Water-Energy-Carbon Nexus in Cities: Cases from Bangkok, New Delhi, Tokyo

Presentation: Dr. Sangam Shrestha Water Engineering and Management Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

Collaborators: Dr. Shobhakar Dhakal, AIT Dr. Sangam Shrestha, AIT Mr. Ashish Shrestha, AIT Prof. Shinji Kaneko, Hiroshima University Prof. Arun Kansal, TERI

Workshop on “Water Energy Food Nexus: International Cooperation and Technology Transfer” 18 March, 2015

Paris

Outline

• Introduction

• Water, Energy, Carbon Nexus in Cities

• Case studies – Key Findings

• Conclusions (preliminary)

0

3000

6000

9000

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110

World GEA-H urb World GEA-H rur World GEA-M urb World GEA_M rur

World GEA-L urb World GEA_L rur World UN urb World UN rur

World HIST urb World HIST rur

Urban and Rural Population (Millions) (GEA-H, GEA-M, GEA-L and UN WUP, 2010)

UN (2010); Global Energy Assessment

Rural

Urban

2010: Urban 3.5 bn @50%

2100: Urban population: (6.7 – 8.4) bn rural population: (1.0 – 2.8) bn

2050: Urban population: 6.3 (5.9-6.4) bn

2020: Rural peaks at about 3.5 bn and declines thereafter

2.8 bn urban pop

Total population (urban, %), UN 1950: 2.5 bn (0.7 bn, 28%) 2010: 6.9 bn (3.5 bn, 50%) 2030: 8.3 bn (4.9 bn, 58%) 2050: 9.1 bn (6.3 bn, 69%)

1.8 bn

0.7 bn 2.8 bn urban pop

1. Energy use in water sector is growing to meet increasing water demand

2. Water use in energy production is also growing

3. This nexus contribute to the emission of GHGs

WEC Nexus

Why WEC nexus is important in Cities? • WEC nexus directly influences three key contemporary

policy issues i.e. water security, energy security and climate change mitigation. Usually decision makers are acting on them separately but an integrated knowledge as well as considerations is immensely useful.

• Past research and our understanding on drivers, processes and implications of this nexus is limited for cities.

• Improving this nexus in cities will greatly aid sustainability efforts by city governments.

Urban Water & Energy System

Case Studies

• Cover total area of 7,761.50 km² • Population: 10.5 million • Management: Municipal Waterworks Authority (MWA) and

Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) • Piped systems established in 1909.

• Cover total area of total area of 621.81 km2 • Population: 13 million • Management: Bureau of Waterworks and Bureau of Sewerage -

Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

• Cover total area of total area of 1,486 km2 • Population: 16.7 million • Management: Delhi Water Board

Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Tokyo

National Capital Territory, Delhi

Case Studies – Key Findings

Bangkok Delhi Tokyo

• Source: Surface Water from Chao Phraya river and Mae Klong river.

• Ground water extraction is prohibited since 1983.

• Energy Intensity for water abstraction = 0.009 kWh/m3

• Source of water: Surface Water from Yamuna and Ganga River; & Ground water.

• Energy Intensity for water abstraction = 0.3 kWh/m3

• Source : Surface Water from Edogawa, Tonegawa, Tamagawa, Sagamigawa rivers.

• Small portion from confined groundwater aquifers.

• Energy Intensity for water abstraction = 0.19 kWh/m3

Abstraction Conveyance Treatment Distribution End Use Recycle/ Disposal Treatment Collection

In Delhi EI is high due to excessive abstraction of Groundwater

Case Studies – Key Findings Water sources and production capacities in BMR

River networks

Water Treatment Plants

(Source: MWA, 2012)

Water Treatment Plant

Production capacity/day

(Million cu.m.)

Water Production/ day (Million cu.m.)

Bangkhen WTP 3.600 3.084 Samsen WTP 0.550 0.453 Thonburi WTP 0.170 0.067 Mahasawat WTP 1.200 1.097

* MWA serving three provinces

Case Studies – Key Findings Existing water sources in New Delhi

Water resources Delhi Total amount (MGD)

Yamuna Water 339 MGD

Ganga Water 240 MGD

Bhakra Beas Management Board

water 150 MGD

Ground water 100 MGD

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy consumption for groundwater extraction

Ground water

Units Avg. daily withdrawal (m3/d)

Avg. Depth (m)

Energy estimated (MWh/d)

Delhi

Private 559518 2797590 25 971.3

DJB 2488 378500 20 113.9 Gurgaon

Borewell and

Tubewell

50243

2521150

25 872.2 Noida

Borewell and

Tubewell

45000

2250000

25 781.25

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy consumption for water abstraction in Tokyo

Water Supply Facility Energy Intensity (kWh/m3)

Kanamachi 0.148 Misato 0.162 Asaka 0.303 Misono 0.2 Higashi-Murayama Ozaku 0.182 Sakai Kinuta 0.321 Kinuta-shimo 0.304 Nagasawa Suginami 0.162

Case Studies – Key Findings

• 4 WTPs: Bangkhen, Samsen, Thonburi & Mahasawat

• Energy Footprint = 0.047 kWh/m3

• 11 WTPs: Kanamachi, Misato, Asaka, Misono, Higashi-Murayama, Ozaku, Sakai, Kinuta, Kinuta-shimo, Nagasawa, Suginami.

• Energy Footprint = 0.29 kWh/m3

• 10 WTPs: Wazirabad (I, II & III), Hayderpur, Sonia Vihar, Bhagirathi (North Shahdara), Nangloi, Chandrawal (I & II), Bawana

• Energy Footprint = 0.17 kWh/m3

Abstraction Conveyance Treatment Distribution End Use Recycle/ Disposal Treatment Collection

Tokyo Energy Intensity is high as it conveys water over larger distance and treatment standards are higher and technologies are energy intensive.

Bangkok Delhi Tokyo

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy Footprints in Water Sector in Bangkok

Elements 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Raw Water Intake

Water Productio

n (MCM/y)

1,689 1,796 1,891 1,976 1,985 1,944 1,922 1,952 Water Treatment 1,569 1,661 1,755 1,828 1,855 1,820 1,786 1,781 Water Transmission 1,023 1,096 1,183 1,280 1,289 1,239 1,221 1,230 Water Distribution 1,538 1,628 1,700 1,739 1,766 1,736 1,736 1,716 Raw Water Intake

Energy Intensity (kWh/m3

)

0.0109 0.0118 0.0110 0.0093 0.0095 0.0102 0.0086 0.0062 Water Treatment 0.0485 0.0474 0.0483 0.0494 0.0495 0.0484 0.0412 0.0423 Water Transmission 0.1020 0.0991 0.1003 0.1000 0.0998 0.0991 0.0804 0.0884 Water Distribution 0.0809 0.0802 0.0809 0.0795 0.0818 0.0832 0.0811 0.0812

Water production & energy utilization by water supply sector

MWA

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy consumption by public water utilities in treatment

Name Capacity (MGD)

Estimated Energy consumption (MWh/d)

Wazirabad (I, II & III) 120 78.77 Hayderpur 200 131.28 Sonia Vihar 140 88.39 Bhagirathi (North Shahdara)

100 60.14

Nangloi 40 20.25 Chandrawal (I & II) 90 60.82 Bawana 20 8.62 TOTAL 710 448.30

Energy consume by different WTPs in Delhi.

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy Footprints in Water Treatment in Tokyo

Average energy footprints in kWh/m3 from 2008 to 2012 in 11 WTPs

Water Supply Facility Energy Intensity (kWh/m3)

Kanamachi 0.293 Misato 0.362 Asaka 0.449 Misono 0.344 Higashi-Murayama 0.029 Ozaku 0.199 Sakai 0.087 Kinuta 0.463 Kinuta-shimo 0.625 Nagasawa 0.016 Suginami 0.344

Case Studies – Key Findings

Bangkok Delhi Tokyo

• Piped Network • Energy Footprint =

0.081 kWh/m3

• Piped networks + Tankers • 5741 Gallons of water is

distributed everyday by private tankers.

• Energy Footprint = 526.3 MWh/d for Tankers

• Energy Footprint = 0.5 kWh/m3 for Piped networks

• Piped networks • Energy Footprint =

0.13 kWh/m3

Abstraction Conveyance Treatment Distribution End Use Recycle/ Disposal Treatment Collection

24 %

50 %

8 %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NRW %

Non Revenue Water Losses in three cities

• Bangkok and Tokyo have efficient network system for water distribution

• Coverage within Delhi is less and tankers supply water to different parts of cities. Water loss is higher in Delhi

Case Studies – Key Findings Use of tankers for water distribution

Zones Summer months Rest of the year No. of tankers used per week

Avg. capacity of the tankers (gallons)

No. of tankers used per week

Avg. capacity of the tankers (gallons)

Central NA NA NA NA

City & Sp 120 4500 120 4500

Civil lines 3620 trips 3000-10000 lit. 1045 6000-10000 lit

Karol Bagh 1000 trips 850 350 850

Mehrauli 91 1500 42 1500

Najafgarh NA NA NA NA

Rohini 1791 1350 714 1350

RWS-N 721 8667 221 2657

Shah/N 2100 5000 1000 5000

Shah/S 1700 1000 1150 1000

South 1365 trips 1320 450 1320

West 860 6000 660 6000

Case Studies – Key Findings

Bangkok Delhi Tokyo

Abstraction Conveyance Treatment Distribution End Use Recycle/ Disposal Treatment Collection

• 7 WWTPs: Si Phraya, Rattanakosin, Dindaeng, Chong Nonsi, Nong Khaem, Thung Khru, Chatuchak

• Energy Footprint = 0.09 to 0.2 kWh/m3

• 12 WWTPs: Rithala, Coronation Pillar, Okhla, Kondali, Pappankalan, Najafgarh, Yamuna Vihar, Vasant Kunj, Sen Nursing Home, Delhi Gate, Nilothi

• Energy Footprint = 0.11 kWh/m3

• 13 WWTPs: Shibaura, Mikawashima, Sunamachi, Ariake, Nakagawa, Kosuge, Kasai, Ochiai, Nakano, Miyagi, Shingashi, Ukima, Morigasaki

• Energy Footprint = 0.19 to 1.1 kWh/m3

Bangkok has higher footprint as massive pumps are used for collection of waste water

• Tokyo has highest footprint as water are treated to higher quality

• Resource and energy are recovered in some treatment facilities of Tokyo

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy consumption in wastewater management in Delhi

Name of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

Installed capacity (MGD) Electrical energy (MWh/d)

Rithala Phase-I (40) 8.7 Phase-II (40) 31.0

Coronation Pillar Phase-I&II (20) 1.2 Phase-III (10) 1.1

Okhla Phase-I (12), II (30), III (37), IV (45), V (16) 39.9

Kondali Phase-I (20) 4.6 Phase-II (25) 11.9 Phase-III (10) 11.9

Pappankalan 20 4.0 Najafgarh 5 7.8

Yamuna Vihar Phase-I (10) 2.1 Phase-II (10) 8.5

Vasant Kunj Phase-I (2.2) 3.1 Phase-II (5) 4.0

Sen Nursing Home 2.2 3.5 Delhi Gate 2.2 3.4

Nilothi 40 4.8 TOTAL 164.3

Case Studies – Key Findings Energy Footprints in Water and Waste Water Sectors

Average energy footprints from WWTPs in Tokyo

Case Studies – Key Findings

Bangkok

Energy Footprints in Water and Wastewater sectors

Delhi Tokyo

Water: 0.21 – 0.25 kwh/m3 Wastewater: 0.09 – 0.2 kwh/m3

Water: 0.9 kwh/m3

(526.3 MWh/d from tankers water supply) Wastewater: 0.11 kwh/m3

Water: 0.23 – 0.60 kwh/m3 Wastewater: 0.15 – 0.24 kwh/m3

Case Studies – Key Findings Comparative Energy use in Water Supply Sectors

Bangkok

Abstraction &

Conveyance

35%

Treatment 45%

Distribution

20%

Tokyo

Abstraction &

Conveyance 45%

Treatment 20%

Distribution 35%

Conclusion

• Energy footprint of urban water cycle depends on characteristics of urban water cycle including nature of water sources, distances, nature/extent of infrastructure, choice of technologies, losses and management practices.

• Better understanding of drivers and quantification of energy/carbon footprint assist for policies since energy security, climate change mitigation and water security are three key contemporary policy agenda and must be integrated and optimized locally.

• We hope to provide a comprehensive report and understanding three cities in comparative fashion by the end of this year.

Thank you!!

http://wec-nexus.ait.asia/

Case Studies – Key Findings Key Policies

• 1967- MWA was established and in 1978- PWA. • Several acts for pollution regulation: Conservation of Public

Water Supply Canals Act of 1913 (amended in 1983). • Water quality management: Factories Act (1992), Hazardous

Substances Act (1992) and Public Health Act (1992, amended in 2007).

• Groundwater Act of 1977 (amended in 1992 and 2003) regulates abstraction of groundwater.

• Prohibition of ground water extraction from 2003. • Policies to increase capacities, connections and reduce NRW. • Policies & measures to optimize energy use in water sectors.

Case Studies – Key Findings Key Policies

• Ministry of Environment coordinates action plans on environment and water.

• Delhi Water Board Act, 1998 establish Board to discharge the functions of water supply & sewage disposal.

• Reduction in water losses by constructing lined canals. • Rehabilitation/upgrading of old infrastructures & technologies. • Increase sewerage coverage (from current 55%) & capacity

utilization to increase energy efficiency.

Case Studies – Key Findings Key Policies

• Formulation of ISO has led Japan Water Works Association (JWWA) to formulate the “Waterworks Guideline”

• Bureau of Waterworks conduct performance assessment which also address total power consumption in water treatment, “Tokyo Waterworks Management Plan 2013” was prepared for water supply management.

• TMG aims to reduce GHG emitted by the sewerage industry by 25% or more by 2020 and 18% or more by 2014, based on 2000 levels.

• Early discovery of water leakage & prompt maintenance. • Promoting efficiency of pumping systems & upgrading existing facilities to

conserve energy. • Utilization of sludge as the resources by reusing its chemical energy. • Plan to use of sludge gasification incinerators and reuse heat generated from

the sludge incineration for air conditioning and Ash materials as the byproduct for producing construction materials.

• Heat generated (about 120,000 GJ per year) by gas produced from sludge gasification is the equivalent to the amount of city gas used by 8,500 households during an entire year.

Understanding driving forces Urbanization

In 2012, Asia’s urban population was 44 percent which is expected to reach 64 percent at the middle of the century (UN, 2012). For developing world, it is expected that by 2030, 56 % of their population will live in cities. Tokyo -1st Largest City: 1955 (13.71 mil.), 2010 (36.83 mil.), 2020 (38.32 mil.), 2030 (37.19 mil) Delhi – 2nd Largest City: 2010 (21.94 mil.), 2020 (29.35 mil.), 2030 (36.06 mil.)

Case Studies – Key Findings Water sources in New Delhi

Hathnikund barrage Western Yamuna Canal, 113 km, 100MGD

Bhakra-Nangal storage/Sutlej river, 230 km, 140 MGD

Nangloi waterworks

Bawana waterworks

Dwarka waterworks

Haiderpur waterworks I

Najafgarh drain

Supplementary drain

Eastern Yamuna Canal, 25 km, 240 MGD

Chandrawal waterworks, 3 km

Wazirabad waterworks, 3 km

Bhagirathi waterworks

Sonia vihar waterworks

Shahdara Drain

Okhla Agra Canal

Hindon Cut

228km

231km Haiderpur waterworks II

20 km

25 km

112.4 km

Wazirabad barrage (210 MGD)

Data Sources: DHI, 2010; http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/uiww

/PPT_4th_Meeting/DJB_Water_PPT.pdf

Thermal Power Plant

Tehri Dam/Upper Ganga Canal, 226 km, 240 MGD

Case Studies – Key Findings Significant Land Use Change in New Delhi

1977

2006

Case Studies – Key Findings Treatment Technologies

Water Treatment Technologies

Supply Systems

Waste Water Treatment

Technologies

Water & Sludge Reuse

Energy & Carbon Implications

Bangkok

Rapid/Slow sand filtration, Advanced water treatment

Piped networks

Activated Sludge System

No reuse High, Carbon footprints

New Delhi

Rapid/Slow sand filtration, Membrane filtration in new systems, RO & UV filters are used in end-use side

Piped networks + Tankers

Activated Sludge, New system include Membrane bio reactor

Small portion of water is reused for gardening

High energy, carbon footprints due to use of fossil fuels

Tokyo Rapid/Slow sand filtration, Partially Advanced water treatment, Membrane filtration

Piped networks

Activated Sludge System, semi advanced, advanced wastewater process

Use of reclaimed water and recovery of energy from waste water byproducts

High energy, carbon footprints Comparatively best management practices.