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Water Conges,on in the South West Bangladesh: Threats and Opportuni,es Wais Kabir, FAO Sa.ar Mandal, FAO Mike Robson, FAO
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Water Conges,on in the South West Bangladesh: Threats and Opportuni,es
Wais Kabir, FAO Sa.ar Mandal, FAO Mike Robson, FAO
1. Define water logging 2. Causes, Effects and Efforts to Tackle 3. Opportunity in SWB 4. What do Stakeholders say? 5. Realizing Opportunity 6. RecommendaPons
Outline of presenta,on
1. What do we mean by waterlogging* * seasonal and long-‐las,ng (e.g. 4-‐6+ months) flooding, in areas not previously inundated
= poor drainage of seasonal rain, caused by siltaPon in rivers -‐ an unwanted side effect of protecPve embankments -‐ and by poorly planned infrastructure investment and construcPon • Widespread impact (typically 2-‐500,000 people affected) • ParPcular on vulnerable
Image of common water (permanent) November 2013 & April 2014 13,767 ha
Area under water logging Districts Total Area
under districts
No. Upozila affected
Area affected Ha
% of Area in districts
Jessore 261,667 3 15,700 6
Khulna 475,575 2 19,023 4
Satkhira 371,889 3 33,470 9
Total 1,109,131 8 68,197 6
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
il
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
t
Oct
Nov
Dec
Rainfall, m
m
1948-‐68 1969-‐89 1990-‐11
Mean monthly total rainfall at Khulna during 1948-‐2011 (BMD data).
Late monsoon
rain
Kabatak Bed SiltaPon (IWM)
Trimohini
SreemontokaP
Silted Kabatak River
WATER LOGGING
Monsoon rain
Congested drainage due to human acPvity
Silt deposiPon in rivers -‐> river bed levels higher than polders Silt deposiPon in
rivers
No silt inside polders
ConstrucPon on flood plain/river banks
Aquaculture blocks flows
Minor infrastructure works (roads, etc) block flows
No applicaPon of planning rules Individuals use poliPcal influence
No investment in modern systems
poor governance of execuPon
No O & M for sluice gates & other infrastructure
poor plan/design of projects?
High silt burden
Low rate of flow
Public opinion focus on other topics as cause Minor drainage channels
blocked
Regular maintenance not done
No applied “zoning”
2. Causes of Water logging
Unplanned culverts/ pipe culvert across the Bhairab river
• Households and assets are submerged & damaged fully or parPally • Water supply disrupted => possible disease • No shelter, or feed for livestock => sold at much lower prices • Families take refuge in temporary shelters • Schools closed => educaPon disrupted. • Markets disrupted for buying and selling produce => food unavailable • Income opportuniPes are scarce => money unavailable, migrate for work • Women more vulnerable-‐ sanitaPon, bathing, early marriage, reduced meal
Effects of water logging
What is being done to address-‐ major works of BWDB
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)-‐responsible for water-‐related infrastructure
Seven projects are completed/ongoing to improve drainage faciliPes-‐ excavaPon of rivers and Tidal River Management (TRM)
Total investment of around BDT 1240 Crore (or around $160M).
LGED -‐ minor infrastructure (roads, culverts bridges etc.), Dept. of Fisheries, BADC etc. are acPve
(other agencies addressing water logging)
Ø GOB: Food & non food item Ø UN agencies Ø Development partners Ø WFP-‐Canals, excavated with the support involving local community Ø NGO/INGO -‐ Recovery (Cash for work, Cash for training), -‐ Relief (food and cash distribuPon, Temporary Shelter, WASH),
ProducPon calendar of Gher (Agro-‐aquaculture) culture system of South West Bangladesh Period (Months) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Water Source
ProducPon System in Gher a Shrimp cum
Paddy (Aman) Salt water Shrimp and Fish Aman Paddy & Fresh water
Fish-‐Prawn Tidal brackish & rain
b Shrimp & fish round the year
Salt water Shrimp and Fish Fresh water fish and prawn
c Paddy (Boro) cum Fresh water Prawn & Fish
Paddy (HYV Boro) Prawn and Fish or Fish alone
Ground, surface Water & rain
d Fresh water aquaculture
Fresh water fish (Carp, Tilapia, Ca]ish) with or without prawn
3. OpportuniPes
A component of distrust exists with public agency Implemented work is “imposed” and does not have any local level parPcipaPon Working relaPons between GO (BWDB) and NGOs is not conducive to cooperaPon
LGED is widely appreciated Calls for strengthening insPtuPonal capacity
Opinion – on government organizaPon
4. Stakeholder
• Humanitarian assistance is inadequate and is not free from bad pracPces
• Poor governance results in parPal implementaPon requiring same thing to be addressed Pme and again (both GO and NGO)
• Some concerned (GO, NGO, INGO, PoliPcians, local influenPal elites) consider water logging as a business -‐ desire to keep the problem alive !
• Each blame the other • Overall, coordinaPon is lacking
=> stakeholder opinion – on other actors
Local Press Highlights on Water logging May-‐September 2014
Weak governance in Water Management works
Poor Performance of Public agency in water management
Land grabbing of local ‘influenPal-‐blocking drainage
Conflicts of brackish water shrimp and paddy
Public protest of forced saline water into crop field
Peoples fear of water logging and demand for river work
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Sidre Aila Water Logging
Aman ProducPon in Satkhira, MT Produc,on trend
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
BAGDA
GOLDA
Total
Total
Year, 2001-‐2014
Sidre Aila
Shrimp/Prawn ProducPon, Satkhira
Water Logging
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
2001-‐2002 2006-‐2007 2011-‐2012
Aquaculture acPviPes in Satkhira
Area Ha
ProducPon MT
5. Some Recommenda,ons to Realize Opportunity
Physical/environmental – improving drainage
i) Address encroachment on natural drainage, mobilising public opinion and incenPves to restore drainage ii) Dredging & TRM iii) RehabilitaPon and co-‐management of degraded areas iv) Be.er planning and execuPon of infrastructure v) Be.er management of aquaculture to permit drainage
InsPtuPonal – Strengthening is needed i) Strengthen district government setup – improve collaboraPon among agencies
ii) Coordinate at basin level across mulPple disciplines –insPtuPonal set up-‐ criPcal for complex development process
iii) Promote innovaPve farmers’ associaPons for NRM, market access, etc-‐ community based approach
iv) Work to establish a maintenance culture, with local government ownership (new funding for running costs)-‐ linking with LG with innovaPve funding arrangement
BeQer Coping with more Water based Livelihood
i) Create a “centre of excellence” for adapPve research on issues of the SWB-‐ local soluPons for climate smart producPon system & livelihood, NRM, RNF
ii) Guidelines for improved aquaculture-‐improve yield, allow integrated farming, food safety & good governance
iii) Promote integrated producPon to miPgate climate risk-‐PromoPng resilience with producPon technologies & diversifying. Addressing climate smart agriculture-‐floaPng beds, raised bed, dyke culture, pen culture etc.
iv)– Study bio-‐physical & Socioeconomic situaPons-‐ zoning with incenPves instruments to encourage targeted investment
• Technologies exist -‐need adaptaPon & scaling up (Res, extension-‐educaPon-‐market)
• Use of silt for brick fields by the Pdal rivers in TRM operaPon • InnovaPve livelihood opPons in development of SWB (non food/ for landless) – inclusion of “hard core” vulnerable
• Investments to improve housing and shelter • Non-‐tradiPonal aquaPc product-‐export market (Crab, fish scale etc.)
Thank you
