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Cover slide option 1 Title Water and agriculture: threats and opportunities
Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute
IWA World Water Congress 22 September 2014
Photo: Hamish John Appleby / IWMI
2 billion smallholder farmers produce 70% of global food
Only about a quarter of food produced is traded on the global market
Samarrai, Fariss. UVA Today. Sept 2014.
Room for optimism? Crop yields keep pace with demand
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Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area
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Growth of irrigation in India – groundwater expansion
Source: Mukherji, A., S. Rawat and T. Shah. 2013.
Three of 9 planetary boundaries exceeded – climate change, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss
Agriculture has been a significant contributor through food production systems
Success, but at a cost…
Photo: Faseeh Shams
UNITING AGRICULTURE AND NATURE FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
Land and water degradation
Photo: Hamish John Appleby / IWMI
Perverse subsidies on electricity for agriculture led to over- abstraction of groundwater
Source: IWMI
Acknowledgements to Stuart Carlson and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Bio-fuel production - a ‘classic’ nexus case
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Food shortages as food prices rise, Mozambique
Photo: ILRI 2008
Demand for meat in developing countries increasing rapidly - the world’s population of farm animals nearly tripled between 1970 and 2010.
“Meat Issue.” IFPRI. 2012. http://insights.ifpri.info/2012/10/the-meat-of-the-issue/
TRENDS: Diet changes…Photo: Pay Drechsel
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GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
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India
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GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
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Consumption and income 1961-2000
Meat requires 100 times more water than grain protein
Source: IWMI
15%
11%
9%6%
5%4%
49%
EthiopiaMozambiqueTanzania GhanaMaliZambiaOthers
(15%)
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TRENDS - increasing foreign direct investment in land (and water) Distribution of area under FDI in SSA, 2012
(Williams, IWMI)
3.4 m ha across Africa 26 % for food; 68 % for biofuels water quantity not explicitly covered in many
agreements
Hyderabad 2003-2014
TRENDS: Rapid and ‘organic’ pace of urban expansion
Source: IWMI
Sourcing urban water from an increasing distance Hyderabad, India
Krishna RiverHimayat Sagar
Osman Sagar
GW
Musi River
GW – Ground WaterNJS – Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir
HyderabadWaste water irrigation
industry
Godavari Basin
Krishna Basin
NJS
Basin Border
Musi River
P ETManjira
Singur
Godavari River water
Water pum
ped
Water pumped
Source: van Rooijen, D.; Turral, H.; Biggs, T.W. 2005. Sponge city: Water balance of mega-city water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage 54: 81-91.
TRENDS: Feminization and ageing of agricultural population
1 million Nepali migrants in 2004 - 97% were male. World Bank. 2009
26% of Nepalese households are headed by females. 2011 Census
World’s farming population is ageing – average age approaching 60 Trends towards consolidation of land in China, Korea, Malaysia…
Photo: Neil Palmer/IWMI
There is water - we just need to manage it better
Photo: Sajjad Ali Qureshi/IWMI
1. Scope for increasing production exists
Yield before/without project (Mg ha-1)
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MaizeSorghum/milletsPulse crops RiceWheatCotton
The Bright Spots Initiative: 286 cases of sustainable intensification
Pretty et al., 2006; Noble et al, 2006
Groundwater reserves in Africa are many times greater than surface water
But how sustainable?
Significant groundwater potential exists in Africa
Ref: Altchenko, Y. and K.G. Villholth, 2013. Transboundary aquifer mapping and management in Africa: a harmonised approach. Hydrogeol. J. 21(7), 1497-1517. DOI 10.1007/s10040-013-1002-3.
Tanzania – from bucket to pump – facilitating entry into the irrigation market
Photo: IWMI
West Bengal – easing regulatory and cost barriers to groundwater use
• Access to groundwater - a major obstacle
• Reforms reduced red-tape - licensing and connection charges
• Could benefit more than 4.5 million smallholders
Source: Aditi Mukherji, IWMI
2. Cross-sector cooperation is possible … and necessary
Agriculture to urban transfers
Agricultural production levels maintained…
…as allocation to agriculture reduced and transferred to urban use
Transfers of water between sectors can be managed
IRRI, 2007. Transferring water from irrigation to higher valued uses: a case study of the Zhanghe irrigation system in China
Photo, Tom Schauble
A benefit sharing approach, the Andes
Upstream-downstream benefit sharing, e.g.: The Caneta Basin – consumers finance watershed management New Law on Payment for Ecosystems Services (PES) in Peru
3. Options for increasing efficiency and resilience are emerging
More with less – solar powered micro irrigation?
Courtesy Jain Irrigation
Photo, Hamish John Appleby
“Scuba” flood tolerant rice
4 million tons rice lost to floods in India and Bangladesh annually Scuba rice is resilient to complete submergence up to 17 days In India 12 million hectares of flood-prone land using scuba rice
Photo: IRRI 2008
Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI)Source: Pavelic 2012
4. Re-use of ‘waste’ and recycling of nutrients expanding
2 million tons of waste into rivers, lakes and wetlands daily 128 million septic tanks and latrines in India contribute to 80%
of the pollution of its surface waters 12 000 km3 of polluted water on the planet - more than the
contents of the world’s 10 biggest river basins (FAO 2011)
Photo: Pay Drechsel
Urban – rural interface: options for viable nutrient recycling?
Photo: Pay Drechsel
New guidelines promote safe wastewater reuse
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Source: Murray & Drechsel, 2011
Fecal sludge - treatment plants not always the answer
An alternative: waste to fertilizer – closing the nutrient loop
Co-compostingPhoto: Razak Seidu/IWMI
Photo: Robert Impraim
Photos left and right: Robert Impraim/IWMI
Photo: IWMI
Photo: IWMI
Looking forward to closer cooperation across sectors….
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