daily

operations. This, together with our pioneering

spirit, inspires us to achieve the extraordinary.

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Worldwide News Europe/Middle East

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News Briefs

Saudi Arabian SWRO facility

upgrades using BEL vesselsAl Fatah Water and Power has select-

ed BEL Composite Industries pressure

vessels for the second phase extension

of the seawater desalination plant using

Reverse Osmosis technology in Al Jubail

City, Saudi Arabia.

The system is designed to a capacity

of 58,500 m3/day and is expected to be

completed by January 2013.

World’s largest pumping

station project in UAE moves

forwardAs part of the Abu Dhabi Sewerage

Services Company’s (ADSSC) major

wastewater tunnel project, the service

provider has contracted Mott MacDonald

to the role of engineer of what has already

been deemed as the “world’s largest

pumping station”.

Located in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi,

United Arab Emirates, the pumping sta-

tion will be over 100 m deep and ap-

proximately 40 m in diameter and will

have an ultimate peak pumping capacity

of approximately 3.3 million cubic metres

per day.

Mott MacDonald will undertake the role

of engineer for the contract administration

and construction oversight. This will involve

project, design, cost, contract and health,

safety and environment management.

As part of ADSSC’s Strategic Tunnel

Enhancement Programme (STEP), the

focus is a deep 41km long tunnel sewer

and several systems of link sewers. These

will collect and transport wastewater to a

main pumping station for onward treat-

ment at the Al Wathba Independent Sew-

age Treatment Plants (ISPTs).

Link sewers will intercept the f ows

from existing gravity sewers upstream of

the existing pumping stations, both on

Abu Dhabi Island and the mainland. These

f ows will be channelled by gravity into the

deep tunnel.

At the downstream end of the deep

tunnel, in the AI Wathba area, an under-

ground pumping station will be built to lift

the sewage to the surface, and into newly

constructed ISTPs. The project is due for

completion towards the middle of 2015.


Reverse Osmosis conf rmed for Gaza desalination plantThe controversial 55 million m3/year

Gaza desalination facility will use mem-

brane-based, reverse osmosis (RO) tech-

nology for water f ltration with the aim of

producing water at a cost of US$0.70 per

cubic meter, WWi has learnt.

The Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)

conf rmed that unless the planned desali-

nation facility is in operation by 2020, the

aquifer currently supplying water to the

country would be irrereversibly dimin-

ished, if extraction continues at the cur-

rent rate.

Addressing the World Water Week in

Stockholm, Dr. Shaddad Attili, minister

and head of PWA emphasised the impor-

tance of water security and said “there are

1.6 million Palestinians living in the most

densely population area on earth with wa-

ter unf t for drinking”.

Later in a press conference, Eng.

Rebhy El-Sheikh, deputy chairman of

PWA told WWi that the facility would use

RO technology as the thermal equivalent

(multi-stage f ash or multi-effect distilla-

tion) “was deemed not appropriate” for

the project.

When asked about the expected op-

eration expense to produce one cubic

meter of water, El-Sheikh said PWA is

estimating a US$0.70 cost.

In March WWi reported that France

would be donating 10 million euros into

the project.

The Islamic Development Bank has

signaled support for 50% of the total

$455 million project costs, according

to PWA. These include the desalination

plant, as well as wider rehabilitation work

in Gaza, including efforts to reduce non-

revenue water. PWA said that the target is

to have a water system eff ciency of 80%

by 2017 - the slated date for the desalina-

tion plant to be operational.

Also, a North-South conveyance sys-

tem will be constructed that will allow the

distribution of freshwater throughout the

Gaza strip.

The desalination facility will be crucial

to relieve current over-abstraction from

the region’s aquifer. Total abstraction is

170 million m3/year and PWA warned that

salinity levels in the aquifer far exceed the

World Health Organisation guidelines.

Dr. Raf q Husseini, deputy secretary

for environment and water of the Union

for the Mediterranean said the project is

seeking similar donations from other Eu-

ropean countries, as well as France.

Minister Attili said this week that he

has had meetings with the Swedish min-

istry and will be travelling to Finland next,

in a bid to secure support and funding

from Europe towards the project.


Worldwide NewsAmericas/Asia

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News Briefs

Brazilian utility Copasa to expand water metersCompanhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais (COPASA), Brazil’s second largest water utility, has selected Elster to supply up to 110,000 S120 single-jet water me-ters in Brazil over the next eight months. The company will deploy the meters to provide more accurate water usage mea-surement, to improve revenue generation and to reduce water leakage.

Water scarcity could result from China’s coal expansion, says GreenpeaceA plan from China to increase its coal f red power plants by 2015 could trigger a se-vere water crisis in the country’s arid North-west, a report by environmental activists Greenpeace has claimed. According to the report ‘Thirsty Coal: A Water Crisis Exacer-bated by China’s New Mega Coal Power Bases’, the 16 new facilities to be situated in provinces such as Inner Mongolia could consume ten billion cubic meters of water.

Industrial wastewater

treatment boosted in

Singapore by SembcorpSembcorp Industries has started com-mercial operation of its S$40 million ($32 million) industrial wastewater treatment facility on Jurong Island. The S$40 million plant will treat 9600 m3 per day of com-plex wastewater from 16 companies on the island and has helped to double the f rm’s capacity in Singapore. The waste-water treatment plant is part of Semb-corp’s upcoming S$960 million cluster of facilities to serve Jurong Island.

Desalination plant in Karachi

Port, Pakistan awardedThe Port Qasim Authority in Karachi, Pakistan has awarded Aeromix Systems a USD$775 million contract to develop a

97 million gallon per day desalination facil-ity. The project involves the design, build, operation and f nancing to serve the fresh water needs of approximately 500 industri-al buildings. The f nancing of the facility will allow the Pakistani Authorities to pay Aero-mix for the treatment plants through the purchase of the treatment water over time.

Shipboard desalination set for sail with the U.S. Navy

The U.S. Navy, under the Off ce of Naval Research (ONR), has contracted Pall for a multi-phase project to develop an ad-vanced shipboard desalination system specif cally for the challenges. During the f rst six-month phase of the project, Pall scientists will adapt hollow-f ber microf l-tration and reverse osmosis membrane technologies to design a solution capable of producing 4,000 gallons per day of potable water. In the year-long second phase of the program, a prototype sys-tem will be developed and tested on land. In the f nal 18-month phase, a fully com-pliant system will be tested for six months on a naval ship.

WesTech acquires Microf oc and General Filter from Siemens

WesTech Engineering has signed an agreement to purchase the conventional water treatment business of Siemens Industry that includes the Microf oc and General Filter product portfolios. The agreement includes all active projects, associated assets and liabilities, inven-tory, and associated patents and trade-marks, as well as the facility in Ames, Iowa. Sixty-two active employees dedi-cated to this business will join WesTech. Dr. Lukas Loeff er, CEO Water Technolo-gies of Siemens said the product lines are “solid businesses” but that they did not f t within the company’s portfolio.

Fuel cells: a replacement for wastewater

activated sludge treatment?


Microbial fuel cells could produce elec-

tricity directly from wastewater and replace

activated sludge and anaerobic digestion

methods, researchers have claimed. En-

gineers at Oregon State University (OSU)

have found that microbial fuel cells can

produce electricity directly from wastewater,

which they said will mean that wastewater

treatment plants could eventually generate

enough power to sell excess electricity.

OSU claimed the technology can now

produce 10 to 50 more times the electric-

ity, per volume, than most other approaches

using microbial fuel cells, and 100 times

more electricity than some.

Researchers said this could eventually

change the way that wastewater is treated

all over the world, replacing the widely used

activated sludge process that has been in

use for almost a century.

The f ndings have just been published

in Energy and Environmental Science, a

professional journal, in work funded by the

National Science Foundation.

The technology cleans wastewater us-

ing a different approach than the aerobic

bacteria. Bacteria oxidize the organic matter

and, in the process, produce electrons that

run from the anode to the cathode within the

fuel cell, creating an electrical current.

OSU researchers reported several years

ago on the promise of this technology but at

that time the systems in use produced far

less electrical power. With new concepts –

reduced anode-cathode spacing, evolved

microbes and new separator materials – the

technology can now produce more than

two kilowatts per cubic meter of liquid reac-

tor volume, OSU claimed.

The system has been tested on a labo-

ratory scale and OSU said the next stage

is a pilot study, for which funding is being

sought. A food processing plant has been

suggested as a possible testing ground.

Once advances are made to reduce

high initial costs, researchers estimated that

the capital construction costs of this new

technology should be comparable to that of

the activated sludge systems now in wide-

spread use today – and even less expensive

when future sales of excess electricity are

factored in.

Making Ripples: Water Leader Focus

10 August/September | 2012 www.wwinternational.com10 www.wwinternational.com

The interview with Carsten Bjerg should be focusing upon

the water industry. Instead, the conversation takes an im-

mediate turn towards the 2012 Olympic Games. Den-

mark has just taken a gold medal – its second overall

– in Olympic track cycling. Bjerg is clearly proud of the

achievement.

A regular gym goer, supporter and follower of a local handball

team (one of the top two in the country), it’s clear that the Grundfos

CEO is active outside of the boardroom. After the conversation goes

onto team Great Britain’s efforts (I can’t help but bring up the 20+

gold medals to date), Bjerg likens the results with those of his com-

pany. Investment put into athletics at grassroots level years ago is

now paying off, just in time for the Olympics, he says.

And in answering the question of how the company reported an

8% growth on pump sales in 2011 with a turnover of DKK21.2 billion

(2.8 billion Euros), he attributes this to the same reason: investment.

“We are seeing payback on the globalization of our company that

we have invested in over the last 15 years. This of course helps in a

period when growth in Europe is not so strong. Europe used to be

our strongest market but we now have much more of the sales out-

side of the region,” he says.

The Far East, including China, as well as ASEAN (Association

of Southeast Asian Nations), not to mention Eastern Europe, Rus-

sia and the US markets have

helped contribute to Grundfos’

turnover growth despite Eu-

rope’s decline.

Just like investing into up

and coming athletes, Bjerg

prizes his efforts over the last

decade in investing into R&D

and new products, which have

now been released onto the

market and are helping with the

f nancial bottom line.

There’s also another reason

why despite being a European

competitor in the Olympics,

Denmark-born Bjerg speaks

highly of Great Britain’s efforts.

A mechanical engineer by train-

ing, he spent a year at Cambridge University in England complet-

ing a Masters Degree in ACPMM (Advanced Course in Production

Methods and Management). Since then he spent 14 years with Dan-

ish pump and automation manufacturer Danfoss and has been with

Grundfos for the last 15 years. So within the space of two compa-

nies, Bjerg has risen to the role of the CEO.

DIVERSIFICATION: PUMPS TO UV AND MEMBRANES

Olympics fever to one side, in order to discuss the recent develop-

ment and direction of the company, it’s important to f rstly understand

its roots. Grundfos is owned by the Poul Jensen Foundation, set up

by the company founder in 1975. Today the foundation owns 86.7%

of the shares, alongside 2% that are owned by staff and the rest

owned by the founder’s family.

“The foundation is asking us, asking me to ensure that Grundfos

makes a positive difference to the world,” the CEO says. “And spe-

cif cally over recent years we have come to the conclusion that we

ought to also play a role in water treatment.”

And it is this decision that led the company to recently acquire

Enaqua, an American company that focuses on the use of Ultraviolet

(UV) technology to disinfect water, as well as membranes for water

purif cation. The purchased f rm produces UV disinfection systems

that range in sizes up to 100 million gallons per day for municipal and

industrial applications.

Discussing the change in direction away from pumps, Bjerg says:

“This is not necessarily the investment that has the maximum pay-

back for us. Today we are still a pump company and there is still

enough for us to do there. Yet we are also seeking ways to create a

position for ourselves as a water treatment provider.

“Will we see more of this?” he asks. “The answer is hopefully, yes.

We would like to do more than what this acquisition is making possi-

ble for us. We are looking for other entries into that market with direct

Pump Prodigy Grundfos CEO Gains GroundDanish pump manufacturing giant Grundfos is diversifying into

water treatment. CEO Carsten Bjerg speaks exclusively to Tom Freyberg

about the company’s plans and how leakages can be reduced globally.

Ref ecting on success: After rising to the role of

CEO during the course of his 15 years at Grundfos,

Bjerg led the company to turnover 2.8 billion euros

during 2011

Flagship purchase: The founda-

tion owning Grundfos has helped

push Grundfos into the water

treatment market, leading to the

acquisition of U.S. f rm Enaqua,

which focuses on UV and mem-

brane f ltration

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acquisitions, as well as research and development. Again, we do not

seek to become a provider across the board of equipment for the in-

dustry. But when we identify technology breakthroughs then yes, we

can help the industry and build on the position we’ve established.”

LOWER PRESSURE, LOWER LEAKAGES

Nor is it just manufacturing and selling pumps that make up the core

of Grundfos’ business. Bjerg says it’s also about educating the indus-

try on potential savings that can be made. One of these savings is the

area of water leakages and non-revenue water. With the World Bank

estimating that 45 million cubic meters of perfectly usable, potable

water is lost in the network everyday through worldwide leaks: it’s a

worthy cause for the CEO to turn his hand too.

Rather than focusing on reactively

acting on leaks once they’ve occurred,

Grundfos believes the solution lies earlier

in the cycle. Demand Driven Distribution,

or DDD for short. That’s the name the

company gives to the set-up of mul-

tiple pumps operating at proportional

pressures, all in unison. The system is

designed to supply precisely the f ow

needed at the pressure required, with

numerous pumps running eff ciently instead of one big pump.

According to the f rm, when you reduce pump pressure by 50%,

you can reduce leakage loss by at least 30%. This is one topic that

the CEO is clearly passionate about.

“You have to make sure that you reduce the risk for leakages by

adjusting the pressure of the system,” he says. “Again here you have

the application where it’s very common to have full pressure in the

system independent from the demand. This doesn’t make sense en-

ergy wise, nor does it make sense when it comes to leakages. So our

main contribution to this is to offer solutions whereby with alternative

controls you are ensuring that you adjust the pressure in the system

according to the amount of water required.”

Bjerg says DDD can lead to three benef ts: energy saving, reduc-

ing leakages and optimizing the eff ciency of the system, reducing the

overall maintenance required. Speaking more broadly, he suggests

that the way in which utility leakages are perceived should change.

“This is one of the tricky issues because in many places around

the world you do not have the market mechanisms punishing the

water industry if they have leakages in the system. I think we should

pay much more attention to this matter.”

So regulatory enforcement/f nes on utilities could help reduce

leakages?

“I just think that if you take it from the global challenge we have

on water, it is establishing how you can lose so much drinking water

without that being a problem for anyone.”

Indeed, f ndings from the Asian Development Bank suggest that

by cutting the amount of lost water across Asia in half, 150 million

people could be supplied with treated water (see feature on page 28).

“I think that you could argue, as a consumer for water – each of

us – how much should we pay for water that is pumped up from the

ground to make it possible for us to drink water? However, it’s also

important not to blame the water industry because if you provide

water for society and do not benef t from reducing leakages, then

why should you put investment in?”

S-TUBE IMPELLER

Shortly before the Enaqua announcement in June, Bjerg was busy

helping to launch Grundfos’ S-tube impeller at the IFAT Entsorga

show in Munich, Germany. A tube-shaped impeller in a pump hous-

ing that matches the tube shape through the entire pump, Grundfos

claims this design “offers greater hydraulic eff ciency than any other

type of wastewater impeller and doesn’t compromise free passage”.

So how long has the impeller been in development?

“Historically, on wastewater pumps it was always acclaimed that

you cannot use the most energy eff cient solutions as you would

have problems with the free passage and problems with clogging on

the pumps,” says the CEO. “Here we have invented an impeller that

does not compromise on either of the two accounts. This is I believe

the f rst in our industry. You have optimal eff ciency and at the same

time free passage for the impeller. This is actually something we’ve

had in our laboratories for some years. The f rst time I was involved in

discussing this theoretical solution was almost ten years ago.”

Reducing unnecessary water losses is also a focus area for the

company’s global operations. Like any major industrial manufacturer,

water consumption is a big concern, not to mention expense. In

2010 the company consumed just over 650,000 m3. A year later

in 2011, this had dropped to just over 530,000 m3. How was this

achieved?

“We are preaching the message that this is something that all

companies should be doing,” says Bjerg. “We’ve given it a lot of at-

“In many places around the world you do not have

the market mechanisms punishing the water

industry if they have leakages in the systems. I think

we should pay much more attention to this matter.”

Hard line: Bjerg strongly believes

that market mechanisms should

be put in place to incentivise

utilities to reduce leakages




tention. We’ve been looking across the entire organization for

opportunities to save water. The result is down to multiple so-

lutions implemented across our many companies around the

world. It’s not down to one technology or one example. One of

the things we do is to use our own technology or products in

our own operations.”

ENERGY

It’s diff cult to talk with the CEO of one of the world’s largest

pump companies without discussing energy. Pumps, along

with aeration equipment at wastewater facilities, are often

pointed to and blamed for high energy costs. And with esti-

mates suggesting that pumps alone are responsible for 10%

of the world’s entire global electricity consumption, it’s f nger

pointing that is not likely to go away. So what is being done and

what can be done to address this?

“That’s right – pumps do actually consume a relatively big

share of the global electricity production across the world at 10%.

This means there’s a huge opportunity for improvement. It’s not that

you can cut the usage entirely away as pumps are needed in many

places and provide an important role. It’s important that it’s done in

the most energy eff cient way.”

The CEO adds: “We decided that we will go beyond what legis-

lation requires. We have introduced the Bluef ux-labelling, which is

something we put on all our products that use our best technology

motors and frequency converters. This is a result of investing in tech-

nology. I would say the investments in technology and R&D are the

major reasons for making this happen.”

Legislation requirements on pumps, as mentioned by the CEO,

are now major considerations. The Energy Using Product Directive

is a European Commission energy eff ciency framework, setting the

future or energy eff cient products in the EU. The Directive has also

been revised to include energy related products.

With the new requirements, high eff ciency, variable speed circula-

tors must be used as a standalone pump. This will mean that invest-

ment in new product development and production lines, as well as

adaptation of tooling, test and production equipment will be a huge

challenge for the pump industry. Grundfos is already actively market-

ing its EuP ready integrated circulators.

FINAL WORDS

When asked to describe himself in f ve words, Bjerg avoids the ques-

tion. Instead he describes the reasons why he’s remained with only

two companies since his education; a rarity today with the amount of

competition and opportunities inevitably springing up.

“I think in my career there’s a reason why I’ve been with only

two companies and that is that I’m very dedicated and committed

to what I do and don’t jump from one company to another every

second year. I think that is important. I would have a diff cult time in

working for a company that I don’t believe in the business priorities

but also the ability to commit to the purpose of the company. It’s im-

portant to me to continue to be the person I am. Everyone will know

me as Carsten and that’s the way I like it.”

It’s clear that Bjerg, sorry Carsten, doesn’t preach the environ-

mental message for the sake of it. Both the CEO and the foundation

behind Grundfos believe that the prof ts from the company should

be invested to help the f rm divert into water purif cation for the bet-

ter of the planet. This is an aim that’s been clearly backed up by the

Enaqua acquisition. And testament to Bjerg’s love for the environ-

ment, he spends a great deal of his spare time tending forests and

f elds around his house.

“For the huge challenges the world is facing on energy, climate

change and water; technology is the answer. I always say that as

a manager and CEO, there is a limit to how much of a difference

you can make. The difference is made by the many people of the

organization. I see my job to provide the best possible framework for

employees to thrive.”

Just as I expect the CEO to make another analogy of comparing

people or products to Olympic athletes, news comes through the

wires of another Olympic gold medal. Needless to say, both of us are

hoping it’s either Denmark or Great Britain as the victor. WWi

Enquiry No. 100

Bright outlook: An engineer by training, the Grundfos

CEO believes that technology will play a pivotal role in

future energy, climate and water challanges

Eastern promise: In light of Europe’s lagging economy, Grundfos has

found success in the Far East, including China as well as the Eastern

European and Russian markets

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16 August/September | 2012 www.wwinternational.com16 www.wwinternational.com

The Big Five water utility markets in 2012 are predicted

to account for almost $50 billion of CAPEX and OPEX

spending in Europe. As such, they are leaders and cru-

cial testing grounds for new technologies and innovative

practices. Water utility investment has not collapsed in

these countries but is instead getting smarter and looking at opportu-

nities that provide greater conf dence in returns. At the broadest level

there are seven market priority areas for innovation and eff ciency

within water utilities: chemical management, decentralisation, energy

eff ciency and production, leakage and non-revenue water, sludge,

smart water technologies and water charges.

CHEMICAL MANAGEMENTOver $346 million is being spent on coagulants, f occulants and disin-

fection chemicals in Europe by the Big Five this year and this market

will continue to be needed in the water industry to ensure quality and

safety. This market, however, is changing and seeing different invest-

ment trends and in some cases a decline in demand on account of

disruptive technologies. Direct investment in chemicals is decreasing

slightly due to non-chemical technology alternatives in disinfection,

through UV and membrane use. Furthermore, a decline in overall vol-

umes of water and wastewater treated with early adoption of green

chemical alternatives has started in Germany. While chemical alter-

native is an established

and steadily increasing

trend to the water in-

dustry, they have great

potential to move wa-

ter utilities away from

reliance on traditional

chemicals that are at

the mercy of f uctuating

oil prices. At the same

time innovation in the

sophistication and ef-

fectiveness of chemi-

cals, along with the

price tag, has grown

for f occulation pro-

cesses which means

the overall market will

remain relatively steady

over the coming years.

It is worth noting in the

marketplace that tradi-

tional chemical com-

panies, such as BASF,

are making moves into

chemical alternatives

and membrane tech-

nology.

DECENTRALISATIONDecentralisation is increasingly seen as an answer to changes in ser-

vice requirements in Europe. In the UK, for example, while there are

6,400 sewage treatment works, only 76% of those serve popula-

tions of two thousand or less. This occurs at the same time as the

dramatic shift in many European population centres towards urban

shrinkage. While the urban development process began with com-

pact cities and subsequently leading to urban sprawl, more recently

Water Utility Eff ciency Priorities:

What are they?The European water industry is predicted to spend $64 billion in 2012 but f nds itself in the

middle of a wider prolonged economic slowdown. So what are the main objectives when it

comes to eff ciency in Europe’s top f ve water utility markets? Seth Cutler looks at France,

Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.

Figure 1. Total water and wastewater CAPEX and OPEX, Europe (2012, 2017)

0.02012 2017

10,000.0

20,000.0

30,000.0

40,000.0

50,000.0

60,000.0

70,000.0

80,000.0

90,000.0

$ M

illion

United Kingdom

Benelux

Alpine

Greece

Others

Big 5

Other Europe

Spain

France

Germany

Nordic

Italy

Portugal

$11,489.13million

$7,484.12million

$7,392.96million

$3,456.27million

$4,892.39million

$646.76million

$900.61million

$10,823.90million

$12,527.25millionnce

$3,334.19million

$985.16million


a contraction and perforation of the urban core has

occurred .

This has serious implications for large capac-

ity European water networks, developed to satisfy

a period of intense urban growth; water networks

are increasingly unf t for purpose and, as a result,

ineff cient. There is also a growing recognition that

relatively simple source to consumer to discharge

water systems neither provide the greatest benef t

nor account for differences in urban and rural supply

and demand patterns. The requirement for smaller,

localised, decentralised water supplies, but espe-

cially for decentralised wastewater treatment plants

is therefore growing.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTION

The total electricity consumption of Germany’s

10,000 urban wastewater treatment plants in 2009

was roughly 4,400 GWh/year. In the UK, the 2009/10

energy use by the water industry rose to 9,012GWh,

representing a 10% increase over the previous eight

years. In a business as usual scenario it is likely that

energy prices will continue to rise and demand for

electricity will continue to grow. This has major impli-

cations for the water industry as energy consumes,

on average, 28% of water utility operating costs.

Within this pumps account for up to 60% of en-

ergy needed for water distribution and aerators con-

sume 55% of energy used in wastewater treatment.

While this exemplif es the importance and depen-

dence of water utilities on pumps and aerators, it

also exposes specif c targets for greater eff ciencies

in energy consumption.

Indeed, the sixth World Water Forum sets a tar-

get of 20% reduction in water utility energy use. In-

novations that help reduce energy consumption will

have direct relief for utility budgets. We are currently

seeing this through energy saving pump initiatives

by Grundfos and i2o and also in aerators through

Israeli company, DIffusaire.

The complimentary advancement is to see

wastewater treatment plants and water distribu-

tion networks as untapped sources of energy. The

wastewater to energy movement has very strong

potential to reduce energy demands and carbon

footprints, to reduce waste volumes and to move

further towards net zero energy and energy positive

water utilities. An example of this is Sydney Water in

Australia that has committed itself to being carbon

neutral in energy use by 2020. France is now home

to the world’s f rst carbon neutral wastewater treat-

ment plant, Aquaviva.

LEAKAGE, NON-REVENUE WATER AND

SMART WATER TECHNOLOGIES

A key concern of the Big Five water industry

markets is leakage, which averages 22.2% across

the region. Often labelled as an element of non-

revenue water, this is essentially synonymous with

leakage as theft in this region can be considered

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quite low, as can permissible non-billed water use. The leakage av-

erage means that almost one quarter of billable water is lost, which

produces both f nancial and environmental consequences that

sometimes result in highly ineff cient water distribution networks.

Considering the total length of water distribution and wastewater

pipes, almost 1.2 million km in France alone, there is a vast pipe

surface area and geography to monitor for leaks and bursts. Wa-

ter utilities in the Big Five will continue phased pipe replacement

schemes and also more urgent replacements as they appear. Ongo-

ing replacements, however, are

likely to use enhanced materials,

such as polyphenlyether, and

coatings to ensure pipe longev-

ity and install acoustic and other

sensors to detect leaks and limit

burst events.

Installing sensors and data

communicating devices in water

networks to produce near-real

time control is the essence of smart water technologies. A central

factor that increases the attractiveness of smart water technologies

is that it is not requiring a fundamental reconf guration of water indus-

try processes, but instead enhances and makes more responsive

system operations and management. By attaching sensors and te-

lemetry to key pieces of water utility infrastructure, data is produced

and relayed to central servers where algorithms and analysis gener-

ate information, relationships and indicators to enhance the decision-

making process.

This has the ability to make day-to-day operations and manage-

ment, investment and business planning, reporting standards and

understanding of historical performance much more accurate and

insightful, producing a better run utility that maximises f nancial in-

vestment. Data analysis and information production can be handled

internally to water utilities, but increasingly options for software-as-a-

service are emerging. Outsourcing data management can enhance

the drive for opera-

tion eff ciencies of

water utilities.

B I O - S O L I D S /

SLUDGE MAN-

AGEMENT

Sludge volumes are

on the rise in Eu-

rope, in large part

due to stricter leg-

islation that is esti-

mated to increase

volumes by 50%

alone. As a result

sludge manage-

ment practices are

advancing mainly

on two fronts: f rst,

the implementation

of biogas and nu-

trient recovery sys-

tems; and second,

the development of

sludge volume re-

duction solutions such as ozonation and ultrasonic irradiation.

Nutrient recovery is, like wastewater to energy, a natural step for-

ward to reduce sludge volumes, to remove harmful elements and

to produce a new sustainable revenue generation stream by selling

nitrates, phosphorous and other minerals taken from wastes to sell

in raw form or turned into fertilizers. A contract signed between Ca-

nadian f rm Ostara and UK utility Thames Water highlights this op-

portunity. Ultrasonic irradiation is similar in that it has proven to reduce

the volume and weight of sludge generated in wastewater treatment

plants, along with a host of other benef ts including increased biogas

production, which can subsequently be harnessed for further energy

generation. Working to implement better sludge management tech-

niques helps to reduce sludge as a waste product and turn it into rev-

enue generating stream through recovered nutrients and fertilizers,

decreased waste volumes and increased energy production.

WATER TARIFFS AND COST RECOVERY PRINCIPLE

During the eight years from 2003 to 2011, water charges in the Big

Five markets have increased an average of 4.8%. Rates by coun-

try, however, vary widely with Germany home to the highest charges

through implementation of full cost recovery.

Water tariffs are a controversial tug-of-war between essential

rights of public access and the full cost of recovery principle, to not

only cover operating costs but enable sustainable investment for the

future. Unlike other utility commodities of electricity and gas, water

“It is worth noting in the marketplace that traditional

chemical companies, such as BASF, are making moves

into chemical alternatives and membrane technology”

Figure 2. Modern challenges facing water utilities

Chemical management

Smart water

Energy effciency

and production

Decentralization

Leakage/non

revenue water

Water changes

Sludge


is a prerequisite to life and as such must remain affordable to all. This under-

standing often keeps the cost of water low and below market rate through

public subsidies.

As service costs rise (through regular inf ation, necessary investments,

stricter legislative requirements and ineff ciencies) the costs must be borne

by customers or further paid for through subsidisation. Considering the tough

f nancial situation faced by many water utilities in Europe, the cost of water

for customers is set to increase over the coming years. Going forward busi-

ness models will need to change to ensure water charge rises are aligned

with the cost recovery principle and better appropriately communicated to

the customer.

FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES

While the areas for investment outlined above vary in attractiveness at national

and local level, it shows a clear movement towards technologies and services

that provide quantif able f nancial, operational and sustainable returns for wa-

ter utilities. With the ongoing economic and capital problems in the Eurozone,

how likely is it that the Big Five markets will make strong advancements over

the next f ve to ten years?

The answer, of course, is complex. It is easiest to talk at a regional or

national level, but practically-speaking these areas for investment will require

creative business models that are aligned more towards performance based

payment schemes. As a result, development will be erratic and based on

the strategies of individual utilities. At the utility-level there continues to be

funding available and it is not a case of whether there will or will not be invest-

ment, but how well businesses have aligned their products and solutions with

evolving utility requirements to be seen as part of the solution to their priority

challenges.

In order to increase access to capital, which is likely for ambitious and lead-

ing utilities, there are creative f nancing tools at their disposal. Public private

partnerships are likely to viewed with renewed interest in the water industry

due to their secure, albeit slower, returns. Remondis, for example, is active

in Germany providing water and wastewater treatment services for utilities.

Design, build, operate and f nance models will go ahead in the industry as

it gives investors greater say in the day-to-day operations concerning their

investment. This level of access will provide greater conf dence and security

to stakeholders who might traditionally overlook the water sector.

A second likely action by water utilities in countries like Spain and Italy will

be the consolidation of small, local utilities into larger operational structures

that provide greater critical mass for f nancial investments. This is likely to help

bring advanced innovations into rural areas.

Thirdly, securing a better balance between capital expenditures and op-

erational expenditures will also help further the penetration of innovative tech-

nologies. For companies to shift capital investment into longer-term payment

schemes or pay-back through the leasing of equipment can help alleviate any

issues with access to large fund reserves in the near-term, with conf dence in

the long-term availability of capital.

Finally, a less likely scenario would be the growth in privatisation of the

water industry. Currently the UK, and to a lesser extent France, have majority

shares of private water and wastewater services, but the other three countries

have an overwhelming system of public operation.

Countries like Italy and Spain could see investment benef ts through this

practice, but face stiff opposition from the public. Evidence of this from Italy

is the recent attempts to push through regulations that would open up and

encourage privatisation of the water industry being strongly rejected in a ref-

erendum.

Times are not all doom and gloom in Europe’s water industry, but eff ciency

remains a top priority for water utilities and is set to create a favourable en-

vironment for innovation and innovative solutions as well as creative f nance

and business models. WWi Enquiry No. 101

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Regional Spotlight: Eastern Europe

20 www.wwinternational.com

Bucharest’s f rst sewers were built in 1828 and from

1900 through to 1950 the main drains with diam-

eters higher than 150 cm were made: six drains on

the right riverside and 18 drains on the left riverside of

Dâmbovit,a. Wastewater is collected through a system

constructed mainly in unitary system (the public sewerage system

ensuring the collection, transport, treatment and mutual drainage of

both wastewater and stormwater).

The initial design followed a unitary system (wastewater and storm

water) based on the lower operation cost criterion and aimed at pro-

viding services to a population less than one million inhabitants. The

stormwater drainage area was, at that time, as large as 5,000 ha, and

soil waterproof ng was insignif cant.

Since then, operation requirements have changed. The unitary

system now has to meet the needs of a population exceeding two

million inhabitants and the stormwater draining area is larger than

23,000 ha. Due to the impermeability of the city running surfaces as

a result of city development, as well as to the climatic changes result-

ing in powerful storms, the quantity of water needed to be drained is

continuously increasing. As a result, the current state of the waste-

water basin was precarious, thus causing problems to the sewerage

system and more and more often f ooding in certain areas of Bucha-

rest whenever there is heavy rain.

WASTEWATER BASIN

The Dâmbovit,a River crosses the capital from North-West to South-

East along an approximately 18 km long artif cial riverbed. Its natural

course was f rst detoured in 1985, on a 10 km segment.

Afterwards, from 1985 through 1988, the riverside was reshaped

due to a series of signif cant works, by creating two superimposed

water layers arranged as follows:

- At surface – one concrete sewer supplied with water from Lacul

Morii (artif cial lake)

- Underground – a collecting basin structure, to which all the main

drains of the sewerage system are connected

- The basin was designed to drive gravitationally the water col-

lected from the entire city to one treatment plant.

Approximately 18 km long and approximately 45 km in area, the

basin operates as a sewerage drain consisting of two semi-basins

located on the Ciurel – Opera section; two semi-basins located on

the Opera – Vitan section and three semi-basins located on the Vi-

tan – Popes,ti section. The present capacity of the wastewater basin

(<50%), built several decades ago, is now insuff cient in managing

current stormwater.

Until 2011, the basin was managed by the “Romanian Water” Na-

tional Administration. The Bucharest Municipality was in a situation

where it was unable to manage the entire sewerage system of Bu-

charest. As a result, in 2009 the Bucharest Municipality commenced

the formalities to take over the wastewater Basin from the Ministry of

Environment.

This ended up in the Government Decision No. 894/2010 regard-

ing the transfer of the wastewater drain beneath the Dâmbovit,a river

(wastewater basin) from the State public domain and the manage-

ment of the “Romanian Water” National Administration to the Bucha-

rest Municipality public domain and the management of the General

Council of the Bucharest Municipalities.

Following the execution of the Addendum No. 7 to the Conces-

sion Agreement on May 17 2011, the Bucharest Municipality leased

the wastewater basin beneath Dâmbovit,a to Apa Nova Bucharest.

Bucharest’s Boom: How the City Implemented A Collection SystemBucharest now has a complex wastewater system. This wasn’t

always the case. A lack of infrastructure has prevented the entire

collection and treatment processes from being carried out. Giovana

Soara details the privatization journey for Romania’s capital city.



Ever since 2009, by the execution of the Addendum No. 6 to the

Concession Agreement, Apa Nova expressed its consent to integrat-

ing the wastewater basin into the sewerage system and in conces-

sion, respectively, and undertook to fund a technical survey on the

wholeness of the basin amounting to one million Euros.

The survey concluded that the rehabilitation of the wastewater

basin requires signif cant investment but, by such an undertaking,

Apa Nova Bucharest will be able to implement a uniform strategy to

develop and eff ciently manage the wastewater collection and trans-

port system.

As a result, the wastewater basin was leased on May 17th 2011,

and Apa Nova Bucharest undertook to maintain

and upgrade the basin based on a three-year sig-

nif cant investment plan amounting to 40 million

Euros. The upgrade plan involves arrangements to

discharge the basin into the Dâmbovit,a river (only

under heavy precipitations) and into the wastewater

treatment plant, unclogging and elimination of ma-

jor internal bottlenecks.

The wastewater basin and its related drains

have so far been inspected with a view to prepar-

ing the survey on cutting down the inf ltrations. Its

levels and f ows have been monitored as part of the

inf ltration assessment project. Also, sensors have

been installed in order to monitor the operation of

the basin and the B6 service level. This level regu-

lates the current transit capacity of the wastewater

basin at maximum 42.75 m3/s, monitored by the

Popes,ti Hydro-technical Knot section. Exceed-

ing such f ow amount triggers the operation of the

safety down-pipe that directs overf ow directly into

the Dâmbovit,a River through the safety chamber, in

emergency cases.

GLINA WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

The need to develop a complex sewerage system

has become clear ever since the ‘70s - ‘80s. As a

result, mid 80’s saw the construction of the waste-

water treatment plant begin near the Glina village,

to extend the wastewater basin underneath the

Dâmbovit,a River.

After 2000, the need for a functional wastewa-

ter treatment plant became even clearer. As the

cost of the investments with the completion of the

Glina Wastewater Treatment Plant was impossible

to support by the local population, the Bucharest

Municipality decided to directly seek external capi-

tal subsidy.

In 2004, the European Commission and the

Government of Romania decided to co-fund the

project and concluded a Funding Memorandum

for the allocation of non-repayable funds for the

“Rehabilitation of the Bucharest Wastewater Treat-

ment Plant - Phase 1” (Instrument for Structural re-

Adhesion Policies 2004/RO/16/P/PE/003 Project).

Besides the non-repayable ISPA (Pre-Adhesion)

funds granted by the European Commission, the

funding of Phase 1 was ensured by the loans ac-

quired by the Bucharest City Hall from the Euro-

pean Investment Bank and the European Bank for

��

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Information To Remember

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compressor clutch for fuel savings and noise reduction during times when air is not needed.

Reconstruction and Development. This was secured by the Roma-

nian Government as well as funds from the State budget. The entire

project was directly managed by the Bucharest Municipality and was

completed in June 2011, with the Glina Wastewater Treatment Plant

being run by Apa Nova Bucharest.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Other milestones in the development of Romania’s water sector in-

clude putting the L3 (line three) connection chamber into operation.

Since its construction in 1987 and until present, the wastewater ba-

sin has only operated including line two. Although executed, the sec-

tion from line two to line three was not operational. L3 was repaired,

tested and put into operation by Apa Nova Bucharest in 2012, fol-

lowing some complex design and execution works. Line three was

extended with an open sewer directly linked to the Dâmbovit,a River

which will be provided with the hydro-mechanical equipment need-

ed. The commissioning of such assembly (L3 + open sewer) in spring

2012 signif cantly increases the discharging capacity of the wastewa-

ter basin, namely up to approximately 60 m3/s, in case of especially

heavy rains.

Furthermore, the daily monitoring of water collected and trans-

ported through the wastewater basin has been improved. The “Op-

eration Regulation” and the “Collaboration Convention” between Apa

Nova Bucharest and Apele Române have also been developed.

And future investments are planned. Apa Nova Bucharest plans

to complete the provision of the open sewer and the wastewater

basin with the hydro-mechanical equipment needed (grids, dams

and levees).

A cleaning operation of the wastewater basin is also planned, in-

volving cleaning all access points and connections of the large drains

to the wastewater basin and completing the wastewater basin un-

clogging operation.

Further rehabilitation works are planned for affected areas on the

wastewater basin structure in order to restore safety and reduce in-

f ltrations. This will include f tting the equipment with level, f ow and

quality sensors and f tting the wastewater basin with hydro-mechan-

ical equipment to improve f owing and draining of the water. WWi

Author’s note: Giovana Soara is the director of consumer

management at Apa Nova Bucharest, the Romanian branch

of Veolia Water. For more information, please visit: www.

apanovabucuresti.ro/en/. Enquiry No. 102



Micropollutants


The name Albert Szent-Györgyi might not f ow so easily

from one’s lips but it was the late, great Hungarian physi-

ologist, and Nobel Prize winner, who told us that water is

life’s mater and matrix, mother and medium. Hardly sur-

prising, then, that in virtually every culture and civilisation,

from the ancient Greeks to those who follow the Taoist tradition of

today, that water has come to be closely associated with notions of

purity and fertility.

But what if our water is not quite what it’s cracked up to be? Could

it be the case that our drinking water contains traces of ethinyloes-

tradiol - that is to say orally bio-active estrogen used in almost all

modern formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills? Throw in

a touch of diclolfenac (an anti-inf ammatory drug) add a little cyper-

methrin (a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide) and we have

surely got ourselves an interesting mix.

PLAYING REGULATORY CATCH UP

Traces of all of these substances – to name but a few - can and

do appear as micro pollutants in our drinking water. Which immedi-

ately throws up the question of how water companies can monitor,

measure and, hopefully, reduce the impact of these so-called ‘prior-

ity substances’. Of course a legislative framework exists – both at

national and European level – but the situation can at times come

across as fast-moving and free-f owing as water itself. And with po-

tentially massive f nancial implications for those charged with the re-

sponsibility of delivering fresh and clean - one hesitates to use the

word pure - drinking water to their customers.

The question is whether or not water providers will be able to keep

up not just with new forms of chemical pollution but with the volume

of legislative requirements emanating from Brussels designed to re-

duce water pollution risks. For in January of this year the Commission

proposed adding 15 chemicals to the existing list of 33 pollutants

that are monitored and controlled in EU surface waters. They were

selected, understandably enough, via scientif c evidence that they

might pose a signif cant risk to the environment or human health.

This update is coming via a revision of the directive on priority

substances in the f eld of water quality, after an exhaustive three-

year review, which considered the risks posed by no less than 2000

substances. The proposed 15 additional priority substances can

be divided into the following categories: plant protection product

substances: Aclonifen, Bifenox, Cypermethrin, Dicofol, Heptachlor,

Quinoxyfen; substances used in biocidal products: Cybutryne, Di-

chlorvos, Terbutryn; industrial chemicals: Perf uorooctane sulfonic

acid (PFOS), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD); combustion by-

products: Dioxin and Dioxin-Like PCBs.

The key and innovative development here is that for the f rst time in

the history of the management of dangerous and priority substances

certain pharmaceuticals have been added including - 17 alpha-ethi-

nylestradiol (EE2), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and diclofenac.

VIEW FROM BRUSSELS

Europe’s Environment Commissioner, Janez Potocnik, has been en-

tirely unapologetic about these new proposals, claiming that water

pollution is one of the environmental worries most frequently cited

by EU citizens.

“I therefore welcome these advances”, he said, “as it is clearly

answering people’s expectations. These 15 additional chemicals

need to be monitored and controlled to ensure that they don’t pose

a threat.”

His Brussels off ce made it clear that the inclusion of these phar-

maceutical products does not for one moment throw into question

the medicinal value of these substances – merely addresses the po-

tential harmful effects of their presence in the aquatic environment.

Concentrations above the proposed standards can also affect f sh

health, possibly impacting upon successful reproduction, in addition

to harming other living organisms.

It is not clear if the Commission was inf uenced in any way by

alarmist reports in the popular press claiming that up to half the male

f sh in Britian’s lowland rivers were changing sex – not to mention

negatively impacting on human sperm counts up and down the

land. Whatever the case, the next steps are that the Commission is

proposing the revised list as part of a Directive amending the Water

Framework Directive and the Environment Quality Standard Direc-

Priority Substances: Impact on Water UtilitiesWith the European Commission proposing to add 15 additional chemicals to the list of

pollutants that are monitored and controlled in EU surface waters, utilities should take

note. Estimates suggest improvements needed to measure these substances in the UK

alone would amount to 27 billion Euros. Jeremy Josephs investigates.

Through the looking glass: utility Thames Water claim that when it comes to oral con-

traception in water – no less than 99% of sites would likely fail the new standards


Micropollutants

tive. These proposals are now slowly but surely making their way

through the Council and Parliament with a view to discussion and

adoption. All of which could well mean that member states will be

obliged to meet these new and more exacting environmental stan-

dards by 2021.

Key industry players, such as Suez Environnement, are embracing

the f ght against micropollutants in water, using innovative prevention

tools such as Nitrascope, carrying out research via its International

Centre for Water and Environmental Research. It says it is engaging in

the f ght to reduce liquid waste in the environment under the auspices

of its Rhodanos programme.

Suez Environnement’s approach is that the most effective way of

addressing this issue is by reducing waste at source. “This is the least

costly solution”, the company aff rms, “and the simplest to imple-

ment. It is also possible to create special collectors, or local water

treatment plants. This will make it easier to treat, on site, waste from

a food processing plant, for example, rather than mix it with com-

munity waste.”

Suez might well be saying all of the right things in terms of both

image and compliance but it remains to be seen how they will adapt

to these new and more stringent requirements emanating from

Brussels.

UTILITY ALARM BELLS

The truth is that for water companies up and down the UK alarm bells

have been ringing. And it would appear not without some justif ca-

tion. For unlike pesticides and industrial chemicals that could con-

ceivably have their uses restricted – the only option for water com-

panies will be end-of-pipe treatment at the sewage treatment works.

This is because the steroid oestrogens proposed, for example, are a

product of human metabolism.

Thames Water’s CEO, Martin Baggs, highlighted his concerns re-

lating to the Brussels proposals in his address at the Institute of Water

conference which took place in London this Spring – and claimed

that when it came to traces of oral contraception in water – no less

than 99% of sites would be likely to fail the new standards. Further-

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Meddling medicines: ethinyloestradiol, diclofenac and cypermethrin have

been reportedly found in trace amounts in water supplies


Micropollutants

more, 65% of sites would be unable to comply with limits relating

to anti-inf ammatories and over three quarters of sites would fare

similarly in respect of insecticides. He also claimed that the Com-

mission’s Impact Assessment which required both ethinyloestradiol

to fall to a level of 0.0004 ug/l could mean signif cantly higher costs

for consumers. And he wasn’t talking about a few additional pennies

onto the monthly standing order. His assessment was that the cost

of improvements required would amount to 27 billion Euros in the UK

alone – the equivalent to around a quarter of the total investment in

the UK water industry since 1989.

In f nancial terms this would mean a massive additional eighteen

Euros per inhabitant per year. He also had a more practical com-

plaint – that some of the levels set out in the proposals are so low

that there are at present no means of measuring compliance. The

balance between the introduction of these new standards and the

potential compliance costs was, he argued, all out of sync.

REPORTS AND VIEWS

A recent report by the World Health Organisation would also appear

to contradict the proposed Brussels regulations.

“Currently, analysis of the available data indicates that there is a

substantial margin of safety between the very low concentrations of

pharmaceuticals that would be consumed in drinking-water and the

minimum therapeutic doses, which suggests a very low risk to hu-

man health. Based on this f nding, the development of formal health-

based guideline values for pharmaceuticals in the WHO’s Guidelines

for drinking-water quality is not considered to be necessary.”

Nor does the UK Parliament seem to be overly impressed with

the proposed revisions to the Priority Substance Directive. EU Sub-

Committee D of the House of Lords has been examining this ques-

tion and their conclusions broadly support the concerns being voiced

by Thames Water.

“We see a need for the Government, and the Commission, poten-

tially through its European Innovation Partnership on Water, to acquire

more knowledge of the risk posed, principally by the pharmaceutical

substances being added to the list, and of cost-effective methods of

reducing this risk before eff uent containing the substances requires

wastewater treatment.”

The Institute of Environment and Health, based at Cranf eld Uni-

versity, recently reviewed the latest endocrine disrupting chemical re-

search implications for drinking water and concluded that “in the light

of current scientif c understanding of the way mixtures of chemicals

interact, it was found that even drinking waters containing the pre-

dicted worse-case level of each of the oestrogenically-active chemi-

cally identif ed would not constitute a signif cant risk to human health

when considered in terms of the equivalence to consumption of the

natural hormone oestradiol”.

These f ndings happen to complement a previous report issued

by the Drinking Water Inspectorate: “Concentrations of pharmaceu-

ticals and drugs in drinking waters are generally signif cantly lower

than seen in surface waters indicating that the treatment systems in

use in England and Wales are effective in removing these contami-

nants. It would therefore appear that low levels of pharmaceuticals

and illicit drugs in drinking waters do not pose an appreciable risk

to human health.”

Given the numerous reports and views, there appears to be a con-

stant tug-of-war between environmental interests on the one hand

and commercial concerns on the other. Who will eventually emerge

victorious of course remains to be seen, although the likelihood is that

a compromise will be reached on the not unreasonable grounds that

both ‘sides’ ultimately share the same concerns – a commitment to

ensuring the long-term health of EU member states’ watercourses.

TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS

While the debate goes on, a more practical challenge awaits: the is-

sue of monitoring and measurement. One thing is clear – this is not

a simple task. There is no one ‘piece of kit’ that could possibly be

used for all types of micropollutants, let alone the new additions on

the Brussels list.

Of course different types of substances will require different ap-

proaches for analysis. A gas chromatography and mass spectrom-

etry approach used in combination can indeed detect a range of

substances but certainly not always reliably so and in any event will

require additional stages and techniques to measure concentrations

rather than mere presence.

The key step is clearly extraction but the problem is that the sub-

stances are at such tiny concentrations that a large volume of sample

is required to begin with, from which one then has to effectively con-

centrate the pollutant in order to be able to measure it. Another key

issue is the consistency and reproducibility of the results so that f nd-

ings from one laboratory can be safely and reliably compared with-

those from another. This would in turn mean that detailed protocols

will be required.

“Are we at Thames Water, for example”, Howard Brett, the com-

pany’s expert on the subject asks rhetorically, “to be obliged to mea-

sure every trace of everything right down to the last molecule? Be-

cause if we are, such compliance is going to come with a massive

cost and it’s only right that consumers should know about that.”

The Oxford English Dictionary provides us with the def nition of

pure - not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or ma-

terial – which certainly means that there is no such thing as pure

water. Never has been. Never will be either. But how to ensure that

it remains as pure as possible? And in any event what do we mean

by such a question? As pure as reasonably possible? If so, what is

reasonable? As pure as commercially possible? As pure as environ-

mentally possible? The debate between these competing objectives

continues. Not least in the corridors of powers – both in Brussels and

elsewhere. WWi Enquiry No. 103

Expensive: utilities claim water tariffs in the UK alone would need to in-

crease by 18 euros per person to fund the needed infrastructure to meet

the new European standards



Collection & Distribution Systems


Historically a myth has existed that unaccounted-for-

water (UFW) is impossible to manage properly in de-

veloping countries. Excuses have been made – lack

of investment, water scarcity and inability of the poor

to pay for water – from utilities as to why adequate

water supply cannot be supplied. Yet these myths and excuses have

now been proven wrong enough times that it’s becoming diff cult to

continue using them.

Around 29 billion cubic meters of water is lost each year in Asia

alone, leading to a $9 billion loss in revenue. That’s according to a

report from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) entitled: Good Prac-

tices in Urban Water Management: Decoding Good Practices for a

Successful Future.

The report highlights some landmark results, which are sum-

marised below in detail. These include Cambodia’s Phnom Penh,

celebrating just a 6% water loss in 2008. In India, JUSCO has also

achieved a reduction in non-revenue water (NRW) from 36% to less

than 10% over the space of four years. A mixture of government-

owned utilities (Phnom Penh) and private entities or joint ventures

(Jamshedpur and Manila) from the report has also been provided.

MANILA, PHILIPPINESMetro Manila is the smallest region of the Philippines in terms of land

area, covering 636 square kilometers (km2), or 0.21% of the country’s

total land area. It is the most populated region, with over 11.5 million

inhabitants or 13% of the country’s total population. Metro Manila is

vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons (average of three to

f ve typhoons per year). In early August this year torrential rain led to

severe f ooding, leaving low-lying areas underwater and at least 19

people allegedly killed.

Historically, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

(MWSS) was the main corporation providing water and sewerage

services in Metro Manila. MWSS was privatized in 1997 with the East

concession zone awarded to Ayala Corporation and its international

partners—United Utilities (United Kingdom) and Bechtel Corporation

(United States). This new company took on the name Manila Water

Company, Inc. (MWCI). The West concession zone was awarded to

Benpres Holdings of the Lopez Group of Companies together with

its international partner, Lyonnaise des Eaux (France). This conces-

sionaire became known as Maynilad Water Services (MWSI).

Both MWCI and MWSI took very different approaches to resolving

the problem of NRW following privatisation. MWCI emphasized on

building relationships with communities that were pilfering its water

with the objective of encouraging them to sign up instead for autho-

rized water connections. It also set up a two-track program aimed at

reducing NRW through:

(i) commercial oversight to address under-metering, illegal con-

nections, and unbilled accounts; and

(ii) technical solutions to f x physical defects, including mainline

leaks and pipe bursts, in the system. MWSI, on the other hand, was

Leaky Excuses Why Asia’s Urban Water Management Needs to Step UpWater leakages and illegal theft continue to plague water companies in Asia, even when

water is scarce. Yet certain utilities are overcoming the odds and achieving non-revenue

water rates of just 6%. A report from the Asian Development Bank reveals how and

WWi picks three example utilities to share as best practise.

Figure 1. Water Service Connections and Non-Revenue Water, 1998-2008, Manilla(as reported by Manila Water Company, Inc. and Maynilad Water Services, Inc.)

2,000

1,600

1,200

800

400

0

MWCI

100

80

60

40

20

0

2,000

1,600

1,200

800

400

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

MWSI

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Service connections in 1,00 % Non-revenue water



not able to make any dent in NRW. The Asian f nancial crisis and

the huge increase in peso-denominated concession fees that MWSI

had to bear gave it serious cash f ow problems. The company also

found out during its second year of operations that there were close

to 2,000 km of pipe infrastructure not included in the original MWSS

inventory for the West concession zone and these had to be rehabili-

tated. For MWSI, 70% of NRW was due to physical problems (leaks,

water bursts, and others), and only 30% was due to pilferage and

wrong billing.

In MWCI’s case, addressing the physical defects of the water net-

work was less complicated than dealing with the problems of illegal

connections and under metering, which were linked

to human behavior. While replacing rusty under-

ground pipes was a major undertaking that could

be capital intensive, it was seen as a fairly straight-

forward job as opposed to dealing with pilferage.

To repair leaking pipes in the networks, MWCI

took advantage of technology provided by its in-

ternational partners. It began to clean underground

pipes without digging them up unless it was ab-

solutely necessary. This initially involved the use of

grinding technology to clean the interior of existing

steel pipes while they remained underground and

coating these with an interior layer of liquef ed PVC

that would harden, effectively sealing leaks.

However, the existing pipe network was in far

worse shape than expected and actual pipe re-

placement became the norm. Over 1998–2008,

pipe replacement projects were estimated to have

saved about 482,000 m3 per day of water that

would have otherwise been lost through leaks.

To improve on equipment performance and en-

sure that pipes are aligned properly, MWCI invested

in laser alignment, thermal imaging, and vibration

analysis technology to lessen mistakes in pipe-lay-

ing and improve on leak detection. A pump refur-

bishment program by MWCI has improved pump

eff ciency from 79% to 84%, reducing power con-

sumption by 5% across the system.

The leading premise behind the low bids during

the initial phase of the privatization of MWSS’ water

services was the private operators’ belief that they

could bring down NRW and translate this into billed

volume and revenue. MWCI and the old MWSI had

different approaches to this concern.

While both started with technical solutions

including re-metering, pipe-laying, and pipe re-

placement, MWCI soon realized the importance

of addressing community behavior that was driv-

ing pilferage. This evolved into a f eld operations

structure that had direct contact with communities,

where informal leaders helped provide information

about pipe bursts, leaks, and water outages.

PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA –

AN EXAMPLE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Cambodia is generally well endowed with water

resources. It has a high annual rainfall (up to about

3,000 millimeters [mm] in the highlands), three

major rivers (Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap) with

many tributaries, and excellent sources of groundwater both in terms

of quantity and quality.

Until the late 1960s, urban water services in Phnom Penh were

similar to what then existed in many of its neighboring countries. Many

of the residents of Phnom Penh had an uninterrupted 24-hour water

supply of reasonable quality water.

The situation, however, changed dramatically after the late 1960s

due to considerable political turmoil. This condition continued un-

abated for the next two decades. By the 1980s, the Phnom Penh

Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) was in bad shape— institutionally,

technically, f nancially, and in management terms.

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Furthermore, a major problem in 1993 was the substantial losses

due to UFW, which was well over 70%. One of the biggest changes

was to the utility’s institutional culture. During the early 1990s staff

members demoralized, faced with poor governance, below subsis-

tence pay, lack of discipline, absence of any incentives, and pervasive

corruption. Work culture had to be radically changed by enforcing

strict disciplines in a sensitive, fair, and transparent manner.

It started with senior off cers who had to become the role models.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, one of the perks of the job was

employees of PPWSA received free supply of water. This practice

was stopped. Staff members not only had to install meters but also

had to pay their water bills in full, like any other citizen, and within the

stipulated time period. Otherwise, they were treated exactly as those

who were delinquent in paying their water bills.

With its autonomous structure and good management, PPWSA

decided to maximize its income by:

• Reducing UFW signif cantly so that the water produced can be sold

to the consumers

• Fixing a tariff structure and implementing it fully with a social con-

science

• Preparing and continually updating a roster of customers on a regu-

lar basis

• Completely restructuring the billing system so that bills can be pro-

duced and delivered on time and in a transparent manner

• Improving the bill collection ratio with appropriate incentives and

disincentives for late or nonpayment

• Increasing the annual prof ts of PPWSA by making it increasingly

eff cient progressively.

The increase in tariff was very carefully planned. A survey collect-

ing information on how much consumers were paying for water from

private vendors, and what was their likely reaction if the supplier was

replaced by PPWSA. This survey also showed the willingness and

capacity of consumers to pay a higher tariff than what they were

being charged by PPWSA provided they received a signif cantly im-

proved service. In 1994 some 100 PPWSA staff members visited all

houses in the city to record if they were receiving water or not.

The process took one year to complete. The results were revealing.

The survey found that 2,980 households were ostensibly connected

to the system, but were not. They were being billed for phantom water

supply, and surprisingly, many were paying water bills although they

never received any water. In contrast, there were 13,901 customers

who were connected and receiving water, but were not in the list and

thus were not being billed. In effect, they were receiving free water.

Within the 15-year time frame, 1993–2008, PPWSA increased its

annual water production by 437%, distribution network by 557%,

pressure of the system by 1,260%, and customer base by 662%.

During the same period, it reduced UFW losses from 72% of treat-

ed water produced in 1993 to only 6.19% in 2008. By judicious use

of incentives and sanctions for its staff with transparent policies that

were consistently implemented, and a strong and determined focus

on capacity building for its staff, the number of accounts served per

employee increased by 671% during the same period.

Phnom Penh has proved that excuses cannot be made when it

comes to not providing adequate water supply. Many reasons are

given by water utility managers and politicians as to why clean water

cannot be provided to urban centres in developing nations. These

include water scarcity, lack of investment, inability of the poor to pay

for water and expertise.

The ADB says “all of these are mere excuses to hide the real and

fundamental reason for this shortcoming—poor leadership and gov-

ernance practices of the urban water sector”. Phnom Penh has very

clearly shown how it can be achieved under the most diff cult circum-

stances, and in less than 10 years.

JAMSHEDPUR, INDIA

Jamshedpur is located in the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand,

India. It is one of the country’s oldest and largest industrial towns. The

city owes its origins to Jamset Nusserwan Tata’s vision of setting up

India’s f rst private iron and steel company, Tata Iron and Steel Com-

pany (currently known as Tata Steel).

JUSCO is legislatively responsible for providing water and waste-

water services over an area of 64 km2 (which is also referred to as

the lease area) in Jamshedpur. It supplies water to a population of

approximately 700,000 through more than 48,000 direct water con-

nections in a distribution network of 550 km.

Another of JUSCO’s signif cant achievements is its reduction of

NRW from 36.0% to 9.9% during FY2005–FY2009 (Figure 4). JUS-

CO recognizes the need to constantly reduce NRW to cut wastage

and increase revenue. It diligently manages its potable water distri-

bution networks through f ow management, leakage detection, and

proactive network maintenance.

JUSCO’s NRW reduction program includes installation of DMA

(district metering areas) meters and consumer meters, disconnecting

illegal connections to convert them to authorized connections, and

monitoring the number of leakages per month. The city is divided into

74 DMAs for effective management through better problem identif -

cation, service delivery, and resource conservation. To monitor f ows

in the distribution network, 124 electromagnetic meters have been

installed, which log data at 15-minute intervals in distribution mains

and 10-minute intervals in rising mains.

NRW is calculated, monitored, and reported on a monthly basis.

The NRW program aims to focus on addressing leakages and illegal

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

UFW

as

a %

of

wat

er s

upplie

dFigure 2. Unaccounted-for-Water,

Phnom Penh 1993 – 2008

he same period, itt rrrededddedededucuccucucuucuc dedeededededed UUUUUUUUFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFWFW lllllloosososses from 72% of t

roduced in 1993 to only 6 19% in 2008 By judicious

Figure 3. Distribution of Annual Operation Expenses –Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority

Chemicalsfor water

treatment,10.73%

Administrativeexpenses,

5.91%

Maintenance ofvehicle andmachinery,

0.97%

Maintenance ofproduct facility

distribution network,5.08%

Allowances,11.54%

Wages,4.41% Salary,

16.21%

Training,0.19%


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connections, which are the two key areas of water losses.

JUSCO resolves pipe breaks within three days. Leak detection

equipment helps detect the exact location of leakages and identif es

underground leakages. Proactive leak detection is carried out regu-

larly by way of “walk-through surveys” along the network, using leak

detection equipment.

The Minimum Night Flow as a technique has been introduced

to identify physical water losses. If Minimum Night Flow in a DMA

comprising close to 1,000–1,500 connections is in the range of 5–6

kiloliter per hour (kl/hr), then the chances of losses through leakages

are close to zero. JUSCO has implemented this in all supply areas

where regular monitoring takes place.

While leakages are monitored daily and reported weekly, reac-

tive leak detection is carried out through complaints logged at the

JUSCO Sahyog Kendra, JUSCO’s 24-hour call center. These efforts

have led to a decline in the number of leakages.

JUSCO also initiated a major disconnection drive to reduce illegal

connections. Illegal connections are disconnected, and consumers are

forced to pay a f ne and get authorized connections. If the entire area

is taking water illegally, then new networks are laid down to provide au-

thorized consumption under the people–private partnership program.

ADB says that Jamshedpur presents an inspiring example of an

integrated urban water management that has eluded a number of

Indian and Asian cities. There is scope for other utilities across India

and other developing countries to adopt and adapt several of the

actions taken by JUSCO. While it has some way to go to fully at-

tain global standards (given that only about 25% of its customers

received continuous water supply in 2009), JUSCO’s f rst f ve years

have been transformational. WWi

Author’s note: Information for this article has been taken from

the Asian Development Bank’s report: Good Practices in Urban

Water Management: Decoding Good Practices for a Success-

ful Future. The study is the result of a research initiative titled

Case Studies of Good Practices for Urban Water Management

in Asia, undertaken by the Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan

Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore,

through a Letter of Agreement between the school and the

Asian development Bank (ADB). For more information on the

study, please visit: www.adb.org Enquiry No. 104



Figure 4. Improvement in Non-RevenueWater – Jamshedpur, India

40

30

20

10

0

Non-r

evenue (

%)

36

16.5

13.911.5 9.9

FY2005 FY2006 FY 2007 FY2008 FY 2009

Figure 5. Decline in Pipe Breaks - Jamshedpur, India

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009

Num

ber

of

bre

aks

per

km

per

yea

r

5.0

3.5

2.0

4.03.8

3.33.0 2.9

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Stormwater Management


South Korea’s extraordinary economic success story has

co-existed with one of the world’s most signif cant wa-

ter challenges. This mountainous country’s monsoon

climate delivers a year’s rain in three months, followed

by an intense, extended drought. Naturally, both water

resources and stormwater management are high on the govern-

ment’s list of priorities.

The most recent example of South Korea’s water management

strategy has seen Professor Mooyoung Han at work on Kido Island,

one of the thousands of tiny islands that dot the south west coast of

Korea, overseeing installation of rain tanks that will capture the scarce

rainfall and use it for drinking water.

The four cubic meter capacity rainwater tanks have been installed

at each of the island’s nine houses, he explains, and also at the

church. “In the city, this water is good for non-drinking purposes – it

saves on water rates and the energy for water supply. In the islands it

is the only and best drinking water.”

Professor Han is the principal global proponent of rainwater har-

vesting, and explains that it is a clean, natural source that requires

minimal treatment before use – usually for irrigation, but in this in-

stance directly for drinking. Most of all, it is free of charge.

What the rainwater harvesting system is doing on the island is pro-

viding an alternative to the only other option, desalination, which the

government had been proposing. “Although a long time ago people

depended on rainwater, and remember drinking it when they were

young, we have moved to other types of supply, often from far away.

Now the island people think they are in heaven – the groundwater

they were using is very salty, and they had to drink it and use it for

washing, but small particles and high Total Dissolved Solids remain

that you cannot drink. The water supply was terrible.”

Rainwater is collected from the rooftops via gutters, which divert

f ows to a sedimentation tank. This in turn connects via piping to the

rainwater tanks, installed below ground. In the sedimentation tank

a 500 micron f lter strains particles from the water, and the rainwa-

ter tank itself works as a sedimentation basin. It is pumped inside

the home and it is used directly for non-drinking purposes, and UV

treatment is applied for drinking

water. It is an ingenious, decen-

tralized solution to a pressing lo-

cal issue.

Such a modest system is

making a real difference to a tiny

group of islanders. The mayor

of the county is planning to pro-

mote rainwater harvesting to all

the 1004 islands in Shinan Coun-

ty for the welfare of the islanders

and as a tourist attraction. How-

ever, it is just the latest element

in a remarkable story that started

with an ambitious rainwater har-

vesting project in Star City which

neatly resolved f ood, drought

and stormwater management

issues.

Professor Han remembers:

“In Star City some very high

rise apartments were planned,

and during the design stage a

baseball playground at the uni-

versity got f ooded – this is a

f ood-prone area - so the govern-

ment was afraid the new building

South KoreaA Shining Star in Rainwater HarvestingWith monsoon and drought conditions in quick succession, South Korea has learned the

hard way to fully harvest rainwater on a commercial scale for non-potable applications.

WWi looks at why the major cities of Daegu and Busan are following in the footsteps of an

ambitious project that started in Star City.

A monsoon climate can deliver a year’s worth of rain in three months in South Korea



would cause more runoff and more f ooding.”

The construction company was asked to install a rainwater

tank, but did not want to pay the cost. Professor Han says: “I

came between, and asked the government for the authority to

give more incentive – to allow them to build more f oor space.

I brought the idea to the construction company, if you make a

tank you will get more f oor space and you can sell more apart-

ments – the condition is that you have to make a very good

design. They invited me, and I designed it.”

Three storeys of below-ground parking were planned for the

development. Professor Han asked the construction company

if it would be possible to add an extra below-ground level to

Building B, for use as a rainwater tank, to which the company

agreed. The tank was 1500 m2 in area, with a depth of 2 m,

creating a 3000 m3 capacity tank. This was divided into three

separate units, each with 1000 m3 capacity.

“The f rst tank was for f ood control – if there is heavy rain in the city

we can order them to empty the f rst tank, which means we have a

1000 m3 facility for f ood control, it is designed to retain the f rst 100

mm rainfall,” Professor Han explains. “The second tank is used for

irrigating the very nice central garden and public toilets. The third tank

is always full of fresh water for emergencies – if a water pipe breaks,

they can survive for f ve to ten days. If there is a f re, the f ref ghters

can use this water.”

The residents only pay 20c a month for their water supply per

housing unit, Professor Han says, which naturally makes them

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very happy, as does the prospect of not being f ooded. “The

f rst tank is for others, the second is for the residents, the third is

for all of us,” he explains. “Everybody is happy. As it is chlorine

free, the plants and grass are happy too. I op-

erated the system and collected data for a

year in 2008, and found I can save 40,000 m3

of water a year. It also reduced pump energy by

10,000kWh per year, which will make people on

small islands happy because climate change is

causing the seas to rise.”

Professor Han refers to the development of

the “waff e theory”. He explains: “Star City is one

cell of the waff e. If each cell has this system, the

whole city can make everyone happy. The whole

city is the sum of many waff e cells. If it operates

in other cities, the whole country is happy and

if other countries follow, the whole world will be

happy. This is the f rst step toward world peace,

because it is said that in the 21st century there will

be war caused by water.”

Certainly, the government was convinced by

Star City, and created regulations incorporating

rainwater harvesting/stormwater management

systems into new buildings. To date, 59 cities

throughout the country have followed suit, largely

thanks to Professor Han’s tireless campaigning,

including the capital, Seoul, and the major cities

of Incheon, Kwangju, Busan, Daejeon and Dae-

gu. These “rain cities” have now received the backing of legislation in

the form of a Water Reuse Law that means all new large and public

buildings must incorporate rainwater harvesting systems.


Professor Han collected data from the rainwater harvesting systems in 2008 and found that

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Existing houses can receive a subsidy towards individual systems,

and new houses and apartments must also install rainwater tanks.

However, Professor Han notes that in existing apartment buildings it

is “not easy” to retrospectively install a rainwater harvesting system. In

order to gain public acceptance and support, he is planning a dem-

onstration project in an existing building, working with a designer to

incorporate the rainwater tank to make it a monument or art work in

a street or house. Professor Han has also taken his campaign over-

seas, and systems have been successfully installed in Vietnam and

Indonesia.

“Rain cities have been

backed by a Water Re-

use Law requiring large

public buildings to have

rainwater harvesting”

He believes rainwater harvesting is the best

answer to the sort of problems that South Ko-

rea is facing. “I guarantee it is very clean. It has

zero mileage. There is no concern about emerg-

ing contaminants, such as micropollutants.” He

strongly believes that rainwater harvesting can

provide a decentralized solution for water re-

source issues, which also happily eliminates the

runoff from rooftops that forms a signif cant ele-

ment of f ooding.

He also believes rainwater could be used

more widely for potable purposes, but notes that

he doesn’t want to f ght against the authorities in

charge of urban water utilities, who use the rain-

water for irrigation. “But if you come to the island,

this is the best quality water to drink, needing just

sedimentation and f nal disinfection.”

From his experience in promoting rainwater to

society, Professor Han developed an innovative

idea - that for the city of the future, it is necessary

to train the citizens of the city of the future. Dr Lee

Hakryul, the mayor of Goseung City, helped him

to realise this vision. For the World Dinosaur Expo,

held in Goseung earlier this year, he created the

slogan “Raindrops say hello to dinosaurs”, high-

lighting the fact that dinosaurs became extinct

due to the failure of climate change adaptation.

“Human beings should be aware of the im-

portance of climate change adaptation, for which

the biggest concern is rainwater management,”

Professor Han notes.

The dinosaur and rainwater education cam-

paign was a great success, with 1.8 million visi-

tors over the 73 days of the expo. The expo site

itself is a rainwater classroom that collects rain-

water from the rooftop and uses it for toilet f ush-

ing, as a rainwater curtain and rainwater waterfall.

The exhibition itself was created with the intention of demonstrat-

ing the importance of rainwater management. In the rainwater mu-

seum, children learned that rainwater is money – it uses less energy

- and were shown indigenous wisdom about coping with rainwater,

impressions they will take into their future lives.

At the IWA Busan World Water Congress in September 2012,

Professor Han and Dr Lee Hakryul will receive an IWA 2012 Project

Innovation Award in the f eld of Marketing and Communication for

their work, whose slogan is “Rainwater Revolution: from drain city

to rain city by training brain citizens”. WWi Enquiry No. 105



Sludge Management


The quantity of sewage sludge, an

inevitable by-product of wastewater

treatment, is increasing worldwide.

This rise is fuelled by a combination

of a growing and increasingly urban-

ized population especially in Far East Asia, and

increasingly strict environmental legislation. Once treated, sewage

sludge becomes a valuable source of nutrients, known as biosolids,

which is used in a number of outlets. Numerous studies have shown

that the use of biosolids as a fertilizer on agricultural land to exploit

its nutrient and other valuable soil conditioning properties is the most

environmentally sustainable and appropriate use for the product.

However, there are a number of instances where land application

of biosolids in this way is not an available option. These instances

may include: legislation preventing its use; high population density

coupled with low land availability; presence of organic or metal con-

taminants, and public perception issues resulting in alternative outlets

to minimize business risk. In these instances, biosolids are typically

used in various energy recovery systems to take advantage of their

inherent energy content, which for dried biosolids, is equivalent to

lignite.

Energy recovery systems may include: incineration; co-f ring; gas-

if cation; pyrolysis or super- and sub-critical wet air oxidation. How-

ever, the quantity of energy which can be recovered is a function of

the type of sludge and treatment it receives on the sewage treatment

works.

Prior to energy recovery, energy can be extracted from sludge

upstream by processing it via anaerobic digestion. This produces a

methane-enriched biogas which can be converted to electricity and

heat using co-generation, or converted into biomethane which acts

as a substitute for natural gas. Typically, anaerobic digestion of 10,000

(TDSA) dry solids per annum (based on European data) produces be-

tween 0.5 and 1.0 MW electricity depending on sludge type.

In addition, a number of pre-treatment processes can be used in

conjunction with anaerobic digestion to further enhance energy re-

covery from biogas. A popular well-established process is known as

thermal hydrolysis. Thermal hydrolysis is a two-stage process com-

bining pressure cooking followed by a rapid decompression. This

combined action sterilizes the sludge and makes it more biodegrad-

able which improves digestion performance. Sterilization destroys

pathogens in the sludge resulting in it exceeding the most stringent

requirements for land application.

In addition, thermal treatment adjusts the rheology to such an

extent that loading rates to municipal sewage sludge anaerobic di-

gesters can be doubled, and also dewaterability of the sludge is sig-

nif cantly improved. The f rst full-scale application of this process for

sewage sludge was for the city of Hias in Norway provided by Cambi.

Since then, there have been over 30 additional installations globally.

Thermal hydrolysis was central to the implementation of UK water

company United Utilities’ sludge strategy, which was announced in

2009. The strategy was based on providing maximum f exibility by

enabling a combination of biosolids recycling to land or burning for

energy recovery or both depending on f uctuating current and future

drivers and legislation.

In order to execute the strategy, a thermal hydrolysis plant (at the

time, the world’s largest) was installed at Davyhulme, Manchester.

Davyhulme is one of several anaerobic treatment plants which feed

an 80 km pipeline initially installed to pump sludge across the region

before it was loaded into ships and ultimately disposed at sea before

that outlet was banned in 1998.

In response to the ban, United Utilities built the Mersey Valley Pro-

cessing Centre (MVPC) on the pipeline which involved dewatering (of

the piped liquid digested sludge) followed by land application or incin-

eration. United Utilities built on this capability, formulating a strategy

Thermal Hydrolysis: The Missing Ingredient for Better Biosolids?One of the world’s largest facilities

in Davyhulme is proving the impor-

tance of thermal hydrolysis technol-

ogy combined with digestion prior

to sludge incineration. Bill Barber,

Rick Lancaster and Harald Kleiven

discuss reasons for the technology

choice and results from an energy

study measuring inputs and outputs.

Thermal Hydrolysis Plant at Davyhulme with installed capacity of 121,000

tonnes dry solids per year. [Photo courtesy Cambi]


Sludge Management

in 2002 to reduce its reliance on land application from 70% to 40%

partly by upgrading capacity at the MVPC in response to increasing

pressures on land recycling. The facility’s capacity was increased from

approximately 30,000 tonnes dry solids per annum (TDSA) to 75,000

digested TDSA. In addition, a new raw sludge incineration plant was

planned for Lancashire to treat 52,000 TDSA of raw sludge which was

previously limed.

During the implementation of this strategy extensive work by the

project team and f uctuating drivers started to question the necessity

of the second incineration plant. Burning raw sludge (assumed better

due to higher calorif c value) required signif cant contingency arrange-

ments to be put in place during planned statutory shutdowns. This

was due to the need to manage the sludge via recycling on an inter-

mittent basis. In addition, a growing awareness of the energy potential

in the sludge and the associated carbon footprint benef ts was being

gained by United Utilities.

The project team completed detailed mass and energy balances to

articulate the advantages of f rst anaerobically digesting the biosolids

prior to burning with respect to energy recovery, contingency planning

and carbon footprint. Although the digested biosolids would generate

less energy at the incineration plant, work showed that more energy

would be recovered in the overall system when combined with the

energy generated from biogas in the digestion facility.

In addition, the incineration throughput is reduced, allowing the

strategy to be delivered by the delivery of the MVPC improvements.

After detailed analysis of a number of variations of digestion followed

by incineration, it was decided that a combination of thermal hydroly-

sis followed by digestion followed by incineration was the most sus-

tainable option.

Ideally, this would be achieved by maximizing use of existing assets.

Therefore, studies were conducted to determine if the existing diges-

tion facility in Davyhulme could take the additional load of Lancashire

sludge. Laboratory experimentation was undertaken to investigate the

impact of thermal hydrolysis on dewatering and calorif c value prior to

energy recovery.

Studies showed that the calorif c value of thermally hydrolysed and

digested sludge was actually higher than sludge, which was only di-

gested and this was due to the signif cant improvement in dewater-

ability.

The additional energy in the sludge meant that the existing incin-

erator could burn more sludge than it was originally designed for. As

thermal hydrolysis affords a doubling in digestion throughput it was

possible to feed all the Lancashire sludge into the Davyhulme plant

without the need for additional digestion infrastructure.

As a result, in 2009, a contract was awarded to Black and Veatch

for the installation of a Cambi™ thermal hydrolysis plant capable of

treating an average feed of 91,000 TDSA (approximately 52,000 from

Lancashire plus 39,000 from Davyhulme) with an installed capacity of

121,000 TDSA.

The contract includes installation of new co-generation engines

and refurbishment work to the energy plant, which now has an in-

stalled capacity of approximately 12MWe. A new dewatering plant,

based on centrifuges allows dewatering and recycling as an enhanced

treated pathogen-free cake from Davyhulme.

Alternatively, the digested liquid can be pumped in the pipeline as

before to the MVPC where it can be dewatered and recycled as a

standard treated biosolids cake (quality downgraded due to coming

into contact with digested sludge from other facilities attached to the

pipeline), or burnt in the existing incineration facility. These outlets are

not mutually exclusive. The two processes treat approximately 60% of

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Sludge Management

the sludge produced by the seven million people who live in the North

West of England. The project was found to:

• Reduce carbon footprint from existing scenario

• Maximize existing asset use

• Signif cantly increase renewable energy generation

• Improve biosolids quality enabling land recycling to new outlets

• Minimize incineration requirements

• Enable maximum f exibility

The construction work at the Davyhulme facility and the seven

dewatered sludge cake feeder sites spread across the North West

of England has been completed. The Thermal Hydrolysis process is

due to be commissioned on sludge in October 2012.

Commissioning will be sectional as there are four streams of Ther-

mal Hydrolysis at Davyhulme, each capable of processing 30,000

TDSA.

The project above has highlighted the importance of thermal hy-

drolysis combined with digestion prior to incineration, but a number

of other variations are possible.

A study was conducted based on some of the f ndings at Davy-

hulme to measure the major energy inputs and outputs of the fol-

lowing variations where process steps are either included (green) or

excluded (purple), seen in f gure 1 below. The baseline for calculation

was 10,000 tonnes dry solids processed per year.

The main energy f ows are also shown in the Figure 2 below. In

order to appreciate the total energy requirements, it is necessary to

compare the difference between energy recovered and consumed,

i.e. the difference between the f rst and second of each pair of bars in

the chart. This data is shown below.

Looking at the f gures, when recovering energy from dewatered

cake, overall energy recovery is far better when anaerobic digestion is

included in spite of the cake having lower calorif c val-

ue. This is due to the higher energy recovery eff ciency

during cogeneration than compared with burning.

Although the use of thermal hydrolysis with anaer-

obic digestion increases energy demand compared

with use of anaerobic digestion alone (Davyhulme

scenario), the net energy balance is similar due to

increased energy generation in the energy recovery

plant as a result of superior dewaterability.

When considering options involving drying (Op-

tions 4, 5 and 6) anaerobic digestion signif cantly en-

hances the energy balance compared to when diges-

tion is absent (Option 4).

In that case, the energy balance is lower than

-1 MW consumed per 10,000 tonnes dry solids of

sludge processed. If drying is considered prior to en-

ergy recovery off-site, installation of thermal hydrolysis

results in the most favourable energy balance.

Although energy consumption is higher compared

to digestion alone, the drying requirements are fun-

damentally reduced. This is due to a combination of

enhanced digestion performance (less quantity to

dry) compared to better dewaterability (less water to

evaporate).

In this instance, installation of thermal hydrolysis re-

duces dryer energy demands by half when compared

to anaerobic digestion where thermal hydrolysis is ab-

sent, and by two thirds when no anaerobic digestion

is considered. WWi

Author note: Bill Barber is formerly of United Utili-

ties, Rick Lancaster is the sludge balanced asset

programme operational readiness manager of United

Utilities and Harald Kleiven is from Cambi.

Enquiry No. 106

1

2

3

4

5

6

Thermalhydrolysis

Option Digestion Dewatering Drying Energyrecovery

Figure 1.

Green = thermal hydrolysis

Purlpe = dewatering

Yellow = drying.

Figure 2.

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

Energ

y (

MW

)

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6

Energy inputs and outputs for options considered.

Energy generated (frst of each pair of bars)

Drk. blue = from energy recovery

Lt. blue = from anaerobic digestion

Energy consumed (second of each pair

of bars)

Energygenerated

Energyconsumed

Net energybalance

Net energy balance for options considered

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

–0.50

–1.00

–1.50

Figure 3.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Options

Energ

y [

MW

]

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Sludge Treatment


The volume of organic wastes that need to be treated in

the UK is growing due to an increasing population and

more stringent regulations designed to reduce organic

wastes being sent to landf ll. Consequently, it is impor-

tant that growth in the organic waste treatment industry is

promoted. As in other areas, there is also increasing momentum be-

hind making the best use of the resources we currently throw away.

Defra’s Waste Review (June 2011) identif ed that, for the treatment

of food waste, Anaerobic Digestion (AD) offers the greatest environ-

mental benef t of any treatment option. Making household and busi-

ness waste available for digestion – by segregating the organic frac-

tion at source – also increases the value of other recyclables in the

waste stream by removing sources of contamination.

In addition to the 16 million tonnes of food we throw away each

year, organic waste comes from two other sources. These are ag-

ricultural wastes, such as slurries and manures (around 90 million

tonnes in the UK in 2008), and sewage sludge (around 1-2 million

tonnes dry weight). Most sludge (60% - 65%) is treated in sludge

treatment centres located at wastewater treatment works, and gov-

erned by one of ten Water and Sewerage Companies (WaSCs). Oth-

er organic wastes tend to be treated by a large number of companies

and farms of various sizes and structures.

The Off ce of Fair Trade (OFT) Market Study, commissioned by

water services regulator Ofwat, identif ed that Ofwat regulations were

inhibiting competition in sludge treatment between water companies.

This was as well as reducing the likelihood of water companies and

other waste companies becoming involved in wider organic waste

treatment.

The OFT has put forward recommendations for Ofwat to review

economic regulations and design a framework that can deal with the

issues that discourage competition and provide WaSCs with a cost

of capital advantage over other waste companies for treating organic

wastes.

GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES

Although anaerobic digesters have been a feature of sewage treat-

ment sites for decades, there is a renewed level of energy and inter-

est behind the sector. By using bacteria to break it down, AD is able

to treat organic waste and produce a digested fertiliser as well as

renewable energy, which allows WaSCs to gain access to Govern-

ment incentives for renewable energy generation. In the

f nancial year ending in 2011, 73% of sludge treatment

was through AD and WaSCs obtained a total of £27

million from incentives.

The potential to gain access to Government incen-

tives is also likely to increase with the recent introduc-

tion of the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) and the

growing opportunities to develop gas-to-grid injections

as pioneered in the water industry by Didcot Water

Treatment plant. These gas-to-grid injections could be

replicated at large facilities all over the country, resulting

in hundreds of megawatts of power, in the form of gas,

being pumped into the national grid.

From the perspective of the UK’s future energy mix,

this is of huge signif cance. While renewable electricity

generation has the greatest prominence, it is often for-

gotten that a third of the UK’s f nal energy consumption

is of gas. Decarbonised energy therefore cannot be a

reality without low carbon gas: even with their existing

facilities, water and sewerage companies could be at

the forefront of this energy revolution.

AD has been less commonly employed to treat

other organic material (there are only 72 non-water

AD plants in the UK), with slurries typically spread straight to land

and food waste sent to landf ll. However, recent policy developments

have made the sending of organic waste to landf ll more diff cult, with

escalating landf ll tax creating a strong incentive for local authorities

Co-digestion Charge:Is Waste Water’s New Best Friend?Anaerobic treatment of wastewater and organic wastes usually take place separately.

Given the similarity of technologies, is co-digestion one way for water utilities to tap into

another valuable resource? Charlotte Morton discusses the potential for competition.

Getting the bug: The OFT says that increased competition beween the

water and solid waste industries could lead to increased eff ciency. Many

water companies are starting to take advantage of this area. GENeco, a

subsidiary of Wessex Water, operates a biogas-powered VW beetle from

gas generated from its Avonmouth plant


Sludge Treatment

and businesses to f nd other treatment op-

tions.

Consequently, waste companies now

have to consider alternative ways of treat-

ing and recovering or disposing of organic

waste.

COMPETITION NEEDED

To date AD plants designed to treat other

organic wastes have typically been built ei-

ther on farm or industrial sites. The sewage

sludge treatment market, as a monopoly for

local water and sewerage companies, exists

in isolation from it. However, the OFT Mar-

ket Study noted that “given the similarities in

the technologies and systems used to treat,

and recover or dispose of, sewage sludge

and other organic waste, there is clear po-

tential for competition between suppliers of

treatment for each type of waste.”

Competition within and between indus-

tries can be an inexpensive way to increase

Right: Sludge f t for a Kings Lynn: Anglian

Water’s advanced digestion facility with a ca-

pacity of 20,000 tpa capacity. The main barrier

the OFT identif ed as inhibiting competition or

organic waste are the economic regulations of

Ofwat

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Sludge Treatment

eff ciency and innovation, providing signi cant bene ts to consumers

through lower prices and better quality of goods and services and/

or greater choice. It could make use of existing assets and locations,

and ensure that waste does not have to be transported long dis-

tances at great carbon and nancial cost.

However, the Market Study observed that currently there is limited

competition between WaSCs to treat sludge, and between WaSCs

and waste companies to treat either sludge or other organic wastes.

The study identi ed a number reasons for the lack of competi-

tion in the treatment of organic wastes, including differences in envi-

ronmental regulation. This was with there only being limited existing

spare capacity (about 20%) for WaSCs to expand and there being

a need for competition to exist locally as organic wastes can only

be transported short distances (sludge can be transported at most

around 50 km, while for other organic waste the distance which it

can be transported economically depends on the energy potential

of the waste).

However, the main barrier the OFT identi ed as inhibiting competi-

tion in the treatment of organic waste are the economic regulations

of Ofwat.

REGULATIONS

Under the current regulations, if WaSCs are to carry out an unregu-

lated activity (such as processing other organic wastes) but use their

regulated business assets to carry out these activities, WaSCs are

required to allocate some costs to the unregulated activities or to

charge a ‘transfer price’. Stakeholder engagement by the OFT dem-

onstrated that this was perceived as complicated and time-consum-

ing and thus very few WaSCs have undertaken the procedure.

THE AVONMOUTH SOLUTION

A state of the art food waste processing facility that will have

the capacity to receive up to 40,000 tonnes of food waste per

year is now under construction at GENeco’s 300 million litre per

day Bristol Sewage Treatment works in Avonmouth. The plant will

begin accepting food waste deliveries from autumn 2012.

AD specialist, Monsal had previously upgraded the digestion

plant for sewage sludge using an advanced pre-treatment tech-

nology that now generates 4 MWe from biogas. The process op-

timises the conditions for sewage sludge digestion in two sepa-

rate vessels; thereby optimising gas production and making it one

of the most ef cient digestion plants in the country. GENeco has

chosen to build on its digestion expertise by constructing a new

food waste treatment facility.

The latest development will be the rst large scale food waste

treatment facility in the UK located at a sewage works. It will of-

fer supermarkets and other local producers a cost effective and

sustainable solution for treating their packaged and unpackaged

food and catering waste.

The GENeco food waste plant is based on the Monsal tech-

nology platform which is also operational at the Deerdykes plant

for Horizons Environment.

Key facts about the Avonmouth site:

- Sewage sludge capacity PA 40,000 Tonnes Dry solids

- Food Waste capacity PA 40,000 Tonnes Wet solids

- Number of digesters 10

- Renewable power capacity 5.75 MWe.

Ofwat’s economic regulations also discourage other waste com-

panies from investing in facilities to treat waste other than sewage.

Regulations enable WaSCs to borrow at a lower cost of capital than

is available to waste companies, creating a potential market distor-

tion. Capital costs for WaSCs building new facilities for other organic

waste treatment at sewage treatment centres are also often lower.

Also, planning permission and public agreement easier to obtain

for WaSCs than for other waste companies as the infrastructure

would be built on an already approved site and the public believes

the treatment of sludge is necessary, whereas the treatment of other

organic wastes is considered a business venture. It is therefore vital

for Ofwat to create a balanced regulatory environment to ensure that

competition between water and waste companies is fair.

The OFT Market Study identi ed changes to economic regulation

as the “crux of any package of remedies”, if the necessary competi-

tion within, and growth to, the organic waste treatment industry is

to be realised. If Ofwat decides to follow the advice of the OFT and

review economic regulations, WaSCs would be able to look into ex-

panding their facilities to treat other organic wastes as well as sewage

sludge (either separately or co-digested).

This would not only aid the government in reducing waste but

would increase the incentives brought in by the WaSCs as other or-

ganic waste tends to have a higher energy content than sludge, so

generates more biogas.

THE FUTURE

Many water companies have already started to act to unleash their

potential in this area. GENeco, a subsidiary of Wessex Water, oper-

ates a biogas-powered VW beetle from gas generated at its Avon-

mouth plant and Northumbrian Water will commission its second

advanced digestion plant in the summer, on the banks of the Tyne

at Howdon.

A change in Ofwat’s economic regulation could lead to substantial

growth in the renewable energy generated by water companies. It

could cause a fundamental shift in the relationship between water

and waste companies, and open up huge potential for novel projects

and joint ventures. Organic waste is a hugely valuable resource, and

the UK needs to get the most out of it. Expanding the use of anaero-

bic digestion both inside and outside the water industry is the only

way to do this. WWi

Author’s note: Charlotte Morton is chief executive of the

UK’s Anaerobic Digestions and Biogas Association (ADBA).

For more information, please visit: www.adbiogas.co.uk.

Enquiry No. 107

“Competition within and between

industries can be an inexpensive

way to increase ef ciency and in-

novation, providing signi cant ben-

e ts to consumers through lower

prices and better quality of service”

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Industrial Water/Wastewater


At Heineken Spain’s brewery in

Seville wastewater generated

is treated in the two Water-

leau designed UASB (Upf ow

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)

reactors. Unfortunately the plant start-up

did not run smoothly and the anaerobic

digesters did not perform as well as ex-

pected - the inoculated sludge developed

an unusual appearance and didn’t grow.

Microorganisms involved in the anaero-

bic digestion of wastewater have particular

nutritional requirements. In most wastewa-

ters there is usually more than enough of

certain food components and a def ciency

of others.

In the case of breweries, there is usually

an excess of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

(carbonaceous compounds), sulphur and

the macronutrients (nitrogen and phos-

phorus). The latter two may have to be

removed by a separate process. There is

often a shortage of others such as minerals and essential trace ele-

ments (micronutrients).

MICRONUTRIENT MIX

The essential trace elements are those elements required as cations

in minute quantities but indispensable to the proper function of the

microorganisms. Sometimes these elements are not present in the

wastewater or they are in a form that is not available to the micro-

organisms. Hence trace element addition is a usual practice for in-

dustrial anaerobic eff uent treatment in Europe. A laboratory analysis

of the Heineken brewery’s wastewater revealed some indications of

a shortage of micronutrients, which could be related to the process

def ciencies encountered. It was proposed that plant performance

could be improved by using a nine micronutrients mix.

Looking for a solution to this problem, Heineken turned to Omex

Environmental (OE), which provides concentrated bio-available so-

lutions of micronutrients called

Nutromex® Trace Elements Ad-

ditives (TEA). It was decided to

do a f ve month trial in UASB 2

with Nutromex TEA 310, a so-

lution containing complexed

compounds of iron, manganese,

nickel, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum,

copper, boron and selenium.

The anaerobic digester treats

about 3000 m3/day of wastewa-

ter at a chemical oxygen demand

(COD) concentration of 3200

mg/L. Following the addition of

Nutromex TEA 310 in February

2010, the digester performance

Heineken Brews BetterBiogas Production with Added NutrientsAdded micronutrient technology helped a brewery in Spain to save costs, enhance biogas

production and stablise digestors after the facility had problems with treatment. A look at

results from applying a solution containing complex compounds of iron and manganese,

among others.

Figure 1. Effciency in COD Removal (%COD Removed)

November December January February March April May June July

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75%

70%

65%

60%

55%

50%

Effciency in COD Removal

Average Effciency

TEAs Start (1 February 2010)

Average EffciencyAfter Trial:

87.0%Average Effciency

Before Trial:

81.3%

continued on p49




The release from a sanitary landf ll consists mainly of leach-

ate, which has become the subject of recent interest as a

heavily polluted wastewater and biogas that can be used

as a resource for energy production.

Leachates are def ned as the aqueous eff uent gen-

erated as a consequence of rainwater percolation through wastes,

biochemical processes in waste cells and the inherent water content

of the wastes themselves. Leachates may contain large amounts of

organic matter (biodegradable, but also refractory to biodegradation),

where humic-type constituents make up an important group, as well

as ammonia-nitrogen, heavy metals, chlorinated organic and inor-

ganic salts.

The removal of organic material based on Chemical Oxygen De-

mand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and ammonium

from leachate is the usual prerequisite before discharging the leach-

ates into natural waters. Toxicity analysis carried out using various

test organisms (Vibrio f sheri, Daphnia similes, Artemia salina, Brachy-

danio rerio…) have conf rmed the potential dangers of landf ll leach-

ates and the necessity to treat it so as to meet the standards for

discharge in receiving waters.

Year after year, growing recognition of the impact that landf ll

leachate has on the environment has forced authorities around the

world to implement increasingly stringent requirements for pollution

control. Today, the use of membrane technologies, more especially

Reverse Osmosis (RO), either as a main step in a landf ll leachate

treatment chain or as single post-treatment step has shown to be an

indispensable means of achieving purif cation.

LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS

The two factors characterising a liquid eff uent are the volumetric f ow

rate and the composition - which in the case of leachate are related.

There are many factors effecting the quality of such leachates, i.e.,

age, precipitation, seasonal weather variation, waste type and com-

position.

In particular, the composition of landf ll leachates varies greatly de-

pending on the age of the landf ll. Data that summarise the ranges of

leachate composition show that the age of the landf ll and thus the

degree of solid waste stabilisation has a signif cant effect on water

characteristics. Values of COD vary from 70,900 mg.L-1 for a leach-

ate sample obtained from the Thessaloniki Greater Area in Greece

to 100 mg.L-1 with a sample from a landf ll near Marseille, France

that was over 10 years old. With few exceptions, the pH of leach-

ates lie in the range 5.8 to 8.5, which is due to the biological activity

inside the landf ll. It is also important to notice that the majority of Total

Kejeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is ammonia, which can range from 0.2 to

13,000 mg.L-1 of N.

In addition, the ratio of BOD/COD decrease rapidly with the aging

of the landf lls from 0.7 to 0.04. This is due to the release of the large

recalcitrant organic molecules from the solid wastes. Consequently,

old landf ll leachate is characterised by its low ratio of BOD/COD and

fairly high NH3-N. The existing relation between the age of the landf ll

and the composition of the organic matter, may provide a useful cri-

teria to choose a suited treatment process.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS

Conventional landf ll leachate treatments can be classif ed into three

major groups:

• Leachate transfer: recycling and combined treatment with domes-

tic sewage

• Biodegradation: aerobic and anaerobic processes

• Chemical and physical methods: chemical oxidation, adsorption,

chemical precipitation, coagulation/f occulation, sedimentation/

f otation and air stripping.

For many years conventional biological treatments and classical

physico-chemical methods have been considered the most appro-

priate technologies for the manipulation and management of high

strength eff uents such as landf ll leachates. When, treating young

leachate, biological techniques can yield a reasonable treatment

performance with respect to COD, NH3-N and heavy metals. When

treating stabilised (less biodegradable) leachate, physico-chemical

treatments have been found to be suitable as a ref ning step for bio-

RO & UF Membranes:Market Opportunities in Landf ll Leachate?Membranes are now commonly used in

purif cation and treatment of drinking water and

wastewater. The tightening of regulations

elsewhere on landf ll leachate disposal is now

requiring more complicated f ltration

techniques. Philippe Moulin addresses how

ultraf ltration modules are being applied to the

area, as well as reverse osmosis developments.

Caution: the growing recognitiion of the impact that landf ll leachate has

on the environment is forcing utilities to implement increasingly stringent

requirements for pollution control



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logically treated leachate, in order to remove organic refractory substances.

With the continuous hardening of the discharge standards in most countries and the ageing

of landf ll sites with more and more stabilised leachates, conventional treatments (biological or

physico-chemical) are no longer suff cient to reach the level of purif cation needed to fully reduce

the negative impact of landf ll leachates on the environment.

This implies that new treatment alternatives must be proposed. Therefore, in the last 20 years,

more effective treatments based on membrane technology have emerged as a viable treatment

alternative to comply and pending water quality regulations in most countries.

MEMBRANE TREATMENT METHODS

Microf ltration (MF), ultraf ltration (UF), nanof ltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are the main

membrane processes applied in landf ll leachates treatment. MF remains interesting each time

that an effective method is required to eliminate colloids and suspended matter. For instance, in

pre-treatment for another membrane process (UF, NF or RO) or in partnership with chemical treat-

ments, but it cannot be used alone.

UF is effective to eliminate the macromolecules and the particles, but it is strongly dependant

on the type of material constituting the membrane. Past studies have suggested that UF might

prove to be effective as a pre-treatment process for reverse osmosis, but the elimination of pollut-

ing substances is never complete (COD between 10% and 75%).

More recently, UF has been applied to biological post-treatment of landf ll leachate. Several

hybrid processes such as activated sludge-ultraf ltration-chemical oxidation and activated sludge-

ultraf ltration-reverse osmosis have been tested. Studies have demonstrated that 50% of the or-

ganic matter could be separated by the UF step alone.

Finally, UF membranes have been successfully used in full scale membrane bioreactor plants

and high treatment levels have been achieved for landf ll leachate in such a process.

The combination of membrane separation technology and bioreactors has led to a new focus

on wastewater treatment. It contributes to very compact systems working with a high biomass

concentration and achieving a low sludge production with an excellent eff uent quality. However,

few research studies are related to landf ll leachate purif cation by membrane bioreactors.

NF technology offers a versatile approach to meet multiple water quality objectives, such as

control of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants. Few studies mention the use of NF to

treat landf ll leachates. Nearly 60% to 70% COD and 50% ammonia were removed by NF, whatev-

er the membrane material and geometry (f at, tubular, or spiral wounded), with an average velocity

Pipe dream: UF membranes have been successfully used in full scale membrane bioreactor plants and

high treatment levels have been achieved for landf ll leachate in such processes For Info. http://wwi.hotims.com RS# 29



of 3 m.s-1 and a transmembrane pressure between 6 and 30 bars.

However, successful application of membrane technology re-

quires eff cient control of membrane fouling. A wide spectrum of

constituents may contribute to membrane fouling in leachates nano-

f ltration: dissolved organic and inorganic substances, colloidal and

suspended particles. In particular, natural organic matter fouling has

recently gained interest.

RO seems to be one of the most promising and eff cient meth-

ods among the new processes for landf ll leachate treatment. In the

past, several studies, performed both at lab and industrial scale, have

demonstrated RO performance on the separation of pollutants from

landf ll leachate. Values of the rejection coeff cient referred to COD

parameters and heavy metal concentrations higher than 98% and

99%, respectively.

Back in 1998 one study reported that more than 80% of the total

installed capacity of leachate purif cation by RO used a disc tube (DT)

module. However, two issues have been identif ed, and remain today

major drawbacks for the implementation of pressure-driven mem-

brane processes, and particularly RO, to landf ll leachate treatment.

Firstly membrane fouling, which requires extensive pre-treatment

or chemical cleaning of the membranes, results in a short lifetime of

the membranes and decreases process productivity. Secondly the

generation of a large volume of concentrate, which is unusable and

has to be discharged or further treated.

DISCUSSION

Developing a suitable treatment strategy for any given landf ll site

depends on major criteria, such as the initial leachate quality. The

knowledge of these specif c parameters may help with the selection

of suitable treatment processes for the lowering of organic matter

present in leachate to meet the f nal requirements given by local dis-

charge standards.

Today, the hardening of landf ll regulations, controls and manage-

ment hamper an eff cient conventional treatment, which appears

under-dimensioned or does not allow the specif cations required by

the legislator to be reached. Now membrane processes, and most

particularly RO, offer the best solution and have been proven to be

a more eff cient, adaptable and indispensable means of (a) achieving

full purif cation (rejection rates of 98-99% for RO) and (b) solving the

growing problem of water pollution.

However, landf ll leachate RO feasibility is highly conditioned by

the control of concentrate treatment costs and the choice of the feed

pre-treatment mode in order to reduce membrane fouling.

Residue production, which constitutes a capital environmen-

tal concern, still remains a major hurdle since it is usually unusable

and has to be discharged, further treated or landf lled. Transport to

an incineration plant equipped for the burning of liquid hazardous

waste remains the preferred option (in spite of many controversies)

but leads to high treatment costs and other possibilities are slowly

gaining importance.

One such option is the solidif cation of residues with different ma-

terials, such as f y ash or sludges from wastewater treatment plants

for disposal on the landf ll itself. Another is the controlled reinjection of

the concentrate into changing areas of the landf ll.

Methods to reduce the cost of treating residues must be devel-

oped or improved with respect to ecological and economical require-

ments. Moreover, techniques to prevent or control membrane foul-

ing need to be further investigated - such as suitable pre-treatment

choice, modif cations affecting surface membrane roughness or hy-

drophilicity/hydrophobicity, cleaning of membrane surface, etc.

While some research has shown that biological pre-treatments are

often ineffective as RO pre-treatment, lime precipitation does appear

a promising option for the pretreatment of RO membranes and the

removal of colloidal particles and organic macromolecules that are

the principal RO foulants of landf ll leachates.

Although lime precipitation is traditionally used to eliminate the

temporary hardness of the

water by decarbonation, it has

been shown by a number of

studies – focusing mainly on

underground or surface wa-

ter treatment – to be able of

removing by co-precipitation

certain high molecular weight

organic molecules such as

humic and fulvic acids. As

these are responsible for ir-

reversible membrane fouling,

the may be a solution for land-

f ll leachate treatment using

RO.

Year on year authorities

have imposed more and more

stringent requirements for pol-

Right: A leachate treatment

plant developed by TECAM at

the Terzigno tip in the Italian

province of Naples. The system

is made up of f ve sections

of treatment: a low power

consumption under-vacuum

evaporator, two reverse osmo-

sis plants, a chlorination plant

and an active carbon plant.



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lution control. Even by combining biological and physico/chemical

processes, only partial destruction of contaminants will be achieved.

Due to the so called “hard COD”, new regulations will not be reached.

In recent years, membrane f ltration has emerged as a viable treat-

ment alternative to comply with existing and pending water quality

regulations. WWi

Author’s note: Philippe Moulin is from the Laboratory of Me-

chanics and Acoustics at Aix Marseille Université. Co-au-

thors of the article include E. Carretier, J.P. Bonnet, Y. Wy-

art B. Marrot. For more information, please email: philippe.

[email protected]

Credit: TECAM

The system – studied from TECAM’s Technical Sales Engineers on

the base of leachate’s parameters of young landf lls of Campania

evaluating the relation between costs and benef ts of investment –

is able to reduce until to 10% the leachate volume, producing an

amount of dischargeable water until to 90% of the matter introduced.

Enquiry No. 108

started to improve within one month´s use. Daily f gures of several

performance parameters were recorded and studied three months

prior to the use of TEAs and f ve months afterwards.

Before dosing TEAs, the COD removal eff ciency varied from 70%

(even as low as 55%) to 95% whereas when using TEAs the eff -

ciency was much more stable. In addition to this, the average COD

removal eff ciency increased from 81.3 % to 87%, although the COD

load was about 8% higher from February onwards.

More COD removed in the digester leads to more biogas pro-

duction, which actually increased by 27% on average. Apart from

that, sludge activity improved with the dosing of TEAs, as the specif c

biogas production (amount of biogas produced per kg. of COD re-

moved) rose by 13%. This means that the greater volume of biogas

produced was due to the improved COD conversion into biogas, but

there was also a higher COD load at the same time.

The amount of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by the digester

decreased in the TEAs trial, which could be directly related to the

increased biogas production and the improved sludge activity. VFAs

out of the reactor were rather unstable prior to the TEAs addition.

COST SAVINGS

VFA concentrations could easily vary from 10 mg/L to 350 mg/l - a

rather high concentration. However, after approximately one month,

VFAs levels started stabilise around a concentration of 35 mg/L. The

average VFA out concentration dropped about 88% - from 91.5

mg/L (before TEAs) to 48.6 mg/L. With greater methanogenesis,

biogas production improved allowing a greater saving in the costs of

running the brewery boilers.

The new nutrient solution also heralded an improvement in sus-

pended solid removal, which decreased by around 16% while the

sludge grew considerably - in the f ve months of the trial it increased

from about 16,000 kg to 23,000kg.

Clearly, in general, the majority of the plant’s performance parame-

ters were positively inf uenced by the micronutrient mix addition while

the major benef ts associated with the change have helped improved

digester stability and increased biogas production, yielding signif cant

savings for Heineken Seville. WWi Enquiry No. 109

continued from p44




International Show Preview – WEFTEC


Nutrient removal and recovery will be among the impor-

tant topics discussed at this year’s WEFTEC confer-

ence, set for Sept 30 to Oct 3 in New Orleans. Across

the country, and especially in key watersheds, utilities

are being challenged to meet increasingly stringent

nutrient limits for wastewater discharges. At the same time, there is

a growing interest in recovering nutrients from wastewater, especially

phosphorus.

Ana Pena-Tijerian from the City of Fort Worth, TX, and Rajendra

Bhattarai from the city of Austin, will discuss the challenges they’ve

faced in trying to help develop nutrient criteria for the state of Texas.

Their paper, “The Texas Two-Step: Developing the Numeric Nutri-

ent Criteria for the Second Largest State in the U.S,” will discuss the

challenges, and frustration, they have experienced as they’ve worked

through this process.

Bhattarai says “a dance” has been going on between USEPA and

the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), with EPA

insisting on strict numeric criteria for total nitrogen and total phospho-

rus, while Texas has put forward surrogate criteria as an alternative. In

2010, TECQ submitted criteria for 75 major reservoirs in the state but

they have yet to be approved by EPA.

“We realize that what we are seeing here in Texas is not really any

different from what other states are seeing or facing. The challenges

are the same,” says Pena-Tijerian. “The reason for this paper was

to make the point that we have a common problem here. The chal-

lenges are basically the same, and maybe we can work together to

solve these issues.”

One major challenge has been the low numeric levels sought by

EPA, which would be diff cult and expensive to achieve with current

technologies, Pena-Tijerian adds.

“Most of the wastewater treatment plants here in Texas are smaller

than 10 mgd, so having to install the technologies needed to achieve

those very low numeric criteria is just not possible,” she says.

Stephanie Sansom, a supervising engineer at MWH, will present

a paper that highlights the challenges faced by utilities trying to meet

low numeric criteria. Her paper, “TN and TP - How Low is Low and

How Do We Get There?” highlights a series of treatment plant proj-

ects designed to tackle low nutrient levels.

In one example pilot project in Florida, the treatment facility faced

two different phosphorus limits -- 0.27 mg/l for reuse in wetlands

applications and a very tough 0.005 mg/l for discharge to Class 3

Outstanding Florida Waters. The pilot project used MBR, chemical

addition for additional phosphorus precipitation, followed by reverse

osmosis and then advanced oxidation processes, Sansom says.

“The point of that plant wasn’t to look at the various technologies,

it was really seeing if we could actually get to that (0.005 mg/l) level

by throwing everything at it,” Sansom adds. “We could achieve the

.27 level, but we could not achieve the .005. We came close. We got

down to point .007 on one or two samples.”

The facilities in her study were all discharging to sensitive water

bodies and had limits that went beyond those imposed by US EPA.

“We found that MBR systems can remove dissolved phosphorus

after chemical addition. Ultraf ltration has been successful at reject-

ing particulate sections of phosphorus and that can be enhanced by

chemical addition, and then reverse osmosis has various rejections,”

Sansom adds.

Still, few treatment facilities would be willing or necessarily able

to install an RO system to achieve extremely low nutrient levels, she

says. “For every additional point or additional .5 of phosphorus or

nitrogen, you have to consider how much additional energy does

it cost, how much additional chemicals,” Sansom says. “Obviously,

there is a limit not only on technology but what treatment plants are

willing to spend on capital and operational expenditures. And you

have to ask, at what point does the technology or operational require-

ments outweigh the sustainability of the plant?”

NUTRIENT RECOVERY

While utilities are struggling to meet – or prepare for – tighter nutrient

limits, there is a growing interest in resource recovery in the wastewa-

ter treatment industry. Recovering nutrients for reuse can help pre-

serve resources and also potentially help offset the cost of treatment,

says Dr. James Barnard of Black & Veatch.

Barnard will present a paper entitled “State-of-the-art Recovery Of

Phosphorus From Wastewater.” The paper will examine both biologi-

cal and chemical recovery system and look at work underway in the

US and abroad.

Barnard is recognized for his development of biological nutrient

removal processes. He says phosphorus is a limited resource and

will grow in value in the years ahead. While chemical precipitation can

produce a viable fertilizer product, he prefers biological processes for

recovering phosphorus. He says the two processes can be used in

combination to help increase recovery as utilities strive to meet lower

discharge limits.

As more facilities turn to biological phosphorus removal, a large

fraction of the nutrient becomes concentrated in biomass. Anaerobic

digestion and dewatering produce a sidestream with a high nutrient

content. Recovering nutrients from that concentrated stream can be

more economic than recovery from main-stream processes.

Wendell Khunjar of Hazen and Sawyer will present a paper entitled

“Economic Evaluation of Alternatives for Sidestream Nutrient Remov-

al and Recovery.” He will discusses different strategies for treating

and recovering nitrogen and phosphorus from that sidestream.

“We will discuss four case studies representative of treatment fa-

cilities that are experiencing really stringent nitrogen limits and have

Nutrient Removal, Recovery to be Showcased at WEFTECAcross the U.S. utilities are faced with meeting low numeric levels set by the EPA for

nitrogen and phosphorous. Can these challenges be turned into an opportunity through

nutrient recovery? James Laughlin looks at pilot studies in the region ahead of a

conference session dedicated to the topic at WEFTEC.


International Show Preview – WEFTEC

to deal with a large fraction of their nutrient load coming back in their

sidestream,” Khunjar says. From a nitrogen perspective, he will discuss

removal of nitrogen using conventional nitrif cation/denitrif cation or using

novel strategies including nitritation/de-nitritation as well as deammoni-

f cation. He will also discuss recovery of both nitrogen and phosphorus

in struvite.

“Struvite recovery allows you to recover up to 90% of the phosphorus

but also allows you to take out about 25% of the nitrogen,” Khunjar says.

“In some facilities, that 25% reduction might be suff cient to allow that

nutrient stream to come directly around to the head of the plant and not

have an impact on mainstream treatment.”

As plants begin to embrace biological phosphorus removal, they of-

ten also experience an increase in problems caused by struvite. Dealing

with that nuisance and also recovering a marketable product can make

economic sense, Khunjar says.

“The nutrient problem was not cre-

ated overnight and we cannot solve

it overnight”

“Right now there are 20-25 plants who have done piloting or some

type of evaluation and that number is growing,” he says. “Everyone is

very interested in understanding if it (nutrient recovery) makes sense from

an economic perspective. Sometimes it does and sometimes it does

not.”

CONCLUSION

Sansom says the facilities she examined in her study were all working

toward a future of tight nutrient limits.

“They are looking more long-term and how to phase in these require-

ments,” she says. “They are not ready to stick an RO plant at the back

of their facility to achieve these limits, but they are looking for ways to

move forward and how can they incorporate even upstream reductions

of nutrient loading in the source water.”

The process of setting nutrient criteria is slow and frustrating at times,

but it is an important process that requires careful deliberation, Bhattarai

says. “The nutrient problem was not created overnight and we cannot

solve it overnight,” he says. “It’s probably better to take some initial steps

and, gradually, using an adaptive management strategy, work toward

achieving compliance. The title of our paper is the Texas Two Step. In

the end, we say the Texas Two Step still goes on,” he says. “We’re still

dancing.” WWi

WEFTEC 2012 IN NEW ORLEANS

WEFTEC 2012, the annual event hosted by the Water Environment

Federation, will take place Sept 30 to Oct 3 in New Orleans, LA. The

program includes 130 technical sessions, 24 workshops and eight local

facility tours, and is expected to draw thousands of water quality profes-

sionals and exhibitors from around the world.

To date, nearly 900 companies have already reserved over 290,000

net square feet of f oor space at the New Orleans Convention Center.

For more information on the event, and details on the individual paper

presentations, visit www.weftec.org.

Author note: James Laughlin is the editor of WaterWorld, the

sister publication of WWi covering the municipal water and

wastewater markets in the US and Canada. For more informa-

tion, visit: www.waterworld.com Enquiry No. 110

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Meet The Team At Hall G 5757 1st-3rd October



“International Show Preview – WEFTEC

Come to see us at

weftec, booth 2252

and see the WWTP

of the future!

Our passive-aeration treatment process is

significantly more energy efficient than

alternative approaches. An encapsulated

system ensures odorless WW treatment.

Simultaneous nitrification and de-

nitrification is an added bonus – nitrogen

removal in the same process.

An integrated clarifier reduces our footprint

substantially. If you need high quality

effluent and inexpensive operation, you

can't afford to miss our stand.

SABRE: Spiral Aerobic Biofilm Reactor – A Revolution

in the Economics of Wastewater Treatment

www.emefcy.com

QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Toro Equipment is a leading European

company specializing in the design and man-

ufacture of equipment for industrial and urban

wastewater treatment, water processing, wa-

ter reuse and sludge treatment.

Toro Equipment designs and manufacturers all the equipment for

the wastewater treatment in our product ranges. Defender® brand

pretreatment equipment, Fatf ot® brand grease separation equip-

ment, Anaconda® brand dissolved air f otation equipment, Sludge-

way® brand sludge thickening equipment and Draco® brand sludge

dehydration equipment.

We offer our customers the best water treatment solutions, based

on more than 20 years’ experience in the design and manufacture of

equipment, as well as commissioning.

www.toroequipment.com WEFTEC Booth: 1609

MEMBRANES MADE IN GERMANY

MICRODYN-NADIR GmbH with locations in Europe, Asia and the

USA is the leading independent manufacturer of micro-, ultra- and

nanof ltration membranes and modules. As this will remain our core

competence in the future, we pursue very intensive research and

development activities at our Wiesbaden/Germany location.

For more than 45 years our products have been used in various

industrial and municipal applications, among others in the f eld of wa-

ter and wastewater treatment but also in many process-integrated

applications.

One of our most innovative products is the immersed BIO-CEL®

module for membrane bioreactors. The BIO-CEL® is a back wash-

able module that integrates the advantages of f at-sheet membranes

with the packing density of hollow-f bers, which facilitates a multi-

tude of application possibilities in the f eld of municipal and industrial

wastewater treatment.

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Out with the Old,in with the New Orleans

Show promotion: Company Showcase



ENERGY PRODUCING WASTEWATER

Emefcy’s technology transforms wastewater

treatment plants from cost to prof t centers by

addressing the two most costly operational

expenses: energy and sludge. Rather than consume electricity to treat in-

dustrial wastewater, our EBR (electrogenic bioreactor) uses microbial fuel cell

technology to produce electricity. Our SABRE (Spiral Aerobic Biof lm Reac-

tor) passive-aeration treatment process is also signif cantly more energy eff -

cient than alternative approaches. Emefcy’s Electrogenic Bio Reactors (EBR)

is unique compared to other wastewater treatment processes. Our EBR is

based on three components new to biological wastewater treatment: an-

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TOUGH COUPLINGS

Teekay Pipe Couplings allow pipes to

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butting two pipes together and connect-

ing with a Teekay Pipe Coupling; space, weight, time and cost savings are

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projects for pipes between ¾” and 180” in diameter.

Teekay Couplings are suitable for pressure applications with ratings avail-

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WORLDWIDE PUMPING SOLUTIONS

Sulzer Pumps design, develop and supply

pumping solutions and related equipment

worldwide. Intensive research and development in f uid dynamics, process-

oriented products and special materials as well as reliable service solutions

help the company maintain its leading position in its focus market segments.

Our customers come from the oil and gas, hydrocarbon processing, power

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tions for wastewater handling, is a product brand of Sulzer.

www.sulzer.com WEFTEC Booth: 7239

HIGH HEAD PUMPS

Selwood is the only UK Company that designs, manufactures, hires and sells

a full range of pumps and is the leading Pump Hirer in the UK. Around 75%

of Selwood’s pump units are now exported from the UK through a worldwide

distributor network. Building upon the company’s market leading reputation,

Selwood Pumps is dedicated to a programme of continuous improvement of

its existing range of products as well as

developing additional models as part of

its on-going strategic pump programme,

to meet the demands of the market.

Selwood is redesigning its range of high head pumps. The new H100 was

launched in 2010 and has been a success in both the UK and export markets.

www.selwood.co.uk WEFTEC Booth: 5757



Technology Round-up: Computer Software

August/September | 2012

Endress+Hauser has introduced the Proline Pro-

mass 100 transmitter that can be combined with

industry-specif c sensors, materials and f nishes.

The Promass 100 measures mass f ow, volume

f ow, density, viscosity, concentration, and tem-

perature with accuracy up to ±0.05%, and with

immunity from process and environmental inf u-

ences. All measurements are fully traceable as the

f owmeter is certif ed on calibration rigs accredited

to ISO/IEC 17025.

The f owmeter is approved for operation in

Zone 2 and Class 1, Division 2 hazardous areas;

and with the intrinsically safe Modbus output, it is

approved for Zone 1 and Class 1, Division 1.

The wide range of industry-optimized sensors en-

sure accurate measurement and compliance with

guidelines and regulations in different industries,

according to the manufacturer.

The Promass S 100 for the food and beverage

industries conforms to all 3-A, EHEDG and FDA

requirements. It provides a gentle, non-invasive

measurement of the product without causing

shear force. It is also drainable and withstands

CIP/SIP cycles with immediate return to normal

operation, including high pressure or steam jet

cleaning.

www.us.endress.com/promass-100

Enquiry No. 113

New signal input board for multiCELL transmitter The modular multi channel multiCELL trans-

mitter/controller 8619 is an individually ad-

justable measuring system with extended

functionalities that can be used with a wide

range of different

types of sensors.

The f uid tech-

nology specialist

Bürkert is now

expanding the

modular system

with a new signal

input board that

can be used for direct connection of up to

two additional f ow sensors via the digital in-

puts and two additional measurement devic-

es of various types via the analogue inputs.

The multiCELL transmitter/controller type

8619 is ideal for many applications in areas

such as water treatment or the production

of foods and pharmaceuticals. The sys-

tem consists of an extensive featured ba-

sic unit whose functions can be individually

enhanced as needed by adding hardware

boards and software modules. The new

signal input board improves the system by

further increasing the number of possible ap-

plications, since it is now possible to connect

almost any sensor available on the market to

the 8619.

www.burkert.com Enquiry No. 111

Mass f ow transmitter

Texan utility implements energy saving softwareIn a move to achieve signif cant energy savings,

along with increased eff ciency of water network

operations, El Paso Water Utilities (EPWU) – responsible for water supply to El Paso City in

Texas, and parts of the surrounding County including the large Fort Bliss military base – has

begun implementing Derceto’s Aquadapt energy management software.

Supplying more than 800,000 users in the desert climate of El Paso requires balancing

groundwater from 150 wells with seasonal surface water supply from the nearby Rio Grande.

Water f ows through four water treatment plants, three wastewater treatment plants and one

water reclamation plant.

Successfully meeting the challenge of maintaining supply – through droughts and with

a ten-year population increase of around 20% – has earned EPWU a strong reputation for

innovation within the water engineering community. EPWU implemented the f rst PC-based

supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system implemented by a major US water

utility, introduced new technology to detect leaking water mains.

www.derceto.com Enquiry No. 112

SCADA educational software updateSCADA provider InduSoft has launched a spe-

cial educational version of its InduSoft Web Stu-

dio v7.1 for students and researchers at higher

education institutions all over the world.

The goal of the program is to provide students

a complete SCADA/HMI package that enables

them to develop real-world applications, with-

out limits on development time. This enables

students to experiment and innovate while cre-

ating the types of actual projects they encounter

in the work world.

The aim is that by developing a special edu-

cational version of InduSoft Web Studio v7.1,

the company can review feedback from people

who are learning SCADA/HMI application de-

velopment for the f rst time. A thorough range

of testing was performed in the development of

the educational version of InduSoft Web Studio,

as well as the creation of special licensing.

The nduSoft Web Studio program has been

used throughout the world from the University

of Texas to colleges in Canada, the Philippines

and the Netherlands.

www.indusoft.com

Enquiry No. 114

Particle/water analysis softwareLaboratory instrumentation manufacturer Fluid

Imaging Technologies, Yarmouth, Maine has

introduced VisualSpreadsheet© V3.0 particle

analysis software.

The addition is a companion to the com-

pany’s FlowCAM® particle imaging and analysis

system that automatically detects, images and

identif es particles and microorganisms. Visual-

Spreadsheet V3.0 features new custom graph-

ing functionality that allows users to create cus-

tom scattergrams and histograms by choosing

the variables on the x and y axes from a menu of

the system’s 32 different measurement param-

eters without rerunning the sample.

Permitting the size, length, width, perimeter,

roughness, intensity, f uorescence and the other

parameters to be quickly switched both during

and after processing, VisualSpreadsheet V3.0

provides access to more than 1,000 different

combinations for segmenting and evaluating

the data from new perspectives that were previ-

ously unavailable on any type of analysis instru-

mentation.

Ideal for laboratory managers, process engi-

neers, quality control managers, research scien-

tists and others, VisualSpreadsheet V3.0 comes

installed with the FlowCAM instrumentation.

www.f uidimaging.com Enquiry No. 115


Product Review: Water Storage

GLASS-FUSED-TO-STEEL TANKS FOR POWER STATION WATERThe Medupi Power Station is a new dry-cooled coal

f red power station being built in the Limpopo province

of South Africa. When completed, the power station will

have six high pressure boilers each powering an 800

Mega Watts (MW) turbine, producing 4800 MW of pow-

er and will be the largest dry-cooled coal f red power station in the world.

The boilers require extremely highly purif ed water, requiring the removal of all dis-

solved organics and suspended solids. The water is subject to many purifying

processes including ultraf ltration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis to achieve

the level of purity required by the boilers. During and after the treatment process,

the water would be contained in 19 storage tanks which must retain the integrity of

the quality of the water, and not allow any impurities from the tank coating to enter

the water stream which could affect the operation of the high pressure boilers. The

extremely tight parameters for the water quality specif ed a maximum silica con-

tent from the tank shells of < 1 ppb and for operating temperatures between 30

oC and 90oC. For such demanding containment requirements, PERMASTORE®

Glass-Fused-to-Steel bolted tanks were chosen ranging in capacity from 85 m3

to 5,000 m3. The tanks were supplied via Permastore’s local Distributor in South

Africa. www.permastore.com Enquiry No. 121

Open tank mounted electrode

The S8000 Modular pH Sensor Platform from Sensorex is available as a

submersion mounted sensor system for open tanks and vessels as part of

water and wastewater treatment applications.

Designed for measurement in wastewater treatment tanks, the S8000CD

pH electrodes are fully submersible and are available with rugged mounting

hardware with threads to attach standard couplers as well as pipe to protect

the cables from chemical attack. Sensorex said the combination of a f at sur-

face self-cleaning pH sensor with modular mounting hardware and optional

electronics delivers precise measurement with reduced maintenance.

The same Sensorex S8000 pH/ORP electrode can also be used for in-line

mounting applications to measure pH, HF resistant pH, ORP (REDOX) or low

ionic pH. Sensorex’s next-generation double junction ERP technology pro-

vides a complex path to protect the reference in the presence of interacting

ions such as proteins, silver and sulf des that interact with silver or chloride.

High temperature reference gels also protect against thermal breakdown.

www.sensorex.com Enquiry No. 116

Storm sewer modular storage tankWork is underway on Northern Ireland Water’s storm sewer improvement

scheme in the Dundonald area as a result of in-

creased residential development.

Approximately £600,000 has now been invested in

the scheme, which will improve the sewerage infra-

structure for the Millreagh development and reduce

the risk of f ooding from the Enler River.

The new modular storage tank is a unique sus-

tainable drainage system and this is the f rst time this technology has been

used by NI Water, and throughout Northern Ireland. This will also result in a

more eff cient, environmentally friendly process. This process will also speed

up the construction of the storm tank when compared with more traditional

concrete materials. www.niwater.com Enquiry No. 117

Elastomeric lining to reduce crackingThere is a solution to the combined threats of UV, weather, chemical and

expansion-contraction problems on water storage solutions: an engineered

elastomeric lining system. This can be applied to primary and secondary

containment structures ranging from

wastewater facilities to protecting live-

stock ponds from chemical inf ltration.

The engineered elastomeric lining

is noteworthy for its long service life,

ability to “bridge” joints and cracks in

concrete, imperviousness to UV light

and harsh chemicals, and ease of

installation. The Elasti-Liner system

from KCC (Houston, TX) is a leading line of engineered elastomeric lining

products that is applied by brush or roller to concrete substrates and directly

over expansion and control joints.

Past installations for the f rm include the elastomeric formula as a lining of

a large, 4-ft. containment dike for an 18,000 sq. ft. tank farm holding highly-

corrosive phosphoric acid in Chicago Heights, IL. The elastomeric product

line can be used to bridge cracks up to one-eigth inch as the polymers are

cross-linked and act like coiled springs that expand and also contract as

concrete moves.

www.kcccontrol.com Enquiry No. 118

GEOlight stormwater attenuation tanksStormwater management solution provider

SDS has won a contract to provide an attenua-

tion system for the new Twickenham Academy, a college specialising in sports

and digital technology in England.

Due to the area of catchment, an attenuation tank has been installed to hold

stormwater in times of heavy rain and release it via a vortex f ow control into the

main storm system.

SDS supplied and installed the attenuation tank using its GEOlight units, with

a storage capacity of 200 m3. The provided system consists of two manholes

(inspection chambers) connected by a length of perforated distribution pipe

which feeds the storm water storage reservoirs on either side formed from

GEOlight. This is post-consumer PVC waste diverted from landf ll.

The distribution pipe is normally from 225 mm up to 500 mm diameter,

generally covered in a trench f lled with draining material such as 15/25 clean

graded stone, free from f nes. The reservoirs and distribution pipe are wrapped

in a waterproof membrane, such as butyl, to prevent water seeping into the

surrounding ground.

The top of each reservoir has a vent which is connected back to the upstream

manhole. A geotextile or 10 mm mesh geogrid is laid between the distribution

pipe and GEOlight to prevent the units being clogged by the draining materials.

www.sdslimited.com Enquiry No. 119

Composite trench panels as alternative to metal and concreteFibrelite has launched its new A15 load rated 50mm depth

trench panels available in sizes from 800mm to 1600mm long,

incorporating recycled glass f bres into the design. The com-

posite covers provide an alternative to metal and concrete ac-

cess covers and are suitable for access to sewage systems,

underground pipework and drainage networks. The covers

are inert so will not corrode, are not electrically conductive and

have low thermal conductivity, according to the manufacturer.

The covers have a guaranteed “lifespan of 15 maintenance

free years” and are fully lockable. www.f brelite.com Enquiry No. 120


Advertisers Index

Currently online at www.wwinternational.com Groundwater tool f rst to accurately measure global footprintNew on-line platform unites stakeholders on water stewardship projects

Pall to supply freshwater generators for UK Royal Navy Ships

Global Water Partnership appoints new chair

Nano-membrane toilet to eliminate water for sanitation

Water scarcity could result from China’s coal expansion, says Greenpeace

Fuel cells: a replacement for wastewater activated sludge treatment?

Saudi Arabian SWRO facility upgrades using BEL vessels

In other news:

■ USGS: Susquehanna reservoirs near sediment capacity

■ La Plata to upgrade water system with advanced metering, remote disconnect

■ Singapore students scoop Stockholm Junior Water Prize

Community - www.wwinternational.com Missouri Rural Water Association Creates Suite of FREE Phone Apps for Water & Wastewater Use

Rock the Boat Wins Best Feature FIlm at the FILManthropy Film Festival

Algae and Biof lm control project for a drinking water treatment plant in Cyprus

CLCA announces upcoming Spring 2012 Water Management Certif cation Program Workshops and Tests!

Trailer: Taste the Waste of Water

Video: Bringing Change - Global Sanitation Fund

Webcasts Use Wireless Technology to More Ef-

fectively Manage Your Open Channel

Sewer Flow Monitoring Program

Learn how unique f ow monitoring solutions allow

you to easily manage your f ow data.

Set for broadcast on Sept 19, 2012

How to Prepare for the Reduction of

Lead in Drinking Water Act

Attendees can learn about zero lead materials

available today.

Water Utility Executives’ Challenges

& Choices

A look at technology challenges for utilities over

the next f ve years.

Originally Broadcast May 23, 2012

Online - www.wwinternational.com

Calendar of EventsDiary

A selection of events related to the water and wastewater industry in 2012 can be found here.

For a full list, visit: www.wwinternational.com and click on the Events tab at the top of the page.

September 09 - 12, 2012 - 27th Annual WateRe-

use Symposium, Florida, USA. www.watereuse.

org/conferences/symposium

September 16-21, 2012 - IWA 8th World Water

Congress & Exhibition 2012 Busan, South Korea.

www.iwa2012busan.org

September 23-26, 2012 - International Ozone

Association Regional Conference Milwaukee, WI ,

USA. www.io3a.org

September 29 - October 03, 2012 - WEFT-

EC.12, New Orleans, LA, USA. www.weftec.org

October 4-5, 2012 - International Activated

Carbon Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. http://

pacslabs.com/conferences/iacc/iacc27.php

October 27 - 30, 2012 - Eco Expo Asia: Inter-

national Trade Fair on Environmental Protection,

Hong Kong. http://www.hktdc.com/fair/ecoexpoa-

sia-en

October 31 - November 3, 2012 - WWEMA

104th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. www.

wwema.org/

November 4 - 8, 2012 - International Water

Conference, San Antonio, Texas. www.eswp.com/

water

November 19 - 20, 2012 - ENVICON Interna-

tional Environmental Protection Congress, Poznan,

Poland

November 27 - 30, 2012 - Pollutec 2012, Lyon,

France. www.pollutec.com/GB.htm

November 27- 29, 2012 - Valve World Expo

2012, Dusseldorf, Germany. www.valveworldexpo.

com

November 28 - 30, 2012 - VIth World Aqua

Congress, New Delhi, India. www.worldaquacon-

gress.org

December 6 - 9, 2012 – 1st International Indus-

trial Water Technologies Symposium and Fair,

www.ensutek.org

January 22 - 24, 2013 - 3W Expo 2013: Interna-

tional Exhibition on Water, Wastewater and Waste

Treatment, Bangkok, Thailand. www.3w-expo.com

February 1 - 3, 2013 - India Water Expo, Gujarat,

India. www.waterworld.com/events/2013/02/india-

water-expo.html

February 4-6, 2013 - WaterWorld Middle East

conference and exhibition, Doha, Qatar. www.

waterworldmiddleeast.com/index.html

ABB S.P.A. 2

Aerzener Maschinenfabrik GmbH 29

AH&M Marketing 34

Analytical Technology, Inc. 15

ANDalyze, Inc. 35

British Water 9

Burkert Fluid Control Systems 8

Contitech Schlauch GmbH 37

DHI Water & Environment 27

Emefcy Bio-Energy Systems 52

Flygt, a xylem brand 7

GEFCO (The George E. Failing Company) 23

Gorman-Rupp Company C4

Grundfos Management A/S C2

Microdyn - Nadir GmbH 47

Myron L Company 3

NEFCO, Inc. 31

Permastore Ltd. 49

Promosalons UK Ltd. 39

Red Valve Company 17

Reed Mfg. Co. 33

Selwood Pumps Ltd. 51

Shimadzu Dtl GmbH 13

Sibico International 45

SIPOS Aktorik GmbH 19

Solinst Canada Ltd. 33

Sulzer Pump Solutions AB 5

Teekay Couplings Ltd. 49

Toro Equipment 53

Verder Ltd. 41

Virtual H2O 22

Wedeco, a xylem brand 25

WWME 2013 43

X-Flow B.V. 11

Xypex Chemical Corp. 21

Zoeller Waste Systems Ltd. C3


COLLECTION SYSTEMS � DIGESTER RECIRCULATION � EFFLUENT � FLOOD CONTROL � FILTER FEED � WAS � RAS � SLUDGE TRANSFER

GRpumps.com GORMAN-RUPP INTERNATIONAL

P.O. Box 1217 � Mansfield, Ohio 44901-1217 � USA

PH: +1 419.755.1011 � FX: +1 419.755.1266 � [email protected]

492 © Copyright, The Gorman-Rupp Company, 2012

Gorman-Rupp manufactures a complete line of above- and below-ground lift stations designed

specifically for sewage. Our lift stations can be used in new wastewater collection systems for

community expansion or to retrofit an existing pump system.

We set the industry standard in solids-handling, emergency back-up and bypass engine-driven

pumps for all your wastewater needs. Every Gorman-Rupp pump is factory-designed and tested for

long lasting, trouble free use. All Gorman-Rupp pumps are backed by the best distributor network and

parts inventory in the industry. Contact your local Gorman-Rupp distributor today for more information

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parts inventory in the industry. Contact your

on our line of sewage-handling products.

GRpumps.com


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