Water Hybrid Engine 0.1 By Arpit Jayaswal

Water Hybrid Engine 0.1 1

An engine converts the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical work by rotating a shaft

(crank shaft) via a piston and connecting rod. In older times a lot of motorcycle engines were

based on the 2 Stroke technologies. But due to recent Pollution norms and the maintenance

cost and low average of 2 stroke engines have led to the switch over to new age 4 Stroke

engines making motorcycles highly efficient and green.

Many people claimed the invention of the internal combustion engine in the 1860's, but only

one has the patent on the four stroke operating sequence. In 1867, Nikolaus August Otto, a

German engineer, developed the four-stroke "Otto" cycle, which is widely used in

transportation even today.

1.1 Four Stroke Engine.

The four stroke engine is probably the most common engine type now a day. It powers

almost all cars and trucks. Four stoke engine is internal combustion engine. An internal

combustion engine is any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine. In

contrast an external combustion engine burns its fuel outside the engine like in steam engine.

In 4 stroke engine an explosive mixture is drawn into the cylinder on the first stroke and is

compressed and ignited on the second stroke; work is done on the third stroke and the

products of combustion are exhausted on the fourth stroke.

Figure 1.1 Cross sectional view of 4 stroke engine.

Chapter: 1

INTRODUCTION


1.1.1 Mechanism of Four Stroke Engine.

There are four movements, or strokes, of the piston before the entire engine firing sequence is

repeated. The four strokes are described below.

Intake stroke

Combustion stroke

Power stroke

Exhaust stroke

1.1.1.1 Intake stroke:

The engine cycle begins with the intake stroke as the piston is pulled towards the crankshaft.

During the intake stroke draws a fresh charge of vaporized fuel/air mixture. Piston moves

from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC) completing one stroke. A poppet

intake valve can serve the purpose, it is drawn open by the vacuum produced by the intake

stroke. Some early engines worked this way; however, most modern engines incorporate an

extra cam/lifter arrangement exhaust valve is held shut by a spring.

1.1.1.2 Compression stroke:

With both valves closed, the combination of the cylinder and combustion chamber form a

completely closed vessel containing the fuel/air mixture. As the piston is pushed away from

shaft toward top dead center (TDC), the volume is reduced and the fuel/air mixture is

compressed during the compression stroke. During the compression, no heat is transferred to

the fuel/air mixture. As the volume is decreased because of the piston's motion, the pressure

in the gas is increased, as described by the laws of thermodynamics. To produce the increased

pressure, we have to do work on the mixture, just as you have to do work to inflate a bicycle

tire using a pump. During the compression stroke, the electrical contact is kept opened. When

the volume is the smallest, and the pressure the highest as shown in the figure, the contact is

closed, and a current of electricity flows through the plug. Thus ignition occurs at the end of

this stroke.

1.1.1.3 Power stroke:

Rapid combustion of the fuel releases heat, and produces exhaust gases in the combustion

chamber. Because the intake and exhaust valves are closed, the combustion of the fuel takes

place in a totally enclosed (and nearly constant volume) vessel. The combustion increases the

temperature of the exhaust gases, any residual air in the combustion chamber, and the

combustion chamber itself. From the ideal gas law, the increased temperature of the gases

also produces an increased pressure in the combustion chamber. The high pressure of the

gases acts on the face of the piston and cause the piston to move towards the shaft and to

bottom dead center. This initiates the power stroke. Unlike the compression stroke, the hot

gas does work on the piston during the power stroke. The force on the piston is transmitted by

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/otto.html

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/engintk.html


the piston rod to the crankshaft, where the linear motion of the piston is converted to angular

motion of the crankshaft.

The work done on the piston is then used to turn the shaft, and the propellers, and to

compress the gases in the neighbouring cylinder's compression stroke. During the power

stroke, the volume occupied by the gases is increased because of the piston motion and no

heat is transferred to the fuel/air mixture. As the volume is increased because of the piston's

motion, the pressure and temperature of the gas are decreased.

1.1.1.4 Exhaust stroke:

The exhaust valve is opened and the piston travels back up expelling the exhaust gases

through the exhaust valve. At the top of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed. This process

is then repeated.

Figure 1.2 The four stroke cycle.


1.1.2 Features of Four Stroke Engine.

Important features of internal combustion four stroke engines are as under.

1.1.2.1 More torque.

This is the most important reasons why people choose a 4-stroke engine. The two-stroke

boasts its speed and power, but the four-stroke shows extra torque. It is more reliable and

quitter.

1.1.2.2 Last longer.

Four stroke engines last longer and use much, much less oil. Compared to two-stroke

engines, the four stroke engine is durable for use. The more times an engine goes around, the

quicker it will wear out. As 2-strokes must rev to very high RPM to make any power, most

applications using them are geared toward maintaining that RPM. Thus, they can’t live as

long as four-stroke engine.

1.1.2.3 Run much cleaner than 2 strokes.

A 2 stroke makes a lot of exhaust smoke because it burns oil mixed with fuel. On the

contrary, four-stroke engines have a dedicated oiling system that’s kept largely separate from

the combustion chamber, which help to ensure that the only thing burning in the engine is

gasoline.

1.1.2.4 More efficient use of gas.

If you have picked up both of them, you may obviously realize the problem. The intake and

exhaust accounted 360 °crank angle, the exhaust top dead center the piston upward, the

residual gas is exhaust forcibly. When a mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric

pressure into the cylinder, the piston down to the intake bottom dead center, the incoming

fresh mixture almost combust. Substantially, there is no wasted fresh mixture. However, for

two-stroke engine, the fresh mixture is escaping with exhaust gases during exhaust stroke.

1.1.3 Application of Four Stroke Engine.

Four stroke engines are used in automobile vehicle like car, bike, etc.

Four stroke engines are also used in aircraft and ships.

It is also used power generation unit as power generator.


1.2 Water Hybrid Engine.

Figure 1.3 Water Hybrid Engine.

Water hybrid engine is first ever developed four stroke engine, which is design to works on

the mixture of petrol and unsaturated water steam. In this typical engine petrol and steam is

allowed to enter into the engine’s cylinder in the first stroke of four stroke engine through

inlet valve, both petrol and steam is compressed TDC (Top Dead Center) of engine cylinder

and combustion is held in cylinder with help spark plug, which expand the volume of the

petrol and steam, results in the pressure which is applying on the piston head and push it to

BDC (Bottom Dead Center) of engine cylinder, hence power stroke is obtain. And at the

fourth and the final stroke exhaust gases are removed out from the cylinder through outlet


valve. Due to this consumption of petrol is reduced and equal proportion of steam is used in

this engine.

Thus due to this unique modification in engine, higher fuel efficiency is obtain, which also

reduces the pollutant substance in exhaust gas, which reduces pollution in air. This water

hybrid engine is also economical in use as well as eco friendly.


2.1 Problem Identification.

Every internal combustion engine are developed to attain maximum efficiency, and to

generate maximum power out of less input, in all internal combustion engine fuel + air is

injected/sucked in the combustion chamber and a spark plug provide ignition in combustion

chamber which burn the fuel inside the combustion chamber, and power is generated through

piston and crank shaft.

But in order to generate power, fuel consumption is more in IC engine, which is not

economical to use. Hence the scarcity of fossil fuel is leading to its extinction, which may

lead to hindrance in power production in future, and for automobile industry.

Most of the automobile vehicles are working on petroleum fuel like petrol, diesel etc. and

with the increasing demand of petrol vehicle, consumption of petrol has increased. So there is

need of alternative fuels which can replace the requirement of petrol worldwide. Alternative

fuels like CNG and LPG are taken into practice.

2.1.1 Alternative Fuel.

There is scope of many other types of fuel in future like

1) Hydrogen gas:

Hydrogen is an emission less fuel. The by product of hydrogen burning is water, although

some mono-nitrogen oxides NOx are produced when hydrogen is burned with air.

2) HCNG:

HCNG (or H2CNG) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4-9 percent hydrogen by

energy.

3) Liquid Nitrogen:

Liquid nitrogen is another type of emission less fuel.

4) Biodiesel:

Biodiesel is an eco-friendly fuel that can be made from animal fats, algae, or from recycled

vegetable oils like those used by restaurants to cook up French fries and other greasy goodies.

Chapter: 2

PURPOSE OF DEVELOPMENT


5) Ethanol:

Ethanol is another popular alternative fuel that is usually made from fibrous materials like

wood chips or from the starch or sugar found in common crops like corn. Ethanol burns

cleaner than gasoline while reducing greenhouse gases.

6) Electricity:

Electricity isn't new, but modern science has found interesting and eco-friendly uses for it.

Electric vehicles are eco-friendly because they don't produce tailpipe emissions, although the

generators producing the electricity used to charge EV batteries do emit pollutants. But

engineers are still working to make actually practical and economical in real world.

7) Nuclear power:

Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic

nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions. The only controlled method now practical uses

nuclear fission in a fissile fuel (with a small fraction of the power coming from subsequent

radioactive decay). Use of the nuclear reaction nuclear fusion for controlled power generation

is not yet practical, but is an active area of research.

And many kinds of fuel are under research and still not available in practical use, also to

brought this alternative fuel into the practice initial cost of research about in nature in

practical and installation of its pump and availability of its also the costly issue. Hence the

development automobile vehicle which can run on this new alternative fuel is also the major

issue to face before making practical use worldwide. Hence all these conditions make above

mention alternative fuel costly and time consuming.

Thus it is required to developed new technology which can works on fuel which is easily

available and can be brought into practice soon. It’s should have availability in future and can

be available worldwide easily, the new technology should also be convenient and economical

to use.

2.2 General Solution to the Problem.

Water hybrid engine is the first four stroke engine technology that works on using mixture of

petrol and water, hence it decreases the consumption of the petrol and equivalent work can be

obtain. This engine technology makes an appropriate mixture of water’s unsaturated steam

and petrol in carburettor.

Thus mixture is burn into the engine cylinder with spark plug and pressure is generated,

which pushes the piston and power stroke is obtain in engine. The use of this technology

reduces the consumption of petrol and the efficiency of the engine is increased.


This technology is the ultimate solution the problem of scarcity of petrol and developing

solution to the alternate fuel problem. Water Hybrid Engine technology doesn’t require any

special change in engine technology, nor any special kind of fuel. For water hybrid engine

technology small modification is only required in four stroke engine, with a Water Preheater

kit.

Water hybrid engine technology is also economical in use, and it is economical in

construction, water hybrid engine is ECO FRIENDLY upto some extend. The reduction in

consumption of fuel decreases the amount of harmful gases in environment.


3.1 Working Principle.

Volumetric Expansion of Unsaturated Steam in Engine cylinder, at time of Combustion in

Cylinder produces Pressure, which is applied on Piston, and Power Stroke in obtain in Four

Stroke Engine.

In this engine, the unsaturated steam gets expanded, due to higher temperature generated at

the combustion of petrol in engine cylinder.

Temperature produced at the end of burning of fuel in engine range in 1200 to 2000 °C.

Figure 3.1 cross sectional view of water Hybrid Technology.

Chapter: 3

WORKING PRINCIPLE


3.1.1 Otto Cycle.

The first person to build a working four-stroke engine, a stationary engine using a coal gas-air

mixture for fuel (a gas engine), was German engineer Nikolaus Otto. This is why the four-

stroke principle today is commonly known as the Otto cycle and four-stroke engines using

spark plugs often are called Otto engines.

The system is defined to be the mass of air that is drawn from the atmosphere into the

cylinder, compressed by the piston, heated by the spark ignition of the added fuel, allowed to

expand by pushing on the piston, and finally exhausted back into the atmosphere. The mass

of air is followed as its volume, pressure and temperature change during the various

thermodynamic steps. As the piston is capable of moving along the cylinder, the volume of

the air changes with the position of the cylinder. The compression and expansion processes

induced on the gas by the movement of the piston are idealized as reversible i.e. that no

useful work is lost through turbulence or friction and no heat is transferred to or from the gas.

Energy is added to the air by the combustion of fuel. Useful work is extracted by the

expansion of the gas in the cylinder. After the expansion is completed in the cylinder, the

remaining heat is extracted and finally the gas is exhausted to the environment. Useful

mechanical work is gained during the expansion process and some of that used to compress

the air mass of the next cycle. The useful mechanical work gained minus that need for the

next compression process is the net work out and can be used for propulsion or for driving

other machines. Alternatively the useful work gained is the difference between the heat added

and the heat removed.

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the functioning of a

typical spark ignition reciprocating piston engine, the thermodynamic cycle most commonly

found in automobile engines.

The Otto cycle is constructed out of:

Top and bottom of the loop: a pair of quasi-parallel and isentropic processes

(frictionless, adiabatic reversible).

Left and right sides of the loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes (constant

volume).

The isentropic processes of compression and expansion implies no loss of mechanical energy

due to friction and no transfer of heat into or out of the system during those processes, hence

the cylinder, and piston are assumed impermeable to heat during those processes. Heat flows

into the loop through the left pressurizing process and some of it flows back out through the

right depressurizing process, and the difference between the heat added and heat removed is

equal to the net mechanical work generated.


Figure 3.2 P-V Diagram of Otto Cycle.

The processes are described as under,

Process 0-1 a mass of air is drawn into piston/cylinder arrangement at constant

pressure.

Process 1-2 is an isentropic and adiabatic compression of the air as the piston moves

from bottom dead centre (BDC) to top dead centre (TDC).

Process 2-3 is a constant-volume heat transfer to the working gas from an external

source while the piston is at top dead centre. This process is intended to represent the

ignition of the fuel-air mixture and the subsequent rapid burning.

Process 3-4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke).

Process 4-1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume process in which heat is

rejected from the air while the piston is at bottom dead centre.

Process 1-0 the mass of air is released to the atmosphere in a constant pressure

process.

The Otto cycle consists of isentropic compression, heat addition at constant volume,

isentropic expansion, and rejection of heat at constant volume. In the case of a four-stroke

Otto cycle, technically there are two additional processes: one for the exhaust of waste heat

and combustion products at constant pressure (isobaric), and one for the intake of cool

oxygen-rich air also at constant pressure; however, these are often omitted in a simplified


analysis. Even though those two processes are critical to the functioning of a real engine,

wherein the details of heat transfer and combustion chemistry are relevant, for the simplified

analysis of the thermodynamic cycle, it is more convenient to assume that all of the waste-

heat is removed during a single volume change.

3.2 Working of Water Hybrid Engine.

Figure 3.3 Water Hybrid Engine 0.1

Working mechanism of Water Hybrid Engine 0.1 is simple and unique. In this Four Stroke

Engine, water is preheated in copper pipe which is winded on exhaust outlet pipe (Silencer).

Water is stored in insulated copper cylindrical tank, outlet pipe of water tank is connected to

one end of copper winding and other end of copper winding pipe is again connected to the to

the water tank.

Copper pipe winding on exhaust pipe is filled with water from water tank, which is half filled

and other half tank is kept empty for accumulation of pressurised steam. When is engine is

running after some period ,water in copper pipe winding get heated due to high temperature

of exhaust gas flowing in exhaust pipe, There is a single pipe line inside the exhaust pipe

which has direct contact from exhaust gas at end of copper winding.


Figure 3.4 Label Figure of Water Hybrid Engine 0.1

Water in the copper pipe winding gets converted into unsaturated steam, and again flown in

the water tank, to generate pressurised steam inside the water tank.

Pressure gauge meter is attached to the water tank in order to notify the steam pressure inside

the water tank. Appropriate pressure of steam is allowed to flow into the carburettor’s air

filter, the steam pressure can be regulated by steam outlet valve. These steam mixes with air

in air filter and enter into the carburettor, and in carburettor appropriate ratio of vaporised

petrol and steam mixture is flown into the engine cylinder at first stroke of piston and at

second stroke petrol and steam mixture is compressed, and with the combustion of petrol in

engine by spark through spark plug temperature of 1200° C to 2000° C is generated, which is

sufficient to have volumetric expansion of unsaturated steam inside the cylinder. Which

indeed induce pressure, due to which force is applied to the piston and power stroke is obtain.


Figure 3.5 Label Figure of Water Preheater System in Water Hybrid Engine 0.1

And the remaining gases and steam in the cylinder is exhausted from the cylinder in the last

stroke of the engine.

The ideal Air/Petrol ratio for the combustion of fuel in the engine is 15:1, the ratio may vary

with acceleration, thus in this project, the intake of petrol is reduced to half and intake of air

is mixed with unsaturated steam partially at equal proportion, which maintain the ratio of

15:1 for the fuel combustion.


3.3 Block Diagram of Water Hybrid Engine 0.1

Figure 3.6 Block Diagram of Water Hybrid Engine 0.1


4.1 Component Detail.

There are various component used in construction of Water Hybrid Engine 0.1, details of

component like supporting Frame, Four Stroke Engine, Engine component, to wheel stand,

water preheater system, are described below as under.

4.1.1 Four Stroke Engine.

Four stroke engine used for this project is 110 cc single cylinder engine, of TVS STAR CITY

motor bike, it is double valve four stroke engine, inlet valve for petrol and outlet valve for

exhaust gases from the cylinder. The valve in this engine is poppet type as shown in figure

below.

Figure 4.1 TVS STAR CITY Four Stroke Engine. Figure 4.2 Poppet valve .

Chapter: 4

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL


4.1.2 Water Pre Heater system.

Water preheater kit is the most important component of water hybrid technology, as this

component is comprises of copper pipe which is winded on exhaust pipe, cylindrical copper

tank for water storage, it is also applicable as steam accumulator. Pressure gauge is used for

keeping notification of steam pressure.

4.1.2.1 Copper pipe.

Copper pipe used is 1/4" copper refrigeration tube with outer diameter 8.110 mm and inner

diameter is 7.714 mm with thickness of 0.899 mm. This copper pipe is capable of conducting

pressure 90 psi. 2.5 meter copper pipe is used.

Figure 4.3 Copper pipe.

4.1.2.2 Water Tank.

Water tank is a copper cylindrical tank, which is used for water storage and accumulation of

steam, the working of this copper cylindrical tank is as miniature boiler.

Figure 4.4 Copper Cylindrical Tank.


The outer diameter of this tube 55.7 mm and inner diameter is 43.2 mm. The initial length of

copper cylindrical tank is 320 mm. This copper tank is selected in order accumulate steam in

tank at high pressure.

4.1.2.3 Pressure Gauge.

Standard pressure Gauge is used for reading of steam pressure in the water, the maximum

limit of pressure gauge is 500 psi. This pressure is attached with pressure outlet valve.

Figure 4.5 Standard Pressure Gauge.

4.1.2.4 Cylindrical Adapters.

Cylinder adapter are used as a pipe connector with inner tread .There are 3 cylindrical adapter

used for connecting pipe in this project. This cylindrical adaptor is used for air tight fitting in

pipes, this adaptor are used for air tight fitting in pipe for leak proof conduction of steam

inside the air preheater system.


Figure 4.6 Cylindrical Adaptors.

4.1.2.5 Capillary Tube.

Capillary tube is small diameter tube used for conduction of steam from water tank to Air

filter.1 meter capillary tube is used.

Figure 4.7 Capillary Tube.


4.1.3 Four Wheel Stand.

Figure 4.8 Four Wheel Stand.

This wheel stand provide support to the engine and its component, it is also carry the frame of

engine which reduces the vibration of engine. Four also work as a foundation support from

earth, and it also make project movable. The length of wheel stand is 52 cm and 29.5 cm

width. It is made from scrap iron with the engine frame.

The four wheels is attached to the stand with a clamp welded to the stand frame, cotter pin is

used to join wheel with wheel stand. This four wheel are capable of lifting the load of whole

engine and it’s component.

Addition copper wires are used to tight hold all the component of project with frame of

engine.

4.1.4 Pilot Jet in Carburettor.

The jets on a carburettor meter the amount of fuel that enters the throttle bores of the

carburettor where it mixes with incoming air.


There is change in pilot jet from original jet which is pre installed in carburettor, new pilot jet

of 42 mm size is used for this engine in order to enter steam, air and petrol through bigger

diameter orifice into throttle bores.

Figure 4.9 42 size pilot Jet.

4.1.5 Fuel Filter.

Figure 4.10 Petrol Filter.

Petrol filter is used to filter the petrol from dust in petrol or in petrol tank, before it enter into

carburettor, this device is most necessary for proper working of the engine. Petrol filter is

general size used for motor bike.


4.1.6 Fuel Regulator.

Fuel regulator or petrol choke is used to regulate the flow of fuel in carburettor from petrol

tank. Fuel regulator is of general size for motor bike.

Figure 4.11 Fuel Regulator.

4.1.7 Fuel Pipe.

Fuel pipe used is simple rubber pipe, which conduct petrol from petrol tank to carburettor.

4.1.8 Nut and Bolt.

Figure 4.12 Nuts and Bolts.

Nuts and bolts are used for the purpose of fitting the engine frame, it is also used for the

fitting the various parts of the engine and its assembly.


4.2 Working and Assembly of Pre Heater.

Copper tube is winded on exhaust pipe, to absorb the maximum heat from exhaust gas. There

are 20 turns of copper pipe on exhaust pipe, from bottom to top as shown in figure.

Figure 4.13 Winding of Copper Tube on Exhaust Pipe, (Top View).

Figure 4.14 winding of copper tube exhaust pipe, ( Bottom View).


One single tube on copper is placed inside the exhaust pipe for SUPER HEATING of water.

This tube has direct contact with flue gas so super heating is possible in that area,

construction of this tube is shown in figure.

Figure 4.15 Assembly of Super Heater Copper Pipe.


5.1 Time Calculations Analysis.

Engine is working on the pure intake of petrol for 26 mint at unit acceleration, from 250 ml

of petrol.

While, engine is working on the intake of petrol and unsaturated steam at 10 psi for 47 mint

at unit acceleration, from 250 ml of petrol.

Only required condition is that the acceleration of the engine should be maintain, and all

other condition should be same.

Sr

no.

Water Injected in water

Tank (ml)

Time Speed in RPM Petrol

Consume

5.2 Visual Observation.

The working of the engine by water and petrol mixture, require high temperature unsaturated

steam, with some pressure. For this purpose the pre heater kit is developed for this engine, for

the efficient working of this pre heater system, continuous flow of high temperature exhaust

gas is required for several minute, so that water inside the copper pipe can be converted into

unsaturated steam. After getting pressure generated inside the water tank, appropriate

pressure is around 10 psi and more, unsaturated steam is allowed to flow into carburettor

through steam outlet valve.

Chapter: 5

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS


After the entry of steam and petrol inside the engine for combustion, engine continue to run

at the same RPM and torque at same acceleration, at satisfied condition.

Sometimes problem like leakage in copper tube and water tank can be detected, which lead to

pressure drop inside the system. As a result appropriate amount of required steam cannot be

generated or time consumption will increase for the process.

Proper insulation for copper pipe and water tank is required to attain optimum result and

efficiency cannot be obtained in the engine. Leakage in exhaust pipe will release the heat,

which is required for the heating of water in the copper pipe winding.

At high acceleration vibration is increased in the engine, so proper balancing of the wheel is

required.

5.3 Conclusion.

By above mention time analysis, it can be concluded that the time duration of working of

engine is increase with the intake of appropriate ratio of steam and petrol mixture, in

comparison with only petro intake at equal amount of fuel consumption, hence it increases

the efficiency of the engine.


6.1 Engine Specification.

The data of engine specification mention above are of new manufactured engine of TVS

STAR CITY 110cc. Thus for second hand and used engine may have difference in engine

data.

Fuel Efficiency Overall (Kmpl) is 67. (Variable data).

6.2 Water Pre Heater System.

Number of turns of copper pipe winding on the exhaust pipe is 20.

While, the outer diameter of the exhaust pipe = 3.183 cm.

So, Coil used in winding = 20 × Л D (circumference of exhaust pipe)

= 20 × 22/7 (3.183)

= 200 cm.

Water tank Length = 29 cm diameter 2.7 cm.

Displacement (cc) 110

Cylinders 1

Max Power 8

Maximum Torque 8

Bore (mm) 53

Stroke (mm) 49

Valves Per Cylinder 2

Fuel Delivery System Carburettor

Fuel Type Petrol

Ignition CVTi

Spark Plugs (Per Cylinder) 1

Cooling System Air Cooled

Chapter: 6

DESIGN & CALCULATION


6.3 Wheel Stand and Engine Frame.

Wheel stand length = 52 cm width = 29.5 cm.

Wheel stand Height = 11.5 cm

Angle beam of iron for the support to petrol tank,

Length = 85cm.


7.1 Advantages.

Consumption of fuel decreases, hence its efficiency is more in comparison to

conventional four stroke petrol engine.

Water hybrid engine doesn’t require any major change in design of engine or any big

modification in engine.

Setup cost of water hybrid engine is economical.

Material cost is also affordable, and materials are easily available.

Water hybrid engine is economical in application, as it reduces the fuel consumption.

It is also environment friendly, due to reduction of fuel usage. Air pollution is also

reduces in environment.

This system can be installed in any four stroke engine, running on petroleum fuel.

This system can be installed in multi cylinder engine also.

Water hybrid engine can also be used as power generator.

This technology will not required additional cost of alternative fuel research, or its

fuel pump, because pure water is easily available domestically.

No research work is required for environment analysis of fuel, as it steam is not at all

harmful for environment.

Chapter: 7

ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS


7.2 Limitation.

Water hybrid engine is working on water and petrol mixture, so the required torque

cannot be attain in some odd condition.

This technology is not much efficient in cold environment, as the formation of steam

process will become time consuming process.

There is formation of scale and slug in the copper pipe. Water used in this engine

should be pure water, distilled water, so that the formation of scale and slug in the

copper tube can be reduced.

Leakage in water preheater system can reduced the rate of generation of steam, and

required pressure of steam cannot be attain, heavy leakage can result in failure of

system.

Proper insulation is required in system to achieve maximum efficiency.

Water hybrid engine 0.1 needs few updates and modification, for more efficiency and

proper working.

It may require frequent Maintenance and cleaning due to insulation and leakage

problem of system.

Maintenance of the water preheater system is also required for effective functioning

of the system.


Bill of Material

1 4 stroke engine 110cc TVS STAR 1 8500 8500

with carburettor. CITY

2 Fuel tank Plastic tank (1 litre) 1 120 120

3 CVTi spark coil TVS standard 1 650 650

4 Piston with piston rings TVS standard 1 1350 1350

110 cc set

5 Poppet valve assembly TVS standard 1 550 550

110 cc set

6 Iron clamp General 6 20 120

7 wheels Hard fibre (10cm dia) 4 75 300

8 Iron bars Scrap iron - - 900

9 Exhaust pipe (silencer) TVS standard 1 850 850

10 Scooty air filter TVS standard 1 275 275

11 Standard pressure gauge ISI standard 1 750 750

12 Gasket packing TVS standard 2 180 360

13 Asbestos thread Pack 1 150 150

14 Copper pipe 1/4” (Meter) 2.5m 170/m 425

15 Copper capillary pipe Standard capillary 1m 190/m 190

(Used for Refrigerator)

Chapter: 8

COSTING

SR no. Elements Specification Quantity price per piece Cost (Rs)


16 Fuel filter Standard for Bikes 1 40 40

17 Petrol pipe Vulcanise Rubber pipe 1m 90/m 90

18 Pilot jet Size 42mm 1 40 40

19 Accelerator wire ISI Standard (pack) 1 100 100

20 Engine oil Servo oil 4T (pack) 2 180 360

21 Cylindrical adaptor Copper material 4 22 88

22 Water tank Copper cylinder 1 150 150

23 Nut & Bolt - - - 60

24 Mate colour Black 1 180 180

25 Fuel regulator Motor bike 1 100 100

26 Fuel float - 1 80 80

(Carburettor)

Labour cost

1 Welding labour 1900

2 Machining labour 1400

3 Operator labour 1450

1 Direct Labour 3000

Overhead expense

1 Machining expenses 1150

2 Welding expenses 2700

3 Cleaning and Servicing 530

TOTAL MATERIAL COST 16,778 Rs

Total Labour 4750 Rs


4 Miscellaneous Expense 1460

5 Transport 340

Total Cost = Material Cost + Labour Cost + Overhead Expenses

= 16778 + 4750 + 6180

= 27,708 Rs.

Selling Price = Profit (30% 0f Total Cost) + Total Cost

= 8,312.4 + 27,708

= 36,020.4 Rs.

Total Overhead Expenses 6180 Rs

Total Project Cost 27,708 Rs

Selling Price of Project 36,020 Rs


Website:

www.hydroicesolar.com

Hydro Internal Clean Energy, by Matt Copper.

Copper Tube Hand Book:

www.copper.org

Copper Development Association Inc

Book:

Thermal Engineering, by P.S. Desai ME (Mech).

Topic 5: Internal Combustion Engine.

Chapter: 9

REFERENCE

http://www.hydroicesolar.com/

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Date post:	29-Dec-2015
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Water Hybrid Engine 0.1 By Arpit Jayaswal

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