Water - Cement RatioWater - Cement Ratio

Water/Cement RatioThe number of pounds of water per pound

of cement.A low ratio means higher strengths, a high

ratio means lower strengths.For NCDOT, the ratio depends on the class

of concrete, whether an air agent is used or not, and the shape of the stone - rounded or angular.

W/C Ratio Cont.

Example:W/C = 0.500, and Water = 250 pounds

How much cement is needed?

250 / 0.500 = 500 pounds of `````````````````````` cement

W/C Ratio Cont.Example:

W/C = 0.500, and Cement = 600

pounds

How much water is needed?

0.500 X 600 = 300 pounds of water

300 pounds / 8.33 = 36.0 gallons

Water/Cementitious Problem

Cement Used in Mix – 436 poundsFly Ash in Mix – 131 poundsMaximum Water – 36.0 gallonsTotal Water – 33.5 gallonsMetered Water – 27.5 gallonsFree Water in aggregates – 50 pounds

Determine the design w/c ratio and the batched w/c ratio

SOLUTION: Design W/CAdd Cement And Fly Ash:

436 + 131 = 567 pounds

Convert Design Water Into Pounds:

33.5 X 8.33 = 279 pounds

Plug Into Formula W/C = Ratio:

279 / 567 = 0.492 (carry answer to three places after decimal)

Batched W/C Ratio

Add Cement And Fly Ash:

436 + 131 = 567 pounds

Convert Metered Water Into Pounds:

27.5 X 8.33 = 229 pounds

Add free water 229 + 50 = 279 Lbs

279 / 567 = 0.492

W/C Ratio with Ice

Determine the W/C ratio if 68 pounds of ice is used to lower the temperature of the concrete.

The W/C ratio remains the same because the quantity of total water does not change.

QUESTIONS

% Solids And VoidsIn determining mix designs, you must

use an aggregate dry rodded unit weight.This weight is determined at the lab.In the procedure for determining this

weight, only the coarse aggregate is used.Therefore, there is a % of solids and a %

of voids in the container.

Formula : % Solids & Voids% Solids:

Dry Rodded Unit Weight

(Spec. Gravity) X (62.4)

The Answer Is Then Multiplied Times 100

To get % Voids:

Subtract % Solids from 100

Example:Dry Rodded Unit Weight: 96.6 pcf

Specific Gravity Of Agg.: 2.80

% Solids = 96.6 = 0.553 (2.80 X 62.4)

0.533 X 100 = 55%

% Voids = 100 - 55 = 45%

Terms I Should Know….Abrasion Resistance of an AggregateDurabilityHydrationPhSaturated Surface DrySet RetarderUnit WeightWater / Cement RatioTHAT IS ENOUGH FOR A MONDAY!!

Pass Out Day 1 Mix Design Problems

PROBLEM SOLUTION1.Water: 209 + 15 = 224 gals

224 X 8.33 = 1866 poundsAdd all material:

4060+7733 +13,586 +1866 = 27,245 Divide by unit weight:

27,245 = 7.1 cu. yd.

(142.10 X 27)

PROBLEM SOLUTION2. Water / Cement = Ratio

1866 / 4060 = 0.460

3. (A) % Solid

88.6 = 0.508 X 100 = 51%

(2.79 X 62.4)

(B) % Void = 100 – 51 = 49%

PROBLEM SOLUTION4. Wet Sand:

5.9 - 0.5 = 5.4% 5.4 / 100 = 0.054

0.054 X 1102 = 59.5 pounds

1102 + 60 = 1162 pounds (batch weight)

Dry Sand:

0.5 / 100 = 0.005

0.005 X 1102 = 5.5 pounds

1102 - 6.0 = 1096 pounds

PROBLEM SOLUTION5. SSD sand weight ?

1720 / 1.062 = 1620 pounds SSD sand

PROBLEM SOLUTION

6. Gallons of Water from Wet Sand

1720 – 1620 = 100 pounds / 8.33 = 12.0 gallons

HOMEWORK PROBLEM

QUESTIONS