Water Cycle, Groundwater,

Water Pollution

Hydrologic Cycle

http://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htm

Distribution/Cycle Animation

Water Cycle

• 86% of evaporation from sea surface• 14% of atmospheric moisture from

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

• 78% of precipitation on sea surface• 22% of water precipitated falls on land

http://meted.com/mesoprim/mpradfog/print.htm

Water Cycle

Water Cycle

• Less that 3% of Earth’s water is on land• Over ¾ of that is in glacial ice• Most of the rest is stored as groundwater

– (some groundwater is saline)

Water Distribution

Groundwater

• Precipitation infiltrates Earth’s surface• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water• Drinking water source for half of U.S.

Water sources in Oregon

http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/dwp/dwp.htm

Groundwater

Surface water

Groundwater

• Contributes to stream flow• ‘Universal solvent’• Dissolves some rock types

– Limestone (CaCO3)– Salts (NaCl, KCl)– Gypsum (CaSO4)

Groundwater Source

• First becomes ‘soil moisture’– Plants use it– Some evaporates directly– Some sinks down

• Infiltration• ‘Groundwater’ is stored

Groundwater Terms

• Zone of saturation• Water table• Zone of aeration

Groundwater terms diagram

Groundwater Storage

• Porosity of rock– Spaces between sand grains– Cracks in crystalline rock– Dissolved cavities

• Permeability– Allows water to move– Interconnection of pore spaces

• Stored in AQUIFER– Porous and permeable rock

• Trapped by AQUITARD– Impermeable rock– Clay, shale

Groundwater Storage

Groundwater Movement

• Very slowly—– Small openings– High surface tension

• Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient– Hydraulic head

Groundwater movement diagram

Springs

• Where water table intersects ground surface

Photo of cliff springs

Carlsbad Caverns

Arecibo, Puerto Rico: Radio Telescope in Sinkhole

Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri

Karst towering buttes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshuo

Thailand Karst Towers

http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Gillespie.htm

Hot Springs

• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)• Temperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic water

Geysers

• Special type of hot spring• Pressure of water column suppresses

boiling• Heat added eventually overcomes

pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure

release on rising

Old Faithful photoOld Faithfulwebcam link

http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm

Geyser Eruption

Geyser eruption stages

Wells

Wells after drawdown

Artesian wells

Ogallala supported agriculture

Ogallala Aquifer

• Exploited in Great Plains agriculture

• Water table dropped

• Recharge rate low

San Joaquin Valley subsidence

Not able torecover dueto aquifercompaction

Water Drop

http://www.wested.org/pblnet/exp_projects/H2O.html

Contaminated Groundwater

Groundwater purification

Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination

Landfill leachate contamination

Drinking Water Standards

Parts per Million

• ppm• Change

1,000,000 mg to litersmg 1,000,000

mg 1

L 1mL 1,000

L 1g 1

mL 1mg 1,000

g 1mg 1,000,000 =×××

L 1mg 1

ppm 1 =

Sewage treatment

Primary sewage treatment

Secondary sewage treatment

Natural substances in water

Impurities in Runoff

• Atmosphere• Dissolved substances• Silt, etc.• Radon

Organic byproducts in water

Contamination of Water• Micro-organisms• Decay products• Plant nutrients• Petroleum compounds• Acid• Industry• Mining

Drinking water standards

Pollution Sources

Raw Sewage discharge

http://www.nwri.ca/sande/nov_dec_2002-e.html

Plant nutrient pollution

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htm

Agricultural Runoff

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htm

Oil pollution

http://www.intertanko.com/tankerfacts/sizes/pollution.htm

Mine leachate

http://www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/hscs/contam/

Water Pollution

http://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.html

Water Pollution Prevention

http://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.html

Drinking water standards