Water Corruption 1 Stefanie Kaiser, seecon international gmbh.

Water Corruption

Water Corruption

1

Stefanie Kaiser, seecon international gmbh

Water Corruption

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Water Corruption


Contents

1. Introduction

2. What is Corruption?

3. Water & Corruption: A Destructive Partnership

4. Who Is Involved in Water Corruption?

5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity

6. References

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Water Corruption


Why is Corruption in the Water Sector an Issue?

4

1. Introduction

Source: UNDP (2011)

Corruption???

Water corruption is a cause and catalyst for the water crisis.

Water Corruption


Why is Water Corruption an Issue?

5

1. Introduction

Water resources management

Drinking water

Sanitation services

Irrigation

Hydropower

Water corruption affects all aspects and many stakeholders of the water sector:

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2008)

Water Corruption


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Source: QUINO (n.y.) -->

Water Corruption


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Source: QUINO (n.y.)

Water Corruption


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Source: RODRIGO (2009)

“Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”.TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2009)

Water Corruption


Definition

Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability KLITGAART

(1988)

Corruption can entail acts of:

• Omission or commission

• Legal or illegal activities

• Internally in the organisation (e.g. embezzlement) or externally (e.g. extortion)

Corruption leads to inefficiency, injustice and inequity.

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Adapted from KLITGAART et al. (1996)

Water Corruption


Water corruption catalyses the worldwide water sector crisis:

• Removes investment

• Diverts finance from the maintenance of infrastructure

• Charges escalated costs and bribes for drinking water from the poor.

• Discourages the society in believing in a well functioning water sector. Adapted from PLUMMER (2008)

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3. Water and Corruption: A Destructive Partnership

Water corruption

Water crisis

cause catalyst

Source: http://ethanolfamine.com/water.jpg [Accessed: 06.11.2012]

Water Corruption


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3. Water and Corruption: A Destructive Partnership

Water crisis is a crisis of governance:

Water corruption

Water crisis

cause catalyst

Source: http://ethanolfamine.com/water.jpg [Accessed: 06.11.2012]

• Misuse of power & authority

• Institutional dysfunction

• Poor financial managementPLUMMER (2000); WIN (2011)

• Low accountability

• Low transparency

• Low participation

Water Corruption


• Increased pollution

• Depleted groundwater

• Increased salinity

• Increased deforestation and desertification PLUMMER (2008)

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3. Water and Corruption: A Destructive PartnershipThe Impact of Corrupt Practices Can Also Be

Environmental

Water Corruption


It’s not only the politicians!

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4. Who is Involved in Water Corruption?

Corrupt politicians. Source: UNKNOWN (n.y.)

• International actors (donor representatives and companies)• Construction companies• Consultancy firms and suppliers• Large and small operators • A range of middlemen

• Consumers• Civil Society Organisations• National/ regional/ local politicians• Civil servants and utility staff• Enforcement BodiesAdapted from PLUMMER & CROSS (2006)

It includes a wide range of stakeholders:

Water Corruption


..

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5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water IntegrityHow to Fight Against Water Corruption? An Overview

• Identifying corruption risks

• Anti-corruption laws and institutions

• Improve transparency and access to information

• Strengthening accountabilityWATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)

The fight against water corruption is crucial for development in the water and sanitation sector.

Water Corruption


15


Identifying Corruption Risks

The water sector needs to be better informed on

corruption risks:

• By assessing potential corruption risks.

• Link identified corruption risks to actions against

corruption.WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)

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Anti-Corruption Laws and Institutions

• Anti-corruption laws, i.e. legal definitions of criminal

offences, authorities which investigate infractions and

enforce laws when they are violated.

• International conventions as advocacy tools (e.g. UN

Convention Against Corruption)

• Institutional reforms (e.g. decentralisation, stakeholder

participation, private sector participation, a new goal for the

organisation)

• Strengthening accountability through anti-corruption

agencies, ombudsmen, public auditors, judiciaries, the

media and NGOsWATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)

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5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water IntegrityTools to Improve Transparency and Access to

Information

• Public meetings with stakeholders and citizens (including a

facilitator, e.g. a NGO)

• “Access-to-information”-laws

• Community participation methodologies (e.g. participatory

appraisal, community mapping)

• Raising citizens’ voice by cooperation with local action

groups.

• Participatory budgeting

• Complaints and ombudsman’s offices

• Monitored procurement

Promoting access to information is a key tool for

strengthening transparency. WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)

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5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water IntegritySome Simple Actions to Improve Water Integrity

• Keep technologies and designs as simple, practical

and relevant as possible.

• Plan water service with the community, involving

leaders, rich and poor, men as well as women.

• Simplify information, plans, designs, reports and

accounts so that they are understandable by all

stakeholders. WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)

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Strategies for Strengthening Accountability

• Working on parallel fronts to influence policies and

laws, their implementation and monitoring, support of action

groups, community participation, research and tools, etc.

• Preventive and positive approaches to ensure that

individuals and institutions are willing to improve

accountability.

• Collaboration and partnerships: always work with a

number and mix of actors from the government, the public

and private sector, as well as formal and informal groups.

• Awareness raising and capacity building of institutions

and their personnel.

• Clarifying responsibilities in private and governmental

sector.WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)

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Time to wake up. Source: http://www.wsp.org/about/Cartoon%20Calendars/2006%20Calendar [Accessed: 16.01.2013]

Water Corruption


ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU, MAHARASHTRA (n.y.): Flyer Don‘t Give, Don‘t Take. URL: http://agarwalad.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/anti_corruption_poster.257140335_large.jpg [Accessed: 21.11.2012]

KLITGAART, R. (1988): Controlling Corruption. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

KLITGAART, R.; MACLEAN-ABAROA, R.; PARRIS, H.L. (1996): A Practical Approach to Dealing With Municipal Malfeasance. Urban Management Programme. Marrakech: UNDP/UNCHS/WORLD BANK. URL: http://www.bezkorupce.cz/documents/studie/klitgaard-parris-strategie-pro-mesta.pdf [Accessed: 22.11.2012].

PLUMMER, J. (2008): Water and corruption: a destructive partnership. In: TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (Editor) (2008): Global Corruption Report 2008. Corruption in the Water Sector. New York. URL: http://www.transparency.org/content/download/32994/505946 [Accessed: 07.01.2010].

PLUMMER, J.; CROSS, P. (Editor) (2006): Tackling Corruption in the Water and Sanitation Sector in Africa. Starting the Dialogue. In: Campos, E. ; Pradhan, S. (Editor) (2007): The Many Faces of Corruption. Tracking Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level. Washington D.C.

RODRIGO (2009). Corruption. URL: http://www.toonpool.com/user/1631/files/corruption_664345.jpg [Accessed: 02.11.2012].

QUINO (n.y.). Corruption. URL: http://razzmatazz.mgis.in/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/corruption.jpg [Accessed: 22.11.2012].

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (Editor) (2008): Global Corruption Report 2008. Corruption in the Water Sector. New York: Cambridge University Press. URL: http://www.transparency.org/content/download/32994/505946 [Accessed: 07.01.2010].

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References

Water Corruption


TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2009): The Anti-Corruption Plain Laguage Guide. Berlin: Transparency International. URL: http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/pub/the_anti_corruption_plain_language_guide [Accessed: 16.01.2013]

UNDP (2011): Fighting Corruption in the Water Sector: Methods, Tools and Good Practices. New York: United Nations Development Programme. URL: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/anti-corruption/fighting_corruptioninthewatersector.html [Accessed: 08.01.2013].

UNKNOWN (n.y.): Corrupt politicians. URL: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W7kKcXQGgYc/Tuty-2inekI/AAAAAAAACC8/5hqqq242hc0/s1600/Corrupt+Politicians.jpg [Accessed: 21.11.2012]

WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY; WATER INTEGRITY NETWORK; WATERNET; CAP-NET (n.y.): Training Manual on Water Integrity. New York: United Nations Development Programme. URL: http://www.watergovernance.org/sa/node.asp?node=1095 [Accessed: 08.01.2013].

WIN (2011): TAP risk map of water supply. Assessing Transparency, Accountability and Participation (TAP) in the relationships of stakeholders in local water supply. Berlin: Water Integrity Network. URL: http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images/stories/WIN_Library/Tool_Sheets/Tool_Sheet_TAPrisk.pdf [Accessed: 16.01.2013]

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References

Water Corruption 23

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