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Water Management and Treatment Hurdles
Kelvin B. Gregory, PhD
On the banks of the Youghigheny River, Versailles, PA, 1919. Photo Courtesy McKeesport Historical Society. Located and Digitized by Joel Tarr,
Carnegie Mellon.
Oil/Gas Extraction: PA 2007
300m
700m
1100m
1500m
Fracturing Fluid Contains 7-18 million liters of water mixed with sand and other chemical modifiers well stimulation
Fracturing Fluid Pumped at high pressure into well to introduce fractures and carry proppant into the fissures.
Water Returns to the surface as “Flowback”
Flowback water stored prior to treatment and/or disposal.
Small volumes of water are coproduced over lifetime of well is “Produced Water” and is managed independently.
Hydraulic Fracture Overview
minimum maximum average number of samples
TDS (mg/L) 680 345,000 106,390 129
TSS (mg/L) 4 7,600 352 156
oil and grease (mg/L)
4.6 802 74 62
COD (mg/L) 195 36,600 15,358 89
TOC (mg/L) 1.2 1530 160 55
pH 5.1 8.42 6.56 156
alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3)
7.5 577 165 144
SO4(mg/L) 0 763 71 113
Cl (mg/L) 64.2 196,000 57,447 154
Br (mg/L) 0.2 1,990 511 95
Na (mg/L) 69.2 117,000 24,123 157
Ca (mg/L) 37.8 41,000 7,220 159
Mg (mg/L) 17.3 2,550 632 157
Ba (mg/L) 0.24 13,800 2,224 159
Sr (mg/L) 0.59 8,460 1,695 151
Fe dissolved
(mg/L)0.1 222 40.8 134
Fe total (mg/L)
2.6 321 76 141
gross alphaa
(pCi/L)37.7 9,551 1,509 32
gross betaa
(pCi/L)75.2 597,600 43,415 32
Ra228 (pCi/L)
0 1,360 120 46
Ra226 (pCi/L)
2.75 9,280 623 46
U235 (pCi/L) 0 20 1 14
U238(pCi/L) 0 497 42 14
Produced/Flowback Water Constituents
Gregory et al, Elements 2011; Barbot et al, ES&T 2013
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
400
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Flowrate
TDS
Time of Flowback (days)
Flo
wra
te (
m3
/d)
TD
S C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(g
/L)
Disposal
• Deep-Well (Re)injection Few in PA• Ag Reuse Too salty• Dilution to WWTP 500 mg/L limit
Treatment
• Membrane Technology $$$• Thermal Distillation $$$$• Freeze Thaw Evaporation Bad Climate • Artificial Wetlands Too salty
Water Management Hurdles in PennsylvaniaCRISIS
Characteristics of Crises
• Seeger, et al (1998). "Communication, organization, and crisis". Communication Yearbook 21: 231–275.• Lebow, RN (1981) “Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis
• Unexpected Event• High-levels of uncertainty• Threaten high-priority needs• Heighten Anxiety• Belief that any action will have far-
reaching consequences “I’ve got a wife, kids, a career—Jesus! I’m only twelve hours old! How did this happen to me?”
Deep Water Horizon Crisis: No question
DWH Crisis? What Crisis?
Crises: Two Perceptions related to Shale Energy
o Energy Availabilityo Energy Costso Energy Securityo Municipal Economico Unemploymento GHG Emissions
1) Solution to Crises
2) Cause of Crises
o Air, Water, Soil Pollutiono GHG Emissionso Infrastructure Degradationo Societal Degradationo Future Unemployment
Public Information is Confusing
Role of Media in Crisis
Disposal
• Deep-Well (Re)injection Few in PA• Ag Reuse Too salty• Dilution to WWTP 500 mg/L limit
Treatment
• Membrane Technology $$$• Thermal Distillation $$$$• Freeze Thaw Evaporation Bad Climate • Artificial Wetlands Too salty
Water Management Hurdles in Pennsylvania
Local Challenges Innovation & Local Solutions
Hydraulic FracturingWith Recycled Flowback
PretreatmentPrecipitation, Settling.
Local Solutions: Reuse of Produced Water for HF
Produced Water to Impoundment
Produced Water to New Well
Recycling Leads to Large and Lengthy Impoundment Times
What is happening in the impoundments w.r.t. metals and NORM ?
• Mixed flowback and produced fluids• Large Impoundments• Lengthy Impoundment time• Evolving biogeochemistry
Microbial communities drive the evolution of impoundment chemistry, impact management
Malodorous CompoundsVolatile Sulfur CompoundsVolatile Fermentation Products
Degradation of toxic Hydrocarbon
Determine Fate of Metals Fate and Naturally Occurring Radionuclides
Global Shale Plays in Water Stressed Regions
Cambay Basin
Water management problems are localSolutions arise locally but have have global impacts.
Order (Class) Sample name
SW FF FB1 FB7 FB9 PW
Rhodobacterales (Alphaproteobacteria) Sphingomonadales (Alphaproteobacteria) Caulobacterales (Alphaproteobacteria) Rhodospirillales (Alphaproteobacteria) Pseudomonadales (Gammaproteobacteria) Vibrionales (Gammaproteobacteria) Alteromonadales (Gammaproteobacteria) Chromatiales (Gammaproteobacteria) Campylobacterales (Epsilonproteobacteria) Burkholderiales (Betaproteobacteria) Thermoanaerobacterales (Clostridia) Halanaerobiales (Clostridia) Clostridiales (Clostridia) Bacteroidales (Bacteroidetes) Flavobacteriales (Flavobacteria) Fusobacteriales (Fusobacteria) Bacillales (Bacilli) Lactobacillales (Bacilli)
0% >0 - 5%
>5-10% >10-20% >20-30% >30-50% >99%
Graphical Relative Abundance of Important Orders at the Wellheads
Fate of NORM
0 5 10 15 20 25 35 40 49 58 63 66 74 77 79 830
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Aerated U(VI)
Anaerobic U(VI)
Autoclaved U(VI)
Aerated Fe(II)
Anaerobic Fe(II)
Autoclaved Fe(II)
Fe (I
I) m
g/l
U(V
I)
uM
Impoundments: Fate of NORM Linked to Microbiology