Water Conservation Ideas

8/9/2019 Water Conservation Ideas

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Water ConservationWater Conservation

IdeasIdeas

Did you know that using a rain barrel to catchDid you know that using a rain barrel to catchthe water flowing from eaves and troughs is onethe water flowing from eaves and troughs is oneof the simplest, cheapest ways to conserve waterof the simplest, cheapest ways to conserve water

and divert it from the storm sewer system?and divert it from the storm sewer system?


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How Do We Use Water?How Do We Use Water?

Water is a resource that has many uses, including recreation, transportation, hydroelectric power, agricultural,Water is a resource that has many uses, including recreation, transportation, hydroelectric power, agricultural,domestic, industrial, and commercial uses. Water also supports all forms of life and affects our health, lifestyle, anddomestic, industrial, and commercial uses. Water also supports all forms of life and affects our health, lifestyle, andeconomic well being. As individuals, we use water for sanitation, drinking, and many other human needs, and we payeconomic well being. As individuals, we use water for sanitation, drinking, and many other human needs, and we payfor the public water utilities that provide water. The average American uses 140 to 160 gallons of water per day.for the public water utilities that provide water. The average American uses 140 to 160 gallons of water per day.Examples of the amount of water used by an individual during everyday activities are:Examples of the amount of water used by an individual during everyday activities are:

To flush a toilet To flush a toilet 5 to 7 gallons5 to 7 gallons To take a shower To take a shower 25 to 50 gallons25 to 50 gallonsTo run a dishwasherTo run a dishwasher 15 to 25 gallons15 to 25 gallons To take a bath To take a bath 50 gallons50 gallonsTo wash dishes by hand 20 gallons To wash dishes by hand 20 gallons Wash small load of clothes Wash small load of clothes 35 gallons35 gallonsTo water a small lawn To water a small lawn 35 gallons35 gallons To brush teeth To brush teeth 2 to 5 gallons2 to 5 gallons

Although more than three quarters of the earths surface is made up of water, only 2.8 percent of the earthsAlthough more than three quarters of the earths surface is made up of water, only 2.8 percent of the earthswater is available for human consumption. The other 97.2 percent is in the oceans; however, this water is too salty towater is available for human consumption. The other 97.2 percent is in the oceans; however, this water is too salty touse for most purposes, and the salt is very costly to remove. Most of the earth's fresh water is frozen in polar ice caps,use for most purposes, and the salt is very costly to remove. Most of the earth's fresh water is frozen in polar ice caps,

icebergs, and glaciers.icebergs, and glaciers.

Why is Water Pollution Prevention and Conservation Important?Why is Water Pollution Prevention and Conservation Important?

Although water flows from our faucets throughout the day, we often take the amount of fresh water available onAlthough water flows from our faucets throughout the day, we often take the amount of fresh water available onearth for granted. As the worlds population increases, water consumption increases. Preventing water pollution andearth for granted. As the worlds population increases, water consumption increases. Preventing water pollution andconserving water are important to assure a continuing abundance of water that is safe to use for ourselves and futureconserving water are important to assure a continuing abundance of water that is safe to use for ourselves and futuregenerations.generations.


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Water PollutionWater Pollution

Water pollution is any humanWater pollution is any human--caused contamination of water that reduces its usefulness to humans and other organisms in nature.caused contamination of water that reduces its usefulness to humans and other organisms in nature.Pollutants such as herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, and hazardous chemicals can make their way into our water supply. WhePollutants such as herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, and hazardous chemicals can make their way into our water supply. When on our waterur watersupply is contaminated, it is a threat to human, animal, and plant health unless it goes through a costly purification procedsupply is contaminated, it is a threat to human, animal, and plant health unless it goes through a costly purification procedureure..

Examples of pollutionExamples of pollution

* Large areas such as agricultural fields that have been covered with fertilizer or pesticides. Fertilizer* Large areas such as agricultural fields that have been covered with fertilizer or pesticides. Fertilizerand pesticide residues can runoff or wash into streams and rivers or seep into soil, contaminatingand pesticide residues can runoff or wash into streams and rivers or seep into soil, contaminatingunderlying groundwater.underlying groundwater.

* Pollutants can come from a specific source such as a pipe that discharges used water or other* Pollutants can come from a specific source such as a pipe that discharges used water or othermaterial from a factory into a water body. Such discharge can harm the aquatic ecosystem.material from a factory into a water body. Such discharge can harm the aquatic ecosystem.

* Parking lots, gardens, driveways, sidewalks, lawns, and roads. Rain water or melted snow can* Parking lots, gardens, driveways, sidewalks, lawns, and roads. Rain water or melted snow cantransfer materials such as oil, litter, fertilizers, and salt down storm sewer inlets found on the streets.transfer materials such as oil, litter, fertilizers, and salt down storm sewer inlets found on the streets.In some areas, the storm sewer transports this polluted water to a nearby river, lake, stream, orIn some areas, the storm sewer transports this polluted water to a nearby river, lake, stream, orwetland.wetland.

* Pollutants can contaminate our drinking water sources, reduce oxygen levels which can kill fish and* Pollutants can contaminate our drinking water sources, reduce oxygen levels which can kill fish andother wild life, accumulate in the tissue of fish we catch and eat from the lakes, and reduce theother wild life, accumulate in the tissue of fish we catch and eat from the lakes, and reduce thebeauty of the water.beauty of the water.

How Can Pollution PreventionHelp You?How Can Pollution PreventionHelp You?

It is hard to imagine that one person can make a difference in protecting and conserving fresh water supplies on this planet,It is hard to imagine that one person can make a difference in protecting and conserving fresh water supplies on this planet, bbut eachut eachindividual can really help the environment. The following related concepts can help you protect water from pollution, conservindividual can really help the environment. The following related concepts can help you protect water from pollution, conserve we water byater byreducing the amount of water you use, and save money.reducing the amount of water you use, and save money.


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Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention

Changing What You UseChanging What You Use

Replace shower heads and faucet aerators with water efficient models.Replace shower heads and faucet aerators with water efficient models.

Use a waterUse a water--filled milk jug or plastic bottle in your toilet tank to displace water; this allows your toilet to operatefilled milk jug or plastic bottle in your toilet tank to displace water; this allows your toilet to operateusing less water.using less water.

Choose non phosphate or low phosphate detergents. High phosphate levels in lakes and streams can kill fish andChoose non phosphate or low phosphate detergents. High phosphate levels in lakes and streams can kill fish andother wildlife.other wildlife.

Use a broom instead of water to clean your driveway or garage. Do not sweep debris into the street or stormUse a broom instead of water to clean your driveway or garage. Do not sweep debris into the street or stormsewer.sewer.

Put a spray nozzle on the end of your hose for car washing and plant watering to prevent the hose fromPut a spray nozzle on the end of your hose for car washing and plant watering to prevent the hose fromcontinually releasing water and to control the amount of water used.continually releasing water and to control the amount of water used.

Use native plants in your garden that require less water.Use native plants in your garden that require less water.

Use cat litter or sand instead of salt on icy walks. Salt pollutes water and kill plants.Use cat litter or sand instead of salt on icy walks. Salt pollutes water and kill plants.


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Changing What You DoChanging What You Do

Do not let the water run while brushing your teeth or washing your face (you can save up to 5 gallons).Do not let the water run while brushing your teeth or washing your face (you can save up to 5 gallons).

Do not leave the water running if you wash dishes by hand. Rinse all of your dishes at once by using aDo not leave the water running if you wash dishes by hand. Rinse all of your dishes at once by using a

dish rack placed in the sink.dish rack placed in the sink.

Only run your dishwasher and washing machine when they are full.Only run your dishwasher and washing machine when they are full.

Do not throw in the trash, pour down the drain, or dump on the ground; paint, antifreeze, and otherDo not throw in the trash, pour down the drain, or dump on the ground; paint, antifreeze, and otherhousehold hazardous wastes, because they can migrate to your water source.household hazardous wastes, because they can migrate to your water source.

Dispose of tissues, dead insects, and other waste in the trash can rather than a toilet.Dispose of tissues, dead insects, and other waste in the trash can rather than a toilet.

Plant native plants instead of traditional lawn grass to avoid the use of herbicides, pesticides, andPlant native plants instead of traditional lawn grass to avoid the use of herbicides, pesticides, andfertilizers.fertilizers.

Do not dump used motor oil on the ground or into sewers; throwing motor oil in the trash is illegal.Do not dump used motor oil on the ground or into sewers; throwing motor oil in the trash is illegal.Recycling centers and many service stations accept used motor oil for recycling.Recycling centers and many service stations accept used motor oil for recycling.


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Improving YourHousekeepingImproving YourHousekeeping

Fix leaks by replacing faucet washers and toilet flappers asFix leaks by replacing faucet washers and toilet flappers asneeded. A slow drip or leak can easily waste more than 100needed. A slow drip or leak can easily waste more than 100

gallons of water a week.gallons of water a week.

Put all litter in trash cans so it does not get washed into thePut all litter in trash cans so it does not get washed into thestorm sewers.storm sewers.

Clean up waste products while walking your pet.Clean up waste products while walking your pet.


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Educating Yourself and OthersEducating Yourself and Others

Educate your community about effects of dumpingEducate your community about effects of dumping

waste (pesticides), down drains and into waterways.waste (pesticides), down drains and into waterways.

Encourage your neighbors, family, and friends to installEncourage your neighbors, family, and friends to installlow flow water fixtures and to practice waterlow flow water fixtures and to practice waterconservation.conservation.


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Water IQWater IQ

Why?Why?

We must use our precious water resources moreWe must use our precious water resources more

efficiently. In the summer months, outdoor water useefficiently. In the summer months, outdoor water usecan account for 50 to 80 percent of home water use.can account for 50 to 80 percent of home water use.Much of this water is wasted through inefficientMuch of this water is wasted through inefficientlandscape watering practices. Using water morelandscape watering practices. Using water more

efficiently will save money and protect the quality of lifeefficiently will save money and protect the quality of lifeof future generations. We must be responsible and saveof future generations. We must be responsible and savewater now.water now.


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Water IQWater IQ

WaterWater--Wise Landscape WateringWise Landscape Watering

When Should I Water?When Should I Water? Pay attention to signs of stressed grasses, such as a dull green color, footprintsPay attention to signs of stressed grasses, such as a dull green color, footprintsthat remain visible after walking on the lawn, or curled leaf blades. Water only after the top 2 inches ofthat remain visible after walking on the lawn, or curled leaf blades. Water only after the top 2 inches ofthe soil has dried out. Check moisture by feel with a soil probe or a screwdriver.the soil has dried out. Check moisture by feel with a soil probe or a screwdriver.

What Time of Day Should I Water?What Time of Day Should I Water? Evaporation loss can be 60 percent higher during the day, soEvaporation loss can be 60 percent higher during the day, sowater during the early morning or in the evening. Do not water on windy days. Proper watering at nightwater during the early morning or in the evening. Do not water on windy days. Proper watering at nightdoes not contribute to brown patch fungus, which is caused by overwatering and excessive fertilizer use.does not contribute to brown patch fungus, which is caused by overwatering and excessive fertilizer use.

How Often Should I Water ?How Often Should I Water ? Proper watering, 1 inch of watering once every five days or more, willProper watering, 1 inch of watering once every five days or more, willhelp grass and shrubs develop deep roots. Overhelp grass and shrubs develop deep roots. Over--watered turf will have a short root system and will not bewatered turf will have a short root system and will not be

drought tolerant.drought tolerant.

What Should I Water?What Should I Water? Only your plants. Dont water sidewalks and driveways. Use a broom to sweepOnly your plants. Dont water sidewalks and driveways. Use a broom to sweepdebris away. This can save 30 gallons per 5 minutes of work.debris away. This can save 30 gallons per 5 minutes of work.

How Can I Use Rainwater?How Can I Use Rainwater? Harvest it. Funnel the water from your gutters into a barrel or cistern andHarvest it. Funnel the water from your gutters into a barrel or cistern andsave it for a sunny day. Rainwater is free, and its better for your plants because it doesnt contain hardsave it for a sunny day. Rainwater is free, and its better for your plants because it doesnt contain hardminerals. Also the pH of rainwater may be better for plants.minerals. Also the pH of rainwater may be better for plants.


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Water IQWater IQ

WaterWater--Wise Landscape WateringWise Landscape Watering

How Long Should My Grass Be? Dont scalp your lawn. Taller grass holds moisture better, encouragesHow Long Should My Grass Be? Dont scalp your lawn. Taller grass holds moisture better, encouragesdeeper root growth, and makes it less susceptible to browning. Keep grass 3 inches tall during the summerdeeper root growth, and makes it less susceptible to browning. Keep grass 3 inches tall during the summer(more than 3 inches stresses the grass).(more than 3 inches stresses the grass).

When Should I Mow? Cut grass only when it is dry, keep mowing blades sharp, and dont cut more than oneWhen Should I Mow? Cut grass only when it is dry, keep mowing blades sharp, and dont cut more than one--third of its length at one time.third of its length at one time.

How Can I Conserve Soil Moisture? Use lots of mulch, it will make your shrubs and young trees moreHow Can I Conserve Soil Moisture? Use lots of mulch, it will make your shrubs and young trees moretolerant to heat. One to 3 inches of mulch retains moisture, reduces runoff, helps moderate soil temperatures,tolerant to heat. One to 3 inches of mulch retains moisture, reduces runoff, helps moderate soil temperatures,aids in root development, reduces erosion, slows weed growth, prevents soil compaction, and makes youraids in root development, reduces erosion, slows weed growth, prevents soil compaction, and makes yourlandscape beautiful. Rock and gravel in large, hot sunny areas radiate heat from the sun, and may increaselandscape beautiful. Rock and gravel in large, hot sunny areas radiate heat from the sun, and may increasetemperatures and water losses from plants and soil. Place mulch directly on the soil or on weed barrier fabrictemperatures and water losses from plants and soil. Place mulch directly on the soil or on weed barrier fabricthat can breathe. Avoid using sheet plastic in planting areas. Top dressing (applying a thin layer of compostthat can breathe. Avoid using sheet plastic in planting areas. Top dressing (applying a thin layer of compost

to the surface of the lawn) functions like mulch for your lawn. It increases organic content and it protectsto the surface of the lawn) functions like mulch for your lawn. It increases organic content and it protectsgrass roots.grass roots.

What Should I Know About Fertilizing? Contact your County Extension Service for a soil kit andWhat Should I Know About Fertilizing? Contact your County Extension Service for a soil kit andrecommendations for the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that should be in your fertilizer. Therecommendations for the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that should be in your fertilizer. Thecorrect ratio of nutrients helps grass withstand stress, use less water, and reduces excessive nutrient runoff.correct ratio of nutrients helps grass withstand stress, use less water, and reduces excessive nutrient runoff.

Too much fertilizing causes excessive growth, creating more demand for water, more thatch, and the need forToo much fertilizing causes excessive growth, creating more demand for water, more thatch, and the need forincreased mowing frequency. Many people apply too much fertlizer, which simply runs off and pollutes localincreased mowing frequency. Many people apply too much fertlizer, which simply runs off and pollutes local

waterways. Leaving grass clippings on the lawn reduces the need for chemical fertilizer.waterways. Leaving grass clippings on the lawn reduces the need for chemical fertilizer.


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Rain GardenRain Garden

Building a rain garden (or a couple of rain gardens) in your own yard is probably the easiest and mostBuilding a rain garden (or a couple of rain gardens) in your own yard is probably the easiest and mosteconomical thing you can do to reduce your contribution to storm water pollution. By capturingeconomical thing you can do to reduce your contribution to storm water pollution. By capturingrainwater from your roof, driveway, and sidewalks and diverting it into a rain garden, it can slowly soakrainwater from your roof, driveway, and sidewalks and diverting it into a rain garden, it can slowly soakinto the ground, filter contaminants and keep quantities of clean water from going down the sewerinto the ground, filter contaminants and keep quantities of clean water from going down the sewer

system. You'll have a great looking garden that puts water in its place.system. You'll have a great looking garden that puts water in its place.

What Is a Rain Garden?What Is a Rain Garden?

A rain garden uses native landscaping to soak up rain water from your downspout. The middle part ofA rain garden uses native landscaping to soak up rain water from your downspout. The middle part ofthe garden holds several inches of water, allowing it to slowly infiltrate into the ground instead of beingthe garden holds several inches of water, allowing it to slowly infiltrate into the ground instead of beingdelivered to the storm drain all at once.delivered to the storm drain all at once.

Why Install a Rain Garden?Why Install a Rain Garden?

A rain garden allows 30% more water to infiltrate into the ground than a conventional lawn. This helpsA rain garden allows 30% more water to infiltrate into the ground than a conventional lawn. This helpsreplenish the groundwater supply (important during a drought), and reduces the amount of pollutionreplenish the groundwater supply (important during a drought), and reduces the amount of pollutionthat reaches our streams through storm water runoff. Since studies show that the first inch of rainfall isthat reaches our streams through storm water runoff. Since studies show that the first inch of rainfall isresponsible for the bulk of the pollutants in storm water, a rain garden is designed to temporarily holdresponsible for the bulk of the pollutants in storm water, a rain garden is designed to temporarily hold

water from a onewater from a one--inch rainstorm, and slowly filter out many common pollutants like sediment, oil,inch rainstorm, and slowly filter out many common pollutants like sediment, oil,

grease, and nutrients. Rain gardens require less watering and fertilizer than conventional lawns andgrease, and nutrients. Rain gardens require less watering and fertilizer than conventional lawns andprovide habitat for birds and butterflies.provide habitat for birds and butterflies.


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Choose The Right PlaceChoose The Right Place

for Your Rain Gardenfor Your Rain Garden

Your property has an existing drainage pattern (even though it may not be very noticeable),Your property has an existing drainage pattern (even though it may not be very noticeable),and it will usually be easiest to take advantage of that. Note the direction of runoff and lowand it will usually be easiest to take advantage of that. Note the direction of runoff and lowspots where water collects. If you are not sure where these are, and it's not raining, find themspots where water collects. If you are not sure where these are, and it's not raining, find them

by placing a water hose on the ground and watch to see where the water collects. If theseby placing a water hose on the ground and watch to see where the water collects. If thesespots are away and downhill from your building foundation, they will be good places forspots are away and downhill from your building foundation, they will be good places foryour rain garden. If there is a spot on your property where standing water collects, this areayour rain garden. If there is a spot on your property where standing water collects, this areahas poor infiltration. You may think it is thus the wrong spot for your rain garden. However,has poor infiltration. You may think it is thus the wrong spot for your rain garden. However,if you could collect water anywhere on your property,if you could collect water anywhere on your property, these areasthese areas would likely have poorwould likely have poorinfiltration also. This is because soil is compacted during construction in order to preventinfiltration also. This is because soil is compacted during construction in order to preventsinkholes and to support building foundations and other structures. This general compactionsinkholes and to support building foundations and other structures. This general compactionof buildingof building site soilssite soils makes the need for your rain garden even more critical. If you havemakes the need for your rain garden even more critical. If you have

many low spots, you can choose those that are closest to the downspouts from your roof ormany low spots, you can choose those that are closest to the downspouts from your roof ornearest to a paved driveway.nearest to a paved driveway.

A FewHints for Choosing a SpotA FewHints for Choosing a SpotAvoid creating a rain garden too close to building foundations; this may lead to a leaky basement.Avoid creating a rain garden too close to building foundations; this may lead to a leaky basement. If you canIf you canlocate it at least 10 feet and downslope from the building, that should be good. Also, you must stay awaylocate it at least 10 feet and downslope from the building, that should be good. Also, you must stay away

from the drain field if you have a septic system.from the drain field if you have a septic system.


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Digging / PlantingDigging / Planting

Your Rain GardenYour Rain Garden

Dig The GardenDig The Garden

To enable the rain garden to hold several inches of water during a storm, youll have to dig a hole 3To enable the rain garden to hold several inches of water during a storm, youll have to dig a hole 3 44inches deep across the entire surface of the garden. If the soil lacks organic material, you can improve itinches deep across the entire surface of the garden. If the soil lacks organic material, you can improve it

by digging the hole 5by digging the hole 5--6 inches deep, and adding 26 inches deep, and adding 2--3 inches of humus or other organic material. Make3 inches of humus or other organic material. Makesure the bottom is level. Next, test how the garden will hold water during a storm by letting water flowsure the bottom is level. Next, test how the garden will hold water during a storm by letting water flowinto the rain garden from a hose placed at the downspout. Based on this test, make any necessaryinto the rain garden from a hose placed at the downspout. Based on this test, make any necessaryadjustment (i.e., create a berm on the lower side of the garden using the diggings, or use a downspoutadjustment (i.e., create a berm on the lower side of the garden using the diggings, or use a downspoutextension or shallow ditch to direct the water into the garden).extension or shallow ditch to direct the water into the garden).

Add The PlantsAdd The Plants

Choose droughtChoose drought--tolerant plants that wont require much watering, but make sure they can withstand wettolerant plants that wont require much watering, but make sure they can withstand wetsoils for up to 24 hours. A list of native plants that meet these criteria is provided below. Also take intosoils for up to 24 hours. A list of native plants that meet these criteria is provided below. Also take intoaccount how much sun your garden receives. It is often helpful to draw out a planting plan before youaccount how much sun your garden receives. It is often helpful to draw out a planting plan before youstart, and mark planting areas within the garden with string. After planting, weeding may be requiredstart, and mark planting areas within the garden with string. After planting, weeding may be requireduntil the plants become more established. You may also need to periodically prune some of the plants tountil the plants become more established. You may also need to periodically prune some of the plants tolet others grow. In the winter, leave dead or dormant plants standing and cut back in the spring. Yourlet others grow. In the winter, leave dead or dormant plants standing and cut back in the spring. Yourgarden may need a bit more maintenance than a lawn in the beginning, but in the long run it will begarden may need a bit more maintenance than a lawn in the beginning, but in the long run it will beeasier to care for and provide many added benefits.easier to care for and provide many added benefits.


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Native Plants for Rain GardensNative Plants for Rain Gardens

Sun/part sunSun/part sun

ShrubsShrubs

Mountain laurelMountain laurel

High bushHigh bushblueberryblueberry

Spice bushSpice bush

InkberryInkberry Sweet pepperbushSweet pepperbush

Part sun/part shadeGrassesBlue wood sedgeVirginia wild rye

Perennials

Butterfly weed

New England asterWild snakeroot

Wild bergamotBlue-eyed grass

Solomon's sealBlack-eyed Susan

Wild pinkYellow flag iris

St. johns wortDay lily

Hosta

Grass-leaf blazing star

shade

Ferns

Rattle snake fern


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Rain BarrelsRain Barrels

What Is a Rain Barrel?What Is a Rain Barrel?

A Rain Barrel collects and stores rainwater from rooftops to use later for lawn andA Rain Barrel collects and stores rainwater from rooftops to use later for lawn andgarden watering. Water collected in a rain barrel would normally pour off your roofgarden watering. Water collected in a rain barrel would normally pour off your roofdirectly or flow through roof gutter downspouts and become stormwater runoff.directly or flow through roof gutter downspouts and become stormwater runoff.

Why Use Rain Barrels?Why Use Rain Barrels?

Rain Barrels conserve water and help lower costs (a rain barrel can saveRain Barrels conserve water and help lower costs (a rain barrel can saveapproximately 1,300 gallons of water during peak summer months).approximately 1,300 gallons of water during peak summer months).

Rain Barrels reduce water pollution by preventing stormwater runoff which canRain Barrels reduce water pollution by preventing stormwater runoff which cancontain pollutants like sediment, oil, grease, bacteria, and nutrients.contain pollutants like sediment, oil, grease, bacteria, and nutrients.

Rain Barrels are inexpensive, easy to build and install.Rain Barrels are inexpensive, easy to build and install.


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Rain BarrelsRain Barrels

Tools

Power drill with hole bit(1/6 inch smaller thanfaucet insert) and pilotdrill bit. (A 3/4 faucetmeasures 1 on outside,so you need 1 hole bit)

Pliers to tighten lock nuts Paper towels (for excess

caulk) Utility knife or smallsaber saw to cut lid Scissors to cut screening Hacksaw to shorten Downspout Screwdriver for hose clap

SuppliesBarrel best are the 45 to 55 gallon barrelsthat are used to ship olives / peppers andother food items to this country. Some farm-supply stores sell them for about $20 each.

A 3/4 faucet (measures 1 on outside)Washers and lock nut for the faucetCaulk (clear plumbers)Screening (buy a roll that is used to repairscreen windows. Nylon fabric like netting isbetter than the metal type)Hose adapter for your overflow (manyoptions here, depending on where you want

you overflow to go)Washer and lock nut needed for the adapterHosing (short piece) to connect one barrel toanother.Hose clamp will be neededBricks or cinderblocks to raise your barrelabove the ground (this will improve waterpressure)

StepsDrill hole near bottom of barrel.Caulk around outside of hole.

Screw faucet in (use washer).Caulk inside then put on locknut with washer (use pliers)Drill a hole near top foroverflow.Put in a hose adapter foroverflow, use washers, use pliersto tighten.Cut center of lid.Cut screen larger than the lid.Level the dirt under the rainbarrel, then add some sand.Rain barrels need to be higherthan ground level use bricks orcinder blocks.Measure and cut off part ofdownspout.Put the barrel in place.Connect the overflow from onebarrel to the next, or haveoverflow hose divert excess rainto a garden or distantarea of your choice, away fromyour homes foundation.


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MoreHelpful Tips toMoreHelpful Tips to

Construct your Rain BarrelConstruct your Rain Barrel First, a faucet goes near the bottom of the barrel. Use clearFirst, a faucet goes near the bottom of the barrel. Use clearcaulk and washers on the inside and outside of the faucet. Acaulk and washers on the inside and outside of the faucet. A

lock nut is used inside the barrel to hold the faucet in tightly.lock nut is used inside the barrel to hold the faucet in tightly.You will need to reach into the barrel to attach the lock nut.You will need to reach into the barrel to attach the lock nut.(Fig. 1)(Fig. 1)

You will need to provide for the overflowfrom the barrel. This allows you to connect a

hose so the overflow goes to a garden or youcan connect one barrel to another. (Fig. 2)

Some barrels have solid tops,while others have screw onrings that are open in thecenter. If your barrel top issolid, cut the center of thetop out using a saw or utilityknife. Later, you will put apiece of screen over the

barrel to keep mosquitoes andleaves out of the water. Thetop will hold the screen inplace. (Fig. 3)

Figure 1

Figure 2Figure 3

Build a base for your barrel. Bricks andcinderblocks work well.Remember a gallon of water weighs over

8 pounds, so a full rain barrel will be heavy.Measure and cut off a portion of yourdownspout.Keep the downspout piece that you areremoving you can use it in the winter whenyour rain barrel is in storage.The higher the barrels, the morewaterpressure you will have. (Fig. 4)

Fill your watering cans, or hook ahose to the faucet. Look for lowpressure sprinklers if you want to

water a garden. Use the waterwithin a week or so this is notmeant to be long-term waterstorage. Replace the netting everyyear or two to keep mosquitoesout. (Fig. 5)

Figure 4 Figure 5


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Butterfly GardensButterfly Gardens

Planting gardens with flowers that attract butterflies is a natural way to attract butterflies to your yard, garden, patio, oPlanting gardens with flowers that attract butterflies is a natural way to attract butterflies to your yard, garden, patio, or er evenvenwindow sill. Brightly colored butterflies provide interest to your surroundings and are also effective crop and flowerwindow sill. Brightly colored butterflies provide interest to your surroundings and are also effective crop and flowerpollinators. Your butterfly garden will also attract birds and other wildlife.pollinators. Your butterfly garden will also attract birds and other wildlife.

Butterfly Behavior and Characteristics:Butterfly Behavior and Characteristics:B

utterflies appear in spring when the temperature is above 60B

utterflies appear in spring when the temperature is above 60 F, you canF, you canobserve them through late fall. Butterflies are interesting to watch. You may wish to view them in your butterfly gardenobserve them through late fall. Butterflies are interesting to watch. You may wish to view them in your butterfly gardenand keep a record of which butterflies visit specific plants. Some of their interesting behaviors include the following:and keep a record of which butterflies visit specific plants. Some of their interesting behaviors include the following:

NectaringNectaring Adult butterflies take nectar from many plants. Some plants produce nectar to attract insects, birds, andAdult butterflies take nectar from many plants. Some plants produce nectar to attract insects, birds, andother wildlife so the plants will be pollinated. The nectar is sipped through a long, strawother wildlife so the plants will be pollinated. The nectar is sipped through a long, straw--like proboscis that is usuallylike proboscis that is usuallykept coiled. The insects feet have special taste receptors that can detect sweet liquids, causing the proboscis to uncoilkept coiled. The insects feet have special taste receptors that can detect sweet liquids, causing the proboscis to uncoil

when it comes in contact with the nectar.when it comes in contact with the nectar.

PuddlingPuddling Sometimes a dozen or more butterflies will gather round a puddle or wet place. This behavior is calledSometimes a dozen or more butterflies will gather round a puddle or wet place. This behavior is calledpuddling during which butterflies sip nutrients with their probocsics. Animals such as butterflies that eat only plantpuddling during which butterflies sip nutrients with their probocsics. Animals such as butterflies that eat only plantnectar need extra minerals and salts to supplement their diets. Butterflies most often seen puddling includenectar need extra minerals and salts to supplement their diets. Butterflies most often seen puddling includeswallowtails, fritillaries, and skippers.swallowtails, fritillaries, and skippers.

BaskingBasking Butterflies fly best when their body temperature is between 85Butterflies fly best when their body temperature is between 85--100100F, if colder, they need to warm up. TheyF, if colder, they need to warm up. Theydo this by basking in the sun with their wings outstretched to absorb heat. If the temperature goes below 80do this by basking in the sun with their wings outstretched to absorb heat. If the temperature goes below 80F,F,butterflies can be seen basking before they can begin flying.butterflies can be seen basking before they can begin flying.


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Butterfly Behavior and Characteristics:Butterfly Behavior and Characteristics:

RoostingRoosting Butterflies need a place to roost during the night, and often pick the underside of a leaf. If you want to seeButterflies need a place to roost during the night, and often pick the underside of a leaf. If you want to seewhere they roost, wait until late afternoon and follow them to their roosting spot. Butterflies also roost during rainy,where they roost, wait until late afternoon and follow them to their roosting spot. Butterflies also roost during rainy,cloudy, and cold weather. Usually they spend about 14 hours each day roosting, usually from sunset until midmorning.cloudy, and cold weather. Usually they spend about 14 hours each day roosting, usually from sunset until midmorning.

Hibernation and MigrationHibernation and Migration According to species, butterflies spend the winter in different ways and places. Most,According to species, butterflies spend the winter in different ways and places. Most,however, winter in the same areas where they spend the summer. The monarch is the only truly migratory butterfly.however, winter in the same areas where they spend the summer. The monarch is the only truly migratory butterfly.

They migrate as far south as Mexico, returning to West Virginia in the spring. It takes several generations ofThey migrate as far south as Mexico, returning to West Virginia in the spring. It takes several generations ofmonarchs to make the trip from North America to their over wintering grounds in Mxico and California. Monarchsmonarchs to make the trip from North America to their over wintering grounds in Mxico and California. Monarchsthat migrate in the fall have just emerged from the pupae; monarchs that migrate to our area this spring are the secondthat migrate in the fall have just emerged from the pupae; monarchs that migrate to our area this spring are the secondor third generation of those that over wintered in the south. Its still a mystery how these insects know their migratoryor third generation of those that over wintered in the south. Its still a mystery how these insects know their migratoryroute.route.

Hibernation BoxesHibernation Boxes You can buy or make hibernation boxes to offer butterflies protection from predators throughYou can buy or make hibernation boxes to offer butterflies protection from predators throughthe winter, but they are not essential if you provide sufficient food, water, and clover. West Virginia has only a fewthe winter, but they are not essential if you provide sufficient food, water, and clover. West Virginia has only a fewkinds of butterflies that hibernate and these are not generally colonial, so they probably will not use the hibernationkinds of butterflies that hibernate and these are not generally colonial, so they probably will not use the hibernationboxes. If you wish to use hibernation boxes, attach them to a tree or post in a shady place near host plants.boxes. If you wish to use hibernation boxes, attach them to a tree or post in a shady place near host plants.

ShelterShelter Butterflies require shelter from the elements and a place to roost. Shrub foliage is useful as a windbreak as areButterflies require shelter from the elements and a place to roost. Shrub foliage is useful as a windbreak as arepatches of tall grass. You also can provide a place for butterflies to roost, perch, or even hibernate by building a logpatches of tall grass. You also can provide a place for butterflies to roost, perch, or even hibernate by building a logpile and placing the logs crosswise to create as many open spaces as possible. The ideal log pile size is 5 feet high and 6pile and placing the logs crosswise to create as many open spaces as possible. The ideal log pile size is 5 feet high and 6feet long. Log piles, suitable for large yards or farms, should be in the shade near host plants.feet long. Log piles, suitable for large yards or farms, should be in the shade near host plants.


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Other Food Sources for Your ButterfliesOther Food Sources for Your Butterflies Some butterflies feed primarily on rotting fruit, tree sap, and even manure. You can make aSome butterflies feed primarily on rotting fruit, tree sap, and even manure. You can make ahomemade feeder filled with a solution of sugar water: 4 parts water to 1 part granulated white sugar. Extra solution can behomemade feeder filled with a solution of sugar water: 4 parts water to 1 part granulated white sugar. Extra solution can be kepkept in thet in therefrigerator. You can make a feeder by filling a dish or flat container with an absorbent material such as tissue paper and srefrigerator. You can make a feeder by filling a dish or flat container with an absorbent material such as tissue paper and satuaturating it withrating it withsugar solution. This arrangement allows butterflies to perch while feeding.sugar solution. This arrangement allows butterflies to perch while feeding.

Transplanting Larvae or PlantsTransplanting Larvae or Plants It is best to refrain from transplanting larvae to your garden from other areas because of the risk ofIt is best to refrain from transplanting larvae to your garden from other areas because of the risk ofintroducing harmful exotic species. A classic example of this is the gypsy moth, a nonintroducing harmful exotic species. A classic example of this is the gypsy moth, a non--native introduced pest that causes millionative introduced pest that causes millions of dollarsns of dollars

of damage to trees annually. It is best to work with native species of animals and plants adapted to your area.of damage to trees annually. It is best to work with native species of animals and plants adapted to your area.

Butterfly GardensButterfly Gardens Many butterflies tend to live their lives within a relatively small area. A few species stay in proximity and turn intoMany butterflies tend to live their lives within a relatively small area. A few species stay in proximity and turn intoregular visitors. Lawns that are excessively trimmed, mowed, and covered with pesticides provide poor environments for butterregular visitors. Lawns that are excessively trimmed, mowed, and covered with pesticides provide poor environments for butterfliflies.es.Therefore, if you want to have a flourishing butterfly garden, you need to provide wildflowers, tall grass, and perhaps someTherefore, if you want to have a flourishing butterfly garden, you need to provide wildflowers, tall grass, and perhaps some weeweeds, in ads, in apesticidepesticide--free setting.free setting.

The butterfly garden should include a shallow pool or wet area, although butterflies can get moisture from dew.The butterfly garden should include a shallow pool or wet area, although butterflies can get moisture from dew.

Butterflies like to perch on trees and shrubs, so dogwoods, wild cherry, and redbud are good garden choices. Large rocks straButterflies like to perch on trees and shrubs, so dogwoods, wild cherry, and redbud are good garden choices. Large rocks strategtegicallyically

placed may serve as resting and basking spots for butterflies.placed may serve as resting and basking spots for butterflies.

Scent and color are important to attract butterflies. They have sensors for smell and taste in various places on their bodiesScent and color are important to attract butterflies. They have sensors for smell and taste in various places on their bodies, b, but most smellut most smellwith their antennae or forelegs. Butterflies perceive shapes only at close range but can see more colors than humans, and thewith their antennae or forelegs. Butterflies perceive shapes only at close range but can see more colors than humans, and they cy can seean seeultraviolet light.ultraviolet light.

Therefore, planting a variety of flowers is better than planting only one specie. The best color combination is yellow, mauveTherefore, planting a variety of flowers is better than planting only one specie. The best color combination is yellow, mauve, o, or lavenderr lavenderflowers with a strong scent. Purples and reds are also colors to select.flowers with a strong scent. Purples and reds are also colors to select.


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Common West Virginia butterfly species, the larvalCommon West Virginia butterfly species, the larval

host plant, and the nectar source for adult butterflieshost plant, and the nectar source for adult butterflies

Pipevine SwallowtailMonarch

Zebra Swallowtail

Spicebush Swallowtail

Little Wood Satyr

West Virginia White


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Tree PlantingTree Planting

Adding trees to landscaping is easy, attractive, and has many storm water benefits. A single mature treeAdding trees to landscaping is easy, attractive, and has many storm water benefits. A single mature treewith a 30 foot crown can intercept over 700 gallons of rainfall annually. Evergreen trees will capturewith a 30 foot crown can intercept over 700 gallons of rainfall annually. Evergreen trees will capturemore rainwater in winter months that deciduous trees.more rainwater in winter months that deciduous trees.

BenefitsBenefitsTrees capture and hold rainfall in leaves and branches. They slow runoff flow and can decrease stormTrees capture and hold rainfall in leaves and branches. They slow runoff flow and can decrease stormwater volume by 35% or more for small storms. Trees improve water quality by filtering rainwater andwater volume by 35% or more for small storms. Trees improve water quality by filtering rainwater andholding soils in place, which is especially important along stream banks. Their shade reduces pavementholding soils in place, which is especially important along stream banks. Their shade reduces pavementheat, which in turn, lowers runoff temperature.heat, which in turn, lowers runoff temperature.

CostsCosts

Costs vary with the type and size of the tree, but the general range is $20 to $100 each, not including theCosts vary with the type and size of the tree, but the general range is $20 to $100 each, not including the

planting. Local nonplanting. Local non--profit groups often supply free or lowprofit groups often supply free or low--cost trees that are appropriate for ourcost trees that are appropriate for ourclimate.climate.

Planting Instructions for Tree SeedlingsPlanting Instructions for Tree Seedlings

The planting season in West Virginia for bare root seedlings occurs in the early spring and in late fall.The planting season in West Virginia for bare root seedlings occurs in the early spring and in late fall.Shipping and planting of bare root trees should only occur when seedlings are dormant. PlantingShipping and planting of bare root trees should only occur when seedlings are dormant. Plantingseedlings after bud break, caused by exposure to warm temperatures, will result in decreased survivalseedlings after bud break, caused by exposure to warm temperatures, will result in decreased survivalrates.rates.


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Planting Instructions for Tree SeedlingsPlanting Instructions for Tree SeedlingsThe planting season in West Virginia for bare root seedlings occurs in the early spring and in late fall. Shipping and plantiThe planting season in West Virginia for bare root seedlings occurs in the early spring and in late fall. Shipping and plantingng of bare root trees should only occur when seedlingsof bare root trees should only occur when seedlings

are dormant. Planting seedlings after bud break, caused by exposure to warm temperatures, will result in decreased survival rare dormant. Planting seedlings after bud break, caused by exposure to warm temperatures, will result in decreased survival rateates.s.

Steps for Successful PlantingSteps for Successful Planting If possible, unpack and plant seedlings immediately. If you cannot plant seedlings immediately, store the bundles in a cool,If possible, unpack and plant seedlings immediately. If you cannot plant seedlings immediately, store the bundles in a cool, dardark place and water the bundles periodicallyk place and water the bundles periodically

to ensure the roots are well moistened.to ensure the roots are well moistened. Dig a hole at least twice as wide and only as deep as the root system.Dig a hole at least twice as wide and only as deep as the root system. You may need to prune off dead or extremly long root tips.You may need to prune off dead or extremly long root tips. Spread the roots out so they are evenly distributed in the planting hole. A cone shaped mound of soil can be formed in the hoSpread the roots out so they are evenly distributed in the planting hole. A cone shaped mound of soil can be formed in the holele to help support the roots.to help support the roots. Do notDo not bend the roots to force them into a planting hole that is too small.bend the roots to force them into a planting hole that is too small. It is very important to plant the seedling at the correct depth. The upper roots should be just under the surface of the soilIt is very important to plant the seedling at the correct depth. The upper roots should be just under the surface of the soil. D. Do not plant too deep.o not plant too deep. Place the soil back in the hole and gently tamp to remove any air spaces. Roots should not be exposed above ground.Place the soil back in the hole and gently tamp to remove any air spaces. Roots should not be exposed above ground. You will need to provide a deep soaking watering for each seedling at the time of planting and once a week for the first twoYou will need to provide a deep soaking watering for each seedling at the time of planting and once a week for the first two grogrowing seasons. Lack of water is thewing seasons. Lack of water is the

number one killer of newly planted trees.number one killer of newly planted trees. Mulch seedlings to a depth of 2 to 3 in an 18 diameter circle around each trunk. Maintaining adequate mulch increases growMulch seedlings to a depth of 2 to 3 in an 18 diameter circle around each trunk. Maintaining adequate mulch increases growthth and vigor while reducing damage fromand vigor while reducing damage from

mowers and string trimmers.mowers and string trimmers. Do notDo not make mulch deeper than 3 inches. Excessive mulch leads to root problems.make mulch deeper than 3 inches. Excessive mulch leads to root problems. Do notDo not allow mulch to be in direct contact with the trunk. This can promote the growth of decay causing agents.allow mulch to be in direct contact with the trunk. This can promote the growth of decay causing agents. Seedlings will need very little pruning, if any, at the time of planting. Only dead, damaged or diseased branches shoud be reSeedlings will need very little pruning, if any, at the time of planting. Only dead, damaged or diseased branches shoud be removmoved.ed. Do notDo not shape or attempt to balance the branches to the root system. Reducing the leaf area will only further stress the trees andshape or attempt to balance the branches to the root system. Reducing the leaf area will only further stress the trees and rereduce the capacity for growth.duce the capacity for growth. Balled and burlapped (B&B) trees, although best planted as soon as possible, can be stored for some time after purchase as loBalled and burlapped (B&B) trees, although best planted as soon as possible, can be stored for some time after purchase as longng as the ball is kept moist and the treeas the ball is kept moist and the tree

stored in a shady area. B&B trees should always be lifted by the ball, never by the trunk. The burlap surrounding the ball ostored in a shady area. B&B trees should always be lifted by the ball, never by the trunk. The burlap surrounding the ball of ef earth and roots should either be cut awayarth and roots should either be cut awaycompletely or at least pulled back from the top third of the ball. Any string or twine should be removed. Backfill soil is plcompletely or at least pulled back from the top third of the ball. Any string or twine should be removed. Backfill soil is plaaced in the hole surrounding the tree just to theced in the hole surrounding the tree just to theheight of the ball or slightly lower to allow for some settling. Do not compress the back fill soil as this may prevent waterheight of the ball or slightly lower to allow for some settling. Do not compress the back fill soil as this may prevent water frfrom reaching the roots from expandingom reaching the roots from expandingbeyond the ball.beyond the ball.


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Container trees can also be stored for a brief period of time after purchase as long as the soilContainer trees can also be stored for a brief period of time after purchase as long as the soilin the container is kept miost and the tree stored in a shady spot. Once carefully removedin the container is kept miost and the tree stored in a shady spot. Once carefully removedfrom the container check the roots. If they are tightly compressed or potbound, use yourfrom the container check the roots. If they are tightly compressed or potbound, use your

fingers or a blunt instrument to carefully tease the fine roots away from the tight mass andfingers or a blunt instrument to carefully tease the fine roots away from the tight mass andthen spread the roots prior to planting. In case of woody compacted roots, it may be necessrythen spread the roots prior to planting. In case of woody compacted roots, it may be necessryto use a spade to open up the bottom half of the root system. Loosening the root structure into use a spade to open up the bottom half of the root system. Loosening the root structure inthis way is extremly important in the case of container plants. Failure to do so may result inthis way is extremly important in the case of container plants. Failure to do so may result inthe roots girdling and killing the tree. Once the tree is seated in the hole, backfill the hole tothe roots girdling and killing the tree. Once the tree is seated in the hole, backfill the hole tothe soil level of the container.the soil level of the container.

Do notDo not add fertilizer or use other soil admendments. Fertilizer is not tree food. Fertilizeradd fertilizer or use other soil admendments. Fertilizer is not tree food. Fertilizercan often do more harm than good.can often do more harm than good.

Your seedling will probably not need to be staked. If support is needed, place wooden stakesYour seedling will probably not need to be staked. If support is needed, place wooden stakeson opposite sides of the tree and support with wide, flexible material, do not useon opposite sides of the tree and support with wide, flexible material, do not use

wire or other rigid material. The seedlings must be able to flex to promote strong trunkwire or other rigid material. The seedlings must be able to flex to promote strong trunkdevelopment.development.

To help your tree establish itself when transplanted, treat the planting area with mycorrhizalTo help your tree establish itself when transplanted, treat the planting area with mycorrhizalfungi, a specially formulated fertilizer and biostimulant.fungi, a specially formulated fertilizer and biostimulant.


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Select the Right TreeSelect the Right Tree

for the Right Placefor the Right Place

Find out the matureFind out the matureheight and width of yourheight and width of yourtrees and make sure thetrees and make sure theplanting site is largeplanting site is largeenough to accommodateenough to accommodate

future growth. Do notfuture growth. Do notplant large maturing treesplant large maturing trees(>30 high) under or near(>30 high) under or nearoverhead utility lines, nearoverhead utility lines, nearbuildings or roadways, orbuildings or roadways, orin areas of restricted soilin areas of restricted soil

space. A healthy rootspace. A healthy rootsystem will spread farthersystem will spread fartherthan the branches. Largethan the branches. Largetree species need largetree species need largeareas to grow.areas to grow.


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Tree DiversityTree Diversity

One of the best ways to avoidOne of the best ways to avoidserious pest / disease problemsserious pest / disease problemswith plants is to mix differentwith plants is to mix differentspecies together. Choosing a treespecies together. Choosing a treeshould involve more than pickingshould involve more than picking

one that you like the looks of. Yourone that you like the looks of. Yourchoices should also consider whatchoices should also consider whatelse has been planted in the area. Inelse has been planted in the area. Inany forest ecosystem, diversityany forest ecosystem, diversityplays a major role in longplays a major role in long--termtermstability. Overuse of a single typestability. Overuse of a single type

of tree greatly increases theof tree greatly increases thevulnerability of the tree itself tovulnerability of the tree itself toinsects and diseases that can wipeinsects and diseases that can wipeout the entire species. Americanout the entire species. AmericanChestnut Blight and Dutch ElmChestnut Blight and Dutch Elmdisease are perfect examplesdisease are perfect exampleshistorically and presently.historically and presently.


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EcoEco--Friendly FertilizersFriendly Fertilizers

As As ecoeco--friendlyfriendly yard yard--care practices fastcare practices fastbecome the new norm, more and morebecome the new norm, more and morehomeowners are looking for optionshomeowners are looking for optionsthat keep their lawns looking goodthat keep their lawns looking goodwhile minimizing the impact on thewhile minimizing the impact on theenvironment.Two ways to do that areenvironment.Two ways to do that areby switching to lawn fertilizers that areby switching to lawn fertilizers that arehigh in slow release nitrogen and byhigh in slow release nitrogen and byswitching to new lowswitching to new low-- and noand no--phosphorus fertilizers. Both are aimedphosphorus fertilizers. Both are aimed

at giving lawns only the nutrients theyat giving lawns only the nutrients theyneed as they need them, therebyneed as they need them, therebyreducing excesses that can run off thereducing excesses that can run off theproperty and harm waterways.property and harm waterways.

Quick Guide to N-P-K

The three-number N-P-K formulas listedon fertilizer bags indicate the breakdownof the three main nutrients.

The first number refers to the percentageof nitrogen, which turf grass needs for

blade growth and green color. Theingredient labels also give a breakdown ofhow much of the nitrogen is water-solublevs. water-insoluble or slow-release.

The second number refers to thepercentage of phosphorus, which turf grassneeds for root and cell development andfor producing seeds.

The third number refers to the percentageof potassium, which turf grass needs fordisease-resistance, winter hardiness anddrought-tolerance. A label that lists, forexample, a formula of 29-2-10 has 29

percent nitrogen, 2 percent phosphorus and10 percent potassium.


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SlowSlow--Release NitrogenReleaseNitrogen

Nitrogen is a nutrient that turf grass needs on a regular basis. ItsNitrogen is a nutrient that turf grass needs on a regular basis. Itsprimarily responsible for blade growth and that rich, green color thatprimarily responsible for blade growth and that rich, green color thatmost people want.most people want.

Traditional lawn fertilizer nitrogen sources such as urea, ammoniumTraditional lawn fertilizer nitrogen sources such as urea, ammoniumnitrate and ammonium sulfate are water soluble, which makes themnitrate and ammonium sulfate are water soluble, which makes themreadily available to lawn roots. The good news is that they green upreadily available to lawn roots. The good news is that they green uplawns quickly and are cheap to produce, but they also can burnlawns quickly and are cheap to produce, but they also can burnlawns when overlawns when over--applied, are more likely to run off in heavy rains,applied, are more likely to run off in heavy rains,and cause growth surges that lead to excess mowing and thatchand cause growth surges that lead to excess mowing and thatchbuildup. They also need to be applied four or more times a year tobuildup. They also need to be applied four or more times a year tokeep a steady supply of nitrogen available. These water solublekeep a steady supply of nitrogen available. These water solublefertilizers make up the steps in most 4 step programs and are usedfertilizers make up the steps in most 4 step programs and are usedextensively by lawn service companies.extensively by lawn service companies.

Newer lawn fertilizers use slowNewer lawn fertilizers use slow-- or controlledor controlled--release forms ofrelease forms ofnitrogen. Their breakdown is slowed by pelletizing or encapsulatingnitrogen. Their breakdown is slowed by pelletizing or encapsulatingthe nitrogen in membranes or by reformulating the nitrogen so itthe nitrogen in membranes or by reformulating the nitrogen so itbreaks down at a lower and slower rate. One of the most effectivebreaks down at a lower and slower rate. One of the most effectivetypes is IBDU (isobutylidene diurea). Environmentally, IBDU andtypes is IBDU (isobutylidene diurea). Environmentally, IBDU andother slowother slow--release types reduce runoff because less material isrelease types reduce runoff because less material isapplied less oftenapplied less often only two or three times a year instead four, fiveonly two or three times a year instead four, fiveor more times. These also are slower to run off because theyre notor more times. These also are slower to run off because theyre not

as wateras water--soluble as fastsoluble as fast--release nitrogen.release nitrogen.


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Cutting the PhosphorusCutting the Phosphorus

A newer environmental concern involves phosphorus, aA newer environmental concern involves phosphorus, asecond main nutrient that turf grass needs for root and cellsecond main nutrient that turf grass needs for root and celldevelopment and for producing seeds. Up until recently,development and for producing seeds. Up until recently,phosphorus was thought to be needed by lawns in regularphosphorus was thought to be needed by lawns in regularamounts, and so lawn fertilizers typically included some inamounts, and so lawn fertilizers typically included some inevery bag.every bag.

Environmental Scientists recently found that excessEnvironmental Scientists recently found that excessphosphorus was a key cause of algae outbreaks that werephosphorus was a key cause of algae outbreaks that wereclogging water ways. Besides farms and factories, homeclogging water ways. Besides farms and factories, homeyards were identified as a source of phosphorus runoff. Inyards were identified as a source of phosphorus runoff. Inyards, some phosphorus occurs naturally from theyards, some phosphorus occurs naturally from thebreakdown of leaves and plants, but some also comes frombreakdown of leaves and plants, but some also comes fromthe phosphorus applied to lawns in bagged fertilizer.the phosphorus applied to lawns in bagged fertilizer.

This issue caused the lawnThis issue caused the lawn--care industry to take a new lookcare industry to take a new lookat phosphorus. Soil tests found that most home lawns haveat phosphorus. Soil tests found that most home lawns haveadequate amounts of phosphorus and that a lawns need foradequate amounts of phosphorus and that a lawns need forphosphorus is lower than initially thoughtphosphorus is lower than initially thought due in part todue in part tothe fact that phosphorus leaches so slowly through the soil.the fact that phosphorus leaches so slowly through the soil.


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When and How Much?When and How Much?

No matter what you apply, one of the most ecoNo matter what you apply, one of the most eco--friendly things you can do is apply no more fertilizer than is needed,friendly things you can do is apply no more fertilizer than is needed,apply it correctly and apply it at the right time. The best place to start is with a soil test. Your local Extension Serviceapply it correctly and apply it at the right time. The best place to start is with a soil test. Your local Extension Serviceoffers a free kit to mail in soil samples for analysis. The reports give you an accurate reading of what your soil needs andoffers a free kit to mail in soil samples for analysis. The reports give you an accurate reading of what your soil needs andhow much of it should be applied. Soil testing doesnt have to be done every year, but they are a good idea every threehow much of it should be applied. Soil testing doesnt have to be done every year, but they are a good idea every threeor four years. Remember, more is not better. Not only does excess fertilizer increase the chance of nutrient runoff, itor four years. Remember, more is not better. Not only does excess fertilizer increase the chance of nutrient runoff, itcan encourage thatch and make lawns more prone to some diseases, such as leaf spot and brown patch. On the othercan encourage thatch and make lawns more prone to some diseases, such as leaf spot and brown patch. On the otherhand, underhand, under--doing it can lead to a thin lawn. When lawns thin, runoff and soil erosion increase, and that in turn actuallydoing it can lead to a thin lawn. When lawns thin, runoff and soil erosion increase, and that in turn actuallyincreases the amount of nutrients leaving the propertyincreases the amount of nutrients leaving the property even though youre applying less. The goal is to get it just righteven though youre applying less. The goal is to get it just right

enough to encourage optimal growth and a thick stand of grass but not more than the lawn needs. Without periodicenough to encourage optimal growth and a thick stand of grass but not more than the lawn needs. Without periodicsoil tests, youre left to guess. Soil tests also will tell you if you need to adjust the soils acidity level (its pH). Thatsoil tests, youre left to guess. Soil tests also will tell you if you need to adjust the soils acidity level (its pH). Thatssimportant not only for good grass growth, but pH affects how fast nutrients break down. IBDU, for example, breaksimportant not only for good grass growth, but pH affects how fast nutrients break down. IBDU, for example, breaksdown faster in acidy soil. A pH reading between 6.5 and 7 is ideal. The best time to apply fertilizer is when the soil is drydown faster in acidy soil. A pH reading between 6.5 and 7 is ideal. The best time to apply fertilizer is when the soil is dryor lightly damp. Right before a light to moderate rain is fine. Otherwise, the fertilizer should be watered in soon afteror lightly damp. Right before a light to moderate rain is fine. Otherwise, the fertilizer should be watered in soon afterbeing applied. The idea is to drive the granules into the soil and to begin to dissolve them but without so much waterbeing applied. The idea is to drive the granules into the soil and to begin to dissolve them but without so much waterthat runoff occurs.that runoff occurs.

Some of the worst times to fertilize are:Some of the worst times to fertilize are:

When a lawn is dormant in summer heat (cool season grasses go dormant with summer heat, while warm season grassesWhen a lawn is dormant in summer heat (cool season grasses go dormant with summer heat, while warm season grassesthrive in heat and require fertilizer in summer).thrive in heat and require fertilizer in summer).

During a drought.During a drought. When the ground is frozen.When the ground is frozen. When the ground is saturated or soggy.When the ground is saturated or soggy. Right before heavy rain is expected.Right before heavy rain is expected. The best time of year to fertilize coolThe best time of year to fertilize cool--season grasses is fall, when growth is slowing and grass blades are transferringseason grasses is fall, when growth is slowing and grass blades are transferring

sugars to the roots. Homeowners using fertilizers that are highest in slowsugars to the roots. Homeowners using fertilizers that are highest in slow--release nitrogen (30 percent or more), canrelease nitrogen (30 percent or more), cangrow a decent lawn with as few as two fertilizations per year (late spring and early fall). Those using fertilizers with 15 tgrow a decent lawn with as few as two fertilizations per year (late spring and early fall). Those using fertilizers with 15 too29 percent slow29 percent slow--release nitrogen should fertilize in three sessions (late spring, early fall and late fall), while those usingrelease nitrogen should fertilize in three sessions (late spring, early fall and late fall), while those using

mostly fastmostly fast--release nitrogen (less than 15 percent slowrelease nitrogen (less than 15 percent slow--release) should fertilize four times (midrelease) should fertilize four times (mid--spring, early summer, latespring, early summer, latesummer and late fall).summer and late fall).


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Pervious ConcretePervious Concrete

Runoff occurs when rain falls. This runoff causes increased pollution in rivers and streams, flashfloods, and loss of rainRunoff occurs when rain falls. This runoff causes increased pollution in rivers and streams, flashfloods, and loss of rainwater that could otherwise replenish water tables and aquifers. Pervious concrete has a 15water that could otherwise replenish water tables and aquifers. Pervious concrete has a 15--25% void structure that allows25% void structure that allows33--8 gallons of water per minute to pass through each square foot8 gallons of water per minute to pass through each square foot accounting for far more than is generated during mostaccounting for far more than is generated during mostrain events. Pervious concrete puts rain water back in the ground where it belongs.rain events. Pervious concrete puts rain water back in the ground where it belongs.

What is Pervious ConcreteWhat is Pervious ConcretePervious concrete is a mix of coarse aggregate, cement, water, and little to no sand. Also known as no fines or porousPervious concrete is a mix of coarse aggregate, cement, water, and little to no sand. Also known as no fines or porousconcrete, this mixture creates an openconcrete, this mixture creates an open--cell structure, allowing rainwater to filter through to underlying soil. By modelingcell structure, allowing rainwater to filter through to underlying soil. By modelingnatural ground cover, pervious concrete is an excellent choice for storm water management.natural ground cover, pervious concrete is an excellent choice for storm water management.

PollutionPollutionAccording to the United States EPA storm water runoff can send as much as 90% of the pollutantsAccording to the United States EPA storm water runoff can send as much as 90% of the pollutants such as oil and othersuch as oil and otherhydrocarbon liquids found on the surface of traditional parking lots and drivewayshydrocarbon liquids found on the surface of traditional parking lots and driveways directly into our rivers and streams.directly into our rivers and streams.

The EPA now requires state and local governments to implement measures to reduce and improve the overall quality ofThe EPA now requires state and local governments to implement measures to reduce and improve the overall quality ofstorm water runoff in an effort to address this important pollution the problem. Pervious concrete has been recognized bystorm water runoff in an effort to address this important pollution the problem. Pervious concrete has been recognized bythe EPA as a best management practice (BMP) to address this most vital environmental concern. The openthe EPA as a best management practice (BMP) to address this most vital environmental concern. The open--cell structurecell structureof pervious concrete provides a medium for aerobic bacteria that break down many of the pollutants that seep from parkedof pervious concrete provides a medium for aerobic bacteria that break down many of the pollutants that seep from parkedcars. Pervious concrete also contributes to enhanced air quality by lowering atmospheric heating through lighter color andcars. Pervious concrete also contributes to enhanced air quality by lowering atmospheric heating through lighter color andlower density, decreasing the impact of heat island effects. The heat island effect occurs when treelower density, decreasing the impact of heat island effects. The heat island effect occurs when tree--covered areas arecovered areas arereplaced with dark pavement surfaces, and is characterized by up to a 12replaced with dark pavement surfaces, and is characterized by up to a 12--degree average temperature increase between andegree average temperature increase between anurban area and its surrounding countryside. This heat island effect increases ground level ozone production by as much asurban area and its surrounding countryside. This heat island effect increases ground level ozone production by as much as30%.30%.


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Pervious ConcretePervious Concrete

Benefits of Pervious ConcreteBenefits of Pervious Concrete

Reduces storm water runoffReduces storm water runoff

Eliminates the need for ponds andEliminates the need for ponds andother costly storm waterother costly storm watermanagement practicesmanagement practices

Replenishes water tanks and aquifersReplenishes water tanks and aquifers Allows for more efficient landAllows for more efficient land

developmentdevelopment

Minimizes flash flooding andMinimizes flash flooding andstanding waterstanding water Prevents warm and polluted waterPrevents warm and polluted water

from entering our streamsfrom entering our streams Mitigates surface pollutantsMitigates surface pollutants

Maintenance

Maintenance of pervious concretepavements is a subject of longstandingdebate. Proper maintenance generallyconsists simply of vacuum sweeping or

power washing. Ongoing research showsthat systems that are not maintained stillperform very well over time but not at theiroriginal astronomical infiltration rates.However, a good cleaning generally willimprove the infiltration rate of the system.

Some permitting agencies requiremaintenance agreements prior to putting apervious concrete pavement into service.Similar to nearly all other storm watertreatment tools, proper maintenance willkeep the system running at higherperformance levels.


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XeriscapeXeriscapeXeriscaping refers to the conservation of water through creative landscaping.Xeriscaping refers to the conservation of water through creative landscaping.

Originally developed for droughtOriginally developed for drought--afflicted areas, the principles of Xeriscape today have an ever broadening appeal. With waterafflicted areas, the principles of Xeriscape today have an ever broadening appeal. With water nownowconsidered an expensive and limited resource, all landscaping projects, residential or commercial, can benefit from this alteconsidered an expensive and limited resource, all landscaping projects, residential or commercial, can benefit from this alternarnative.tive.Xeriscapes do not have a single lookXeriscapes do not have a single lookalmost any landscaping style can be achieved. The principles can be applied to all or partalmost any landscaping style can be achieved. The principles can be applied to all or part of a yard, inof a yard, inany geographic region of North America.any geographic region of North America.

Benefits:Benefits:

Saves WaterSaves WaterFor most of North America, over 50%, of residential water used is applied to landscape and lawns. Xeriscape can reduce landscFor most of North America, over 50%, of residential water used is applied to landscape and lawns. Xeriscape can reduce landscapeape water use bywater use by5050--75%.75%.

Less MaintenanceLess Maintenance

Aside from occasional pruning and weeding, maintenance is minimal. Watering requirements are low, and can be met with simpleAside from occasional pruning and weeding, maintenance is minimal. Watering requirements are low, and can be met with simple irrirrigationigationsystems.systems.

No Fertilizers or Pesticides

No Fertilizers or PesticidesUsing plants native to your area will eliminate the need for chemical supplements. Sufficient nutrients are provided by healtUsing plants native to your area will eliminate the need for chemical supplements. Sufficient nutrients are provided by healthyhy organic soil.organic soil.

Pollution FreePollution FreeFossil fuel consumption from gas mowers is minimized or eliminated with minimal turf areas. Small turf areas can be maintaineFossil fuel consumption from gas mowers is minimized or eliminated with minimal turf areas. Small turf areas can be maintained wd with a reelith a reelmower.mower.

Provides WildlifeHabitatProvides WildlifeHabitat

Use of native plants, shrubs and trees offer a familiar and varied habitat for local wildlife.Use of native plants, shrubs and trees offer a familiar and varied habitat for local wildlife.


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The Seven Principals ofXeriscapingThe Seven Principals ofXeriscaping

Planning and DesignPlanning and Design The fundamental element of Xeriscape design is water conservation. Orient the plot by marking down north, south, east and wesThe fundamental element of Xeriscape design is water conservation. Orient the plot by marking down north, south, east and west.t. Include anyInclude anylimiting features such as trees, fences, walkways or structures. Note areas of sun and shade, which will help you establish zlimiting features such as trees, fences, walkways or structures. Note areas of sun and shade, which will help you establish zoneones of differing water needs. Youll want tos of differing water needs. Youll want togroup plants with similar watering needs for most efficient water use.group plants with similar watering needs for most efficient water use.

Study the natural contours and drainage patterns of the land. These contours can be easily developed into terraces, which addStudy the natural contours and drainage patterns of the land. These contours can be easily developed into terraces, which add vvisual interest and help reduce soil loss andisual interest and help reduce soil loss anderosion due to rain or irrigation. Terraces can be as little as 3 and still offer visual appeal; terraces over 12 will requerosion due to rain or irrigation. Terraces can be as little as 3 and still offer visual appeal; terraces over 12 will requireire considerable support. Consider the planned use ofconsiderable support. Consider the planned use ofeach area within the plot. Areas for seating, walkways, visual barriers, dining, or play should be defined andincorporated ineach area within the plot. Areas for seating, walkways, visual barriers, dining, or play should be defined andincorporated intoto your plan.your plan.

Areas to be left as turf should be designed to be easily mowed. Curved swaths are usually better than straight runs with sharAreas to be left as turf should be designed to be easily mowed. Curved swaths are usually better than straight runs with sharpp turns. Narrow swaths can be difficult to waterturns. Narrow swaths can be difficult to waterwith conventional sprinklers.with conventional sprinklers.

Larger plantings, such as shrubs and trees, can be positioned to provide natural heating and cooling opportunities for adjaceLarger plantings, such as shrubs and trees, can be positioned to provide natural heating and cooling opportunities for adjacentnt buildings.buildings.

Soil ImprovementSoil Improvement The ideal soil in a waterThe ideal soil in a water--conserving landscape does two things simultaneously: it drains quickly and stores water at the same ticonserving landscape does two things simultaneously: it drains quickly and stores water at the same time. This is achieved byme. This is achieved byincreasing the amount of organic material in your soil and keeping it well aerated. Compost is the ideal organic additive, unincreasing the amount of organic material in your soil and keeping it well aerated. Compost is the ideal organic additive, unlesless your Xeriscape contains many succulents ands your Xeriscape contains many succulents andcacti. These species prefer lean soil. It would be beneficial to test your soil prior to planting.cacti. These species prefer lean soil. It would be beneficial to test your soil prior to planting.

Create Limited Turf AreasCreate Limited Turf Areas Reduce the size of turf areas as much as possible, while retaining some turf for open space, functionality and visual appeal.Reduce the size of turf areas as much as possible, while retaining some turf for open space, functionality and visual appeal. WhWhen plantingen plantingnew turf or reseeding existing lawns, ask at your garden center for water saving species adapted to your area.new turf or reseeding existing lawns, ask at your garden center for water saving species adapted to your area.

Use Appropriate PlantsUse Appropriate Plants For best results, select plants that are native to your region. Select plants for their ultimate size, this will reduce pruniFor best results, select plants that are native to your region. Select plants for their ultimate size, this will reduce pruningng maintenance. Alongmaintenance. Alongnorth and eastnorth and east--facing slopes and walls, choose plants that like more moisture. Most importantly, don't mix plants with highfacing slopes and walls, choose plants that like more moisture. Most importantly, don't mix plants with highandand lowlow--watering needs in the same plantingwatering needs in the same plantingarea. Trees help to reduce evaporation by blocking wind and shading the soil.area. Trees help to reduce evaporation by blocking wind and shading the soil.

MulchMulch Cover the soils surface around plants with a mulch, such as leaves, coarse compost, pine needles, wood chips, bark or gravelCover the soils surface around plants with a mulch, such as leaves, coarse compost, pine needles, wood chips, bark or gravel. M. Mulch helps retain soil moisture andulch helps retain soil moisture andtemperature, prevent erosion and block out competing weeds. Organic mulch will slowly incorporate with the soil, and will neetemperature, prevent erosion and block out competing weeds. Organic mulch will slowly incorporate with the soil, and will need md more applied, or topore applied, or top--dressed, from timedressed, from timeto time. To be effective, mulch needs to be several inches thick. There should be no areas of bare soil.to time. To be effective, mulch needs to be several inches thick. There should be no areas of bare soil.

IrrigateIrrigate Water conservation is the goal, so avoid over watering. Soaker hoses and dripWater conservation is the goal, so avoid over watering. Soaker hoses and drip--irrigation systems offer the easiest and most effirrigation systems offer the easiest and most efficient watering for xeriscapesicient watering for xeriscapesbecause they deliver water directly to the base of the plant, this reduces moisture loss from evaporation. They also deliverbecause they deliver water directly to the base of the plant, this reduces moisture loss from evaporation. They also deliver thethe water at a slow rate which encourages rootwater at a slow rate which encourages rootabsorption and reduces pooling and erosion. In general, its best to water deeply and less frequently.absorption and reduces pooling and erosion. In general, its best to water deeply and less frequently.

Maintain Your LandscapeMaintain Your Landscape LowLow--maintenance is one of the benefits of Xeriscape. Keeping the weeds from growing up through the mulch may require some attentmaintenance is one of the benefits of Xeriscape. Keeping the weeds from growing up through the mulch may require some attention.ion.Thickening the layer of mulch will help. Turf areas should not be cut too shortThickening the layer of mulch will help. Turf areas should not be cut too short taller grass is a natural mulch which shades thtaller grass is a natural mulch which shades the roots and helps retain moisture. Avoid overe roots and helps retain moisture. Avoid overfertilizing.fertilizing.


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Here are some popular Xeriscape plantings; this list is by no means complete.Here are some popular Xeriscape plantings; this list is by no means complete.

Consult with your local garden center for recommended local (native) varieties.Consult with your local garden center for recommended local (native) varieties.

Shrubs and Trees

Shrubs

Artemisia

Witch HazelHeatherSnowberryBayberrySassafrasJapanese Black PineWashington HawthorneSpireaMountain Currant

Fragrant SumacMock OrangeSpice BushTrees

DogwoodFigWhite PoplarMapleEucalyptus

JuniperChinaberryCypressOsage Orange

Flowers

Perennials

Asters

Babys BreathButterfly BushBlue Beard TonguePansyIrisLambs EarsCoreopsisGayfeatherLavender

StaticeSweet WilliamYarrowYuccaYellow Black-Eyed SusanSagesPurple Cone FlowerAnnuals

Cosmos

MarigoldRed Plume BlanketPhloxPortulacca Sundia

Ornamental Grasses

Cool-Season grasses grow best at 59 to 75F. New growthstarts as soon as the temperature rises above freezing in

spring, in temperate climate zones. Growth slows andflowers bloom by early summer.Warm-Season grasses prefer temperatures ranging from 78to 95F. New growth begins after the soil warms up to 61F.Growth slows and flowers start to bloom by mid-summer,and continue through fall.

Tips for Growing Ornamental Grasses

Sunny Spot Most grasses prefer a sunny area, especially the

more brightly colored varieties.Water New Plantings Drought resistant grasses stillrequire watering while getting established.Space GenerouslyWhen planting, allow room betweenclumps for movement.Trim Clump grasses can be cut back with shears

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