Water Level Variation Due to Hydrologic Connections in a Coastal Salt Marsh: The Case of El Yali Coastal Lagoon, Chile
Pablo GaldamesChi-Le Sun
Alejandro Dussaillant
PASEO 2009Bahía Blanca, Argentina
March 17, 2009
AcknowledgementsDr. José M. Farina ecosystem ecology group (PUC-CASEB), for field & ecological support, & ongoing fruitful collaboration!Chilean Forestry Service – CONAF, V Región (Alvaro Damico & others), for access and field support.Navy oceanography service, SHOA; Chilean Water Agency, DGA (Eric Weidenslaufer); Meteorology agency, DMCh (Jorge Carrasco), for kindly handing data.Drs. Scott Tyler (U. Nevada, USA), Aaron Packman (Northwestern U., USA), Eric Barthélemy (U. Grenoble, France) for encouraging field discussions!F. Varas, J. Aravena, R. Galdames & many others for being so cheerful field aides.
Coastal Lagoons & Salt MarshesDynamic – frequent fluctuations (due to tide, meteorology, winds, salinity, temperature).Vegetation stabilizes dunes, promote deposition.Zonation partly due to salinity & flooding gradients.Productivity & range correlated with water level, but unproven connection (beyond doubt).Nutrient fluxes also depend strongly on hydro-fluctuations.Few studies, in Mediterranean lagoons and salt marshes, on water level spatial and temporal variations. Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA
MotivationIntertidal environments are dynamic and vulnerable, affected by climate change and human pressure (Ursinoet. al, 2004)Strong relationships between hydrology, physical-chemical links and biota (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000) Changes in water levels affects plant zonation and with this, the whole environment (Krasnosteinand Oldham, 2004)Few studies in Chilean wetlandsYali Ramsar site under pressure: agric + tourism
Yali Ramsar wetland
(Source: www.sinia.cl)
General backgroundLocated in the central zone of ChileAprox. area: 750 Km2
Coastal watershed fully pluvial:
P: 468 mm (annual mean)ETp: 600 mm (annual mean)
Yali stream:50 km lengthFlow annual mean approx 1.5 m3/sSource: CS 2007, adapted from MOP, 2005
El Yali site: unique (yet template?)Unique coexistence of halophyte (Northern Chile) & palustrian(Southern Chile) vegetation.
25-40% of Chilean native bird diversity hotspot (> 115 spp.).
General project objectivesTo know the hydrologic budget of the lagoon:
Gathering of meteorological dataSurface flows through stream and ditchesSubsurface flows (groundwater and sea)Surfacewater connection with the sea
To characterize the fluxes of:
HeatSalinityNutrients
SEA
LAGOON
SEALAGOON
QOM
PE
QS
QE
QSM QGM
QD
EQQQQQQPtS
SSMGMOMDE −±±±+++=ΔΔ
El Yali stream, and outlet (open/closed)
Stream, 2 km upstream of outlet
Outlet – closed
Outlet – open to the sea
MethodologyIdentification and characterization of groundwater flows
Piezometer installationLevel recording + sampling
Transect topography
SEA
LAGOON CO3
CP1 CO1CO2
CP3CP4CP5 CP2
MethodologyIdentification and characterization of groundwater flows (cont.)
Soil hydraulic propertiesContinued water level recording with pressure transducersAnalysis of seasonal and tidal effect in levels
Seepage meter:
Results
Gathered information:Scarce available meteorological information
Santo Domingo aerodrome (hourly wind)Meteorological station Fundo Las Dos Puertas (rainfall data since 1990)
Hourly tidal records (San Antonio)Tidal amplitude ~1m (micro-tidal)
Detailed topography of transects and ditches (2005-2006)Local cartography and hydrologic information
Estac ión Fundo Las Dos Puertas
0100200300400500600700800900
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Prec
ipita
ción
(mm
)
ResultsWater levels identification
Summer (dry) situation: disconnectionScarce variation on lagoon water level (<10 cm)Lagoon-sea dune groundwater level affected by wavesRainfall events do not affect lagoon level (LO)
LO: Lagoon at eastern side
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
02/02/2006 07/02/2006 12/02/2006 17/02/2006 22/02/2006 27/02/2006
Altu
ra re
lativ
a (m
) SO1
LO
CP2
CP3
CP5
Mar
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
(m
)
Sea
February 2006
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Winter (wet) situation: connectionStrong daily variation in lagoon levels
Rises 8 to 80 cm (average 23,3 cm) in approx. 4 hoursCycles of 14 hours as typical period
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
01/08/2006 06/08/2006 11/08/2006 16/08/2006 21/08/2006 26/08/2006 31/08/2006
Altu
ra re
lativ
a (m
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Prec
ipita
cion
es (m
m) Pp
SO1
LO
CP2
CP5
Mar
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
(m
)
Sea
Prec
ipitat
ions
(m
m)
August 2006
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Processes in connected stage:Strong precipitation event causes the sea-lagoon connectionSurface flow from ocean
Depends on Moon phase: tidesLagoon rising rate: ~10 cm/hrDescent rate: ~2 cm/hr (initial fast surface flow phase + slow groundwater flow from lagoon)
WindAffects levels only during high tidesCorrelation with water levels is not detected
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Disconnection mechanismProgressive sedimentation and stabilization of sand bar at stream mouthProcess took around 10 days in 2006
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
01/09/2006 06/09/2006 11/09/2006 16/09/2006 21/09/2006 26/09/2006 01/10/2006
Altu
ra re
lativ
a (m
) SO1
LO
CP2
CP3
CP5
Mar
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
(m
)
Sea
September 2006
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Summer spectrum1st peak: series length2nd peak: 23,93 hrs
Winter spectrum1st peak: 16,44 days2nd peak: 24,16 hours3rd peak: 12,46 hours4th peak: 8,22 hours5th peak: 6,20 hours
f [cycles/timeunit]
Spec
trum
Spectrum Annual Series (original)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
f [cycles/timeunit]
Spec
trum
Spectrum Annual Series (original)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lunar phase
Tides
Daily cicles
Sea - Lagoon water level relationship:a preliminary analysis
Signal Analysis - FFT and Pattern of Residuals:
98.6098.65
98.7098.75
98.8098.85
98.9098.95
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00 03:00
Time (hours)
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
(m)
98,6
98,7
98,8
98,9
99
99,1
99,2
99,3
99,4
14-07 16-07 18-07 20-07 22-07 24-07 26-07 28-07 30-07
Time (hours)
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
(m)
Simulated
Real
Extracted pattern of lagoon periodical oscillations(Jun 10-Sep 15, 2006)
Fourier analysis for lagoon level as function of sea level (Jul 13-Aug 31, 2006)
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Interannual oscillation in lagoon’s water level
Year 2006
Rel
ati
ve h
eig
ht
(m)
Rel
ati
ve h
eig
ht
(m)
Disconnected
Connected
Connected
Disconnected
Connection
Disconnection
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Interannual oscillation in lagoon’s water level & La Niña
Year 2007
Rel
ati
ve h
eig
ht
(m)
Rel
ati
ve h
eig
ht
(m)
Disconnected
Disconnected
Disconnected
Disconnected
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Interannual oscillation in lagoon’s water level & end of La Niña in June 2008
Year 2008
Rel
ati
ve h
eig
ht
(m)
Disconnected
Connected
Connection
Nivel de la laguna (relativo a referencia)
98.298.498.698.8
9999.299.499.6
18/0
5/20
08
18/0
5/20
08
19/0
5/20
08
20/0
5/20
08
21/0
5/20
08
22/0
5/20
08
23/0
5/20
08
23/0
5/20
08
24/0
5/20
08
25/0
5/20
08
26/0
5/20
08
27/0
5/20
08
27/0
5/20
08
28/0
5/20
08
29/0
5/20
08
30/0
5/20
08
31/0
5/20
08
1/6/
2008
1/6/
2008
2/6/
2008
3/6/
2008
4/6/
2008
5/6/
2008
5/6/
2008
Fecha
m (s
obre
ref
.)Precipitación (estación en macrozona secano costero central)
02468
1012
18/0
5/20
08
18/0
5/20
08
19/0
5/20
08
20/0
5/20
08
21/0
5/20
08
22/0
5/20
08
23/0
5/20
08
24/0
5/20
08
25/0
5/20
08
25/0
5/20
08
26/0
5/20
08
27/0
5/20
08
28/0
5/20
08
29/0
5/20
08
30/0
5/20
08
31/0
5/20
08
1/6/
2008
1/6/
2008
2/6/
2008
3/6/
2008
4/6/
2008
5/6/
2008
6/6/
2008
Fecha
mm
RECONNECTION
1ST WEEKOF JUNE2008
before after
Sea storm
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Statistical analysis of interannual data
Similar behaviourin mean, and minimum values, in spite of the absence of connection during winter of 2007Differences in std. deviation for different connected (C) and disconnected (D) phase
Rel
ati
ve h
eig
ht
(m)
Std
. D
evia
tio
n (
m)
C CD D DD D
C CD D DD D
Results – water temperature
Volver
Sea (MAR, below, in brown), lagoon (LO, above, in cyan) and transect piezometers in between (CP5 to CP2, from sea towards the lagoon)Distinct sea water temperature, relatively constant and slow trend
Lagoon water temp has higher values and fluctuations (shallow)
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
01-08-2006 16-08-2006 31-08-2006 15-09-2006 30-09-2006 15-10-2006 30-10-2006
Tem
pera
tura
(ºC
) SO1LOCP2CP3CP5MAR
ResultsWater bodies characterization (cont.)
Electric Conductivity profile
Salinity gradient inside the lagoon itselfEvidence of a salt wedge and a fresh water lens between lagoon and sea (at least seasonally)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Oriente 3 Oriente 2 Oriente 1 Laguna (O) Laguna (P) Poniente 1 Poniente 2 Poniente 3 Poniente 4 Poniente 5 Mar
Cond
uctiv
idad
elé
ctric
a (m
S/cm
)Ele
ctri
c co
nd
uct
iviy
(mS
/cm
)
East 3 East 2 East 1 Lagoon (E) Lagoon (W) West 1 West 2 West 3 West 4 West 5 Sea
Shallow groundwater level modeling –Dupuit assumption & diffusion equation
Preliminary approach: simple diffusive model, assuming horizontal subsurface flow in unconfined aquifer
paKD ·
=pw
xhD
th
=∂∂⋅−
∂∂
2
2
101,0
101,2
101,4
101,6
101,8
102,0
102,2
102,4
12-07 17-07 22-07 27-07 01-08 06-08 11-08 16-08 21-08 26-08 31-08
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
(m) model (Ks=1.7 x 10-4)
CP5
with h: water levelK: conductivityw: rainfall ratep: sand porosity
Dupuit model results for piezometer CP5 (sand bar between lagoon and sea)
(Ks~ 6 m/d)
DiscussionLagoon water level
Hierarchy: sea connectivity > tide > rainsIntermittently open estuary (mostly closed annually) – effect of increasing abstractions?Scour (streamflow & tide) vs. Blockage (onshore & longshore transport)
Analysis and ModelingIf connected: sea level controlsNumerical model: trends OK, but noisy
OtherFloods reset the system: flush the outlet barImplications for managers?
Future WorkMonitoring
Add 2 new piezometer transects + sensor/loggers.Distributed Temp. System for sea washover & outlet.Water and nutrient budgets (impacts? denitrification?).
Analysis and ModelingHarmonic analysis (extract astronomic forcings).Density-dependence model (e.g. SUTRA).
OtherVegetation zonation and water level fluctuations.Climate change & ENSO scenariosSedimentation/erosion processes.Compare to other similar systems (in Chile; abroad?).
Laguna de Conchalí (Pupío stream, IV), La Laguna (Maitencillo, V), Tunquén (Casablanca stream, V), El Tabo (V R), Laguna de los Cisnes (Cartagena stream, V R), Topocalma (Topocalma stream, VI R), Laguna Petrel (Pichilemu stream, VI R), Bucalemu (VI R), Boyeruca (VII R), Buchupureo (VIII R), ...
[ ]∑=
++=M
ppppp tfbtfahth
10 )2sin()2cos()( ππ
[ ]1s w h
pS P Qt t
ωφβ ρ ρρ μ
⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = ∇ ⋅ ⋅ ∇ − +⎜ ⎟∂ ∂ ⎝ ⎠
k g
Thank youfor your attention!
– questions?
Preliminary results – water quality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PozoOriente
Laguna(oriente)
Laguna(poniente)
PozoPoniente 1
PozoPoniente 2
PozoPoniente 3
PozoPoniente 4
PozoPoniente 5
Mar
Salin
idad
(o/o
o)
PO43- decreases towards sea (upland ground & surface water ~1
mg/L; lagoon ~0.3 mg/L; while ocean ~ 0.1 mg/L).
NO3: unclear spatial & temporal trends (limiting nutrient).
DO (& pH) higher in lagoon than surrounding groundwater.
Salinity maximum for lagoon ~50‰ in summer dry period.
Minimum groundwater salinity registered 6.6‰ (60m upslope).
Freshwater underflow to sea-lagoon groundwater?:
Preliminary results – phosphatePO4
3- : decreases from upslope to lagoon to sea
upland ground & surface water ~1.2 mg/L
lagoon ~0.3 mg/L (similar to seaside piezometers)
while ocean ~ 0.1 mg/L.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
CO3 CO2 CO1 LO LP CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 MAR
P-P
O4
(mg/
L)
Preliminary results – nitrateNO3:
unclear spatial & temporal trends
limiting nutrient
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
CO3 CO2 CO1 LO LP CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 MAR
N-N
O3
(mg/
L)
Preliminary results – salinity & EC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PozoOriente
Laguna(oriente)
Laguna(poniente)
PozoPoniente 1
PozoPoniente 2
PozoPoniente 3
PozoPoniente 4
PozoPoniente 5
Mar
Salin
idad
(o/o
o)
Minimum groundwater salinity registered 6.6‰ (60m upslope from lagoon).
Salinity maximum for lagoon ~50‰ in summer dry period.
Salinity gradients in lagoon.
Shallow groundwater between lagoon & sea with lower S & EC -freshwater underflow from upslope aquifer?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CO3 CO2 CO1 LO LP CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 MAR
Cond
uctiv
idad
elé
ctri
ca (m
S/c
m)
ResultsWater bodies characterization
TemperatureSummer
Average near 24 ºC (over sea mean temp.)High daily oscillation (~10 ºC)
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
15/01/2006 25/01/2006 04/02/2006 14/02/2006 24/02/2006 06/03/2006 16/03/2006
Tem
pera
tura
(ºC
) SO1
LO
CP2
CP3
CP5
MAR
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Sea
ResultsWater bodies characterization (cont.)
Temperature (cont.)Winter
Lower daily oscillationRainfall events affect groundwater temp.
7.0
10.0
13.0
16.0
19.0
22.0
13/05/2006 23/05/2006 02/06/2006 12/06/2006 22/06/2006 02/07/2006 12/07/2006 22/07/2006 01/08/2006
Tem
pera
tura
(ºC
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
13/05/2006 23/05/2006 02/06/2006 12/06/2006 22/06/2006 02/07/2006 12/07/2006 22/07/2006
Prec
ipita
cion
es (m
m) Pp
SO1
LO
CP2
CP3
CP5
MAR
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
SeaPrec
ipitat
ions
(m
m)
ResultsWater bodies characterization (cont.)
Temperature (cont.)Disconnection
Progressive increase in Tº in all water bodiesSeparation between sea and lagoon Tº
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
01/08/2006 16/08/2006 31/08/2006 15/09/2006 30/09/2006 15/10/2006 30/10/2006
Tem
pera
tura
(ºC
) SO1LOCP2CP3CP5MAR
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Sea
References
Krasnostein A.L., and Oldham C.E. (2004) Predicting wetland water storage, Water Resour. Res., 40, W10203Leiva I., Meza J., Möder L. (1995) Fundamento para la creación de la Reserva Nacional El Yali. DocumentoelectrónicoMitsch W.J., Gosselink J.G. (2000) Wetlands. 3º Edición. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, EEUUMOP (2005) Area de restricción sector hidrogeológico de aprovechamiento común de Yali bajo El Prado. DocumentoelectrónicoMOP (2005) Determinación de la disponibilidad de derechos de aprovechamiento de aguas subterráneas en la cuenca del Estero Yali hasta sector El Prado, RegiónMetropolitana. Documento electrónicoUrsino N., Silvestri S., Marani M. (2004) Subsurface flow and vegetation patterns in tidal environments. Water Resour. Res., 40, W05115
Annexes
Characterization per transectElectric conductivityNitratePhosphate
Explicit finite difference modelSalinity effect
Electric conductivity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NO3 NO2 NO1 LO LP NP1 NP2 NP3 NP4 MAR
Con
duct
ivid
ad e
léct
rica
(mS
/cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CO3 CO2 CO1 LO LP CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 MAR
Cond
uctiv
idad
elé
ctric
a (m
S/cm
)
Back
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SO3 SO2 SO1 LO LP SP1 SP2 MAR
Cond
uctiv
idad
elé
ctric
a (m
S/cm
)
Nitrate
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
NO3 NO2 NO1 LO LP NP1 NP2 NP3 NP4 MAR
N-N
O3
(mg/
L)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
CO3 CO2 CO1 LO LP CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 MAR
N-NO
3 (m
g/L)
Back
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
SO3 SO2 SO1 LO LP SP1 SP2 MAR
N-N
O3
(mg/
L)
Phosphate
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
NO3 NO2 NO1 LO LP NP1 NP2 NP3 NP4 MAR
P-PO
4 (m
g/L)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
CO3 CO2 CO1 LO LP CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 MAR
P-PO
4 (m
g/L)
Back
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
SO3 SO2 SO1 LO LP SP1 SP2 MAR
P-PO
4 (m
g/L)
Explicit finite difference model
98.6
98.7
98.8
98.9
99.0
99.1
12/07/2006 22/07/2006 01/08/2006 11/08/2006 21/08/2006 31/08/2006
33 m
CP2
22 m
98.2
98.4
98.6
98.8
99.0
99.2
99.4
99.6
12/07/2006 22/07/2006 01/08/2006 11/08/2006 21/08/2006 31/08/2006
99 m
CP5
88 m
Back
KS=6,21·10-5 m/s; n=0,43; a=100 m λ=0,859
Salinity effect
Border conditions equivalents for fresh water
99
99.5
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
12/07 17/07 22/07 27/07 01/08 06/08 11/08 16/08 21/08 26/08 31/08
Altu
ras
rela
tivas
tran
sfor
mad
as (m
)
5,77*10-56,64*10-56,205*10-5CP2
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
12/07 17/07 22/07 27/07 01/08 06/08 11/08 16/08 21/08 26/08 31/08
Altu
ras
rela
tivas
tran
sfor
mad
as (m
)
1,70*10-41,53*10-41,615*10-4CP5
Salinity effect (cont.)
100.8
101
101.2
101.4
101.6
101.8
102
102.2
102.4
12/07 17/07 22/07 27/07 01/08 06/08 11/08 16/08 21/08 26/08 31/08
Altu
ras
rela
tivas
tran
sfor
mad
as y
aj
usta
das
(m)
5,77*10-56,64*10-56,205*10-5CP2
101
101.2
101.4
101.6
101.8
102
102.2
102.4
12/07 17/07 22/07 27/07 01/08 06/08 11/08 16/08 21/08 26/08 31/08
Altu
ras
rela
tivas
tran
sfor
mad
as y
aj
usta
das
(m) 1,70*10-4
1,53*10-41,615*10-4CP5
Eliminating differences in mean value
Back
“El Yali”Complex including salt marsh in one of the 9 Ramsar site in ChileNational Reserve covers 520 Ha close to Santo Domingo beach, V RegiónHabitat for about 25% of the chilean bird biodiversityConsidered the most important coastal wetland in central-north of Chile (Leiva et al., 1995)
Source: www.mop.gov.cl
Results (cont.)
KS (fields + laboratory + empiric formula)5,77·10-5 m/s eastern side6,64·10-5 m/s western side
Kbottom (seepage)1,08·10-7 m/s
Hydrogeological watershed informationFree aquifer of ~ 100 m depht at river mouthTransmisivity from 1000 to 2000 m2/d Storage coefficient 0,1
ResultsWater levels identification (cont.)
Processes in disconnected stage:Rainfall events
Quick rise of groundwater levels (sandy soil)Little effect in lagoon (damped)
WindSea rising induce a rising wave in groundwaterWind direction induced differential lagoon rise toward the extreme or inner of the channel. Wind intensity-lagoon level correlation (quadrant 225º-315º):
Positive values mean: 0.716
ResultsWater bodies characterization (cont.)
Nutrients profiles
0,0
0,2
0,40,6
0,8
1,0
1,21,4
1,6
1,8
Oriente 3 Oriente 2 Oriente 1 Laguna (O) Laguna (P) Poniente 1 Poniente 2 Poniente 3 Poniente 4 Poniente 5 Mar
P-PO
4 (m
g/L)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
Oriente 3 Oriente 2 Oriente 1 Laguna (O) Laguna (P) Poniente 1 Poniente 2 Poniente 3 Poniente 4 Poniente 5 Mar
N-N
O3
(mg/
L)
East 3 East 2 East 1 Lagoon (E) Lagoon (W) West 1 West 2 West 3 West 4 West 5 Sea
East 3 East 2 East 1 Lagoon (E) Lagoon (W) West 1 West 2 West 3 West 4 West 5 Sea
ResultsWater bodies characterization (cont.)
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
Oriente 3 Oriente 2 Oriente 1 Laguna (O) Laguna (P) Poniente 1 Poniente 2 Poniente 3 Poniente 4 Poniente 5 Mar
pH
Dissolved oxygen profile
pH profile
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Oriente 3 Oriente 2 Oriente 1 Laguna (O) Laguna (P) Poniente 1 Poniente 2 Poniente 3 Poniente 4 Poniente 5 Mar
OD
(mg/
L)
East 3 East 2 East 1 Lagoon (E) Lagoon (W) West 1 West 2 West 3 West 4 West 5 Sea
East 3 East 2 East 1 Lagoon (E) Lagoon (W) West 1 West 2 West 3 West 4 West 5 Sea
Modelling
Implicit finite difference model
paKD ·
=pw
xhD
th
=∂∂⋅−
∂∂
2
2
98.4
98.5
98.6
98.7
98.8
98.9
99
99.1
99.2
12/07 17/07 22/07 27/07 01/08 06/08 11/08 16/08 21/08 26/08 31/08
Altu
ras
rela
tivas
(m)
5,77*10-56,64*10-56,205*10-5CP2
98.4
98.6
98.8
99
99.2
99.4
99.6
99.8
12/07 17/07 22/07 27/07 01/08 06/08 11/08 16/08 21/08 26/08 31/08
Altu
ras
rela
tivas
(m)
1,70*10-41,53*10-41,615*10-4CP5
Rela
tive
heig
ht
(m)
Simulated flows for El Yali stream
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
01/01
/1992
19/07
/1992
04/02
/1993
23/08
/1993
11/03
/1994
27/09
/1994
15/04
/1995
01/11
/1995
19/05
/1996
05/12
/1996
23/06
/1997
09/01
/1998
28/07
/1998
13/02
/1999
01/09
/1999
19/03
/2000
05/10
/2000
23/04
/2001
09/11
/2001
28/05
/2002
14/12
/2002
02/07
/2003
18/01
/2004
05/08
/2004
21/02
/2005
09/09
/2005
Cau
dal d
iario
cal
cula
do (m
3 /s)
-10
40
90
140
190
240
290
Pre
cipi
taci
ón (m
m)
PrecipitaciónCaudal calculado