Water Module

7/18/2019 Water Module

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Water Quality andQuantity,

Climate Change andPublic Health

Water Quality & QuantityClimate Change Training Module

Minnesota Climate and Health ProgramMinnesota Department of Health

Environmental Impacts Analysis UnitOctober 2!2

"2# $obert %treet &orth

PO 'o( ")*+#%t, Pa-l. M& ##!")/*+#



Notice

2

MDH developed this presentationbased on scientifc research

published in peerrevie!ed "ournals# $e%erences %orin%ormation can be %ound in therelevant slides andor at the endo% the presentation#



'earning (b"ectives

Importance of 0ater inMinnesota

Climate changes in Minnesota

P-blic health iss-es related to1!, Increases in 0ater

2, Decreases in 0ater, Increases in 0ater temperat-re



)

)MP($*+NC (- W+*$ )NM)NN.(*+

Water .ourcesWater .ources

Water CycleWater Cycle Water /sesWater /ses



nnesota0 + 'and o% Water

%-rface 0ater1!!.3)2 la4es greaterthan ! acres and". miles ofrivers and streams

5&CDC 2". University of Minnesota 6ater$eso-rces Center 2!!7

8ro-nd0ater1several a9-ifersacross the state and

appro(/imately). drin4ing0ater 0ells

5D&$. 2!: MDH. 2!27

%o-rce1 University of Minnesota 6ater $eso-rces#



nesota0 + 'and o% Water

Has the mostfresh0ater amongthe )3 lo0er states

5University of Minnesota 6ater $eso-rcesCenter. 2!!7

At the head of fo-rcontinental0atersheds and is the

head0aters andorigin of three of the0atersheds

5D&$. 27

%o-rce1 D&$.

1

2

3

4

"



Water in Minnesota

**; of the 0ater that comes intoMinnesota is in the form of precipitation5University of Minnesota 6ater $eso-rces Center 2!!7

6e control the 9-ality < 9-antity of 0ater0e -se and discard

+



=hree main airmasses a>ectMinnesota?s

0eather1!, Cold. dry. polar

continental from the north

2, Dry. tropical continental

0esterlies, 6arm. moist tropical

maritime from the 8-lf ofMe(ico

Ma"or air masses converging toMN

32

1

3

Water in Minnesota



Hydrologic Cycle

*

http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@0atershedtool@hydrology,html

=he hydrologic cycle

describes the contin-o-smovement of 0ater1 Evaporation to the

atmosphere

Precipitation to the land

InBltration to gro-nd0ater

Discharge to s-rface 0ater

Changes in climate can

alter the hydrologic cycle =emperat-re a>ects 0ater

vapor 0hich a>ectsprecipitation



Water /se

!*; 0ater -se comes from gro-nd 0ater and the

remaining comes from s-rface 0ater*otal !ater use in MN %rom1567 to 2818

!



!!

Water /se



innesota Drin9ing Water

+3; of Minnesotansrely on p-blic drin4ing0ater 0hich is largely

from gro-nd0ater5+;7

One million

Minnesotans 522;7 relyon private 0ells. 0hichall -se gro-nd0ater

!2



ater is :ey

Minnesota is rich in 0ater reso-rces

High 9-ality. ab-ndant 0ater isessential to Minnesota economy.c-lt-re. f-t-re

Understanding the basic properties ofthe 0ater cycle and the atmosphereis f-ndamental to -nderstandingimpacts of climate change on 0ater

!



C')M+* CH+N;.)N M)NN.(*+

=emperat-re

De0 point

Precipitation

!)



eather versus Climate

6eather1 conditions ofthe atmosphere over

a short period of time Climate1 conditions of

the atmosphere over

long periods of time5/year standardaveraging period7

!#



Climate Changes in Minnesota

!"

=here have been three recentsigniBcant observed climate trends inMinnesota1

=he average temperat-re is increasing

=he average n-mber of days 0ith ahigh de0 point may be increasing

=he character of precipitation ischanging



*emperature Changes

!+

=emperat-re has been rising in Minnesota,



*emperature Changes

!3

=hree signiBcant observations in thisoverall 0arming1

6inter temperat-res have been rising abo-tt0ice as fast as ann-al average

temperat-res Minim-m or overnight lo0 temperat-res

have been rising faster than the ma(im-mtemperat-re. or daytime high?

%ince the early !*3s. the temperat-re hasrisen slightly over !FG in so-thern Minnesotato a little over 2FG in m-ch of the northernpart of the state

*emperature and )ce



'a9e.uperior

*emperature and )ceCover

!*



De! Point Changes

2

De0 point is a meas-re of 0ater vaporin the air

=he higher the de0 point. the moredic-lt it is for peoples s0eat toevaporate. 0hich is ho0 they coolthemselves

=he n-mber of days 0ith high de0point temperat-res 5 + FG7 may beincreasing in Minnesota



De! Point Changes

2!Source: Dr. Mark Seeley, Climatologist, University of Minnesota



Precipitation Changes

22

On average. the total precipitation in the state has

increased since the D-st 'o0l era of the !*s,




2

=he character of precipitation inMinnesota is changing More localiJed. heavy precipitation

events Potential to ca-se both increased

Kooding and dro-ght



Public health issuesrelated to0

Increases in 0ater

Decreases in 0ater

Increases in 0ater temperat-re




Glooding H-midity < De0 Point

High0ay !"* bet0een %t, Peter and Le%-e-r

)ncreases in Water

P i it ti



More 0intertime precipitation falls as rain ratherthan sno0 =his trend may increase ris4s of r-no> and Koods

$ed-ced sno0pac4 may lead to lo0er 0ater levels and

dro-ght in late s-mmer5arl et al, 2*72"

PrecipitationChanges

Changes in .no!%all Contributions toWintertime Precipitation

<1545 to 2887=




8reatest increase in

very heavy precipitationin the past # yearsocc-rred in the&ortheast and theMid0est

5arl et al, 2*7

=otal precipitation in theMid0est and &ortheastis e(pected to increase

the most 0ith thelargest increases inheavy precipitationevents5arl et al, 2*7

2+

Very heavy precipitation is defned as theheaviest 1 percent o all daily events rom 1958 to

P bli H lth )



Public Health )ssues Precipitation

23

>tremePrecipitation

Increasedr-no>1

sediment.contaminants.

nitrate. etc,

%e0ageoverKo

0s

Contamination of

s-rface andgro-nd0ate

r

Waterborne disease outbrea9s%rom drin9ing !ater orrecreational contact

<beachgoers=0 ;iardiasis, coli,

Physicalin"uries and

destructiono% property



looding

2*

Glooding res-lts from a combination of Land -se changes that red-ce inBltration UndersiJed se0er@storm0ater pipes E(treme precipitation and@or rapid

sno0melt

Glood magnit-deand fre9-ency areli4ely to increasein most regions.

and vol-mes oflo0 Ko0s areli4ely to decreasein many regions

5Gield et al. 2+7



2!2 D-l-th@northeastern Minnesota #/

year Kood event

looding

Photo credits1 $achelAg-r4is 5top7. Dere4Montgomery for MP$5right7



Potential increasesof1 physical inN-ries

5incl-ding dro0ning7 allergies 5mold7 food and 0ater/borne

illnesses food sec-rity

displacement mental health iss-es interr-ption of

emergency services

56HO. 2!7 !

lic Health )ssues -looding

Oslo. M&. May !). 2*# days after the $ed $iverKooded




2

Goodborne illnesses 5e,g, Salmonellosis) Increased ris4 from contamination of certain

food crops 0ith feces from nearby livestoc4 or0ild animals follo0ing heavy rain and Kooding

5Ebi et al. 23: CC%P. 237

6aterborne illnesses Ca-sed by pathogens5e,g, Cryptosporidim and!iardia7 0hich may increasefollo0ing do0npo-rs Can also be transmittedin drin4ing 0ater andthro-gh recreational -se5Ebi et al. 23: CC%P. 237

Public Health )ssues



Public Health )ssues -looding

!,"! M people 0erea>ected: over ). 0@signiBcant symptoms: !people died

Median d-ration of illness0as * days 5range. ! to ##7

Clinical manifestationsincl-ded 0atery diarrhea5*;7. abdominal cramps53);7. fever 5#+;7.

vomiting 5)3;7 !,+ million in total

medical costs and "),"million in total lostprod-ctivity

1553 Mil!au9ee Cryptosporidium

(utbrea9

li H l h ) -l di



Mental health1 an(iety disorders.depression. psychological e>ects5Ebi et al, 237

)


HumidityDe! Point



HumidityDe! Point)ncrease

8reater fre9-ency of tropical/li4e atmospheric 0ater vapor

5Mar4 %eeley. 2!27 #

HumidityDe! Point



-ly !*. 2!!1 highest de0 point

temperat-re recorded ever in Minnesota33FG de0 point in Moorhead 5combined 0ith*FG air temperat-re. it felt li4e !FG7

5%tate Climatology Oce7

"

HumidityDe! Point)ncrease

H t ) d



Heat )nde>

+5%o-rce1 &6%.

*he Heat )nde> <H)=0 calc-lation that describes

ho0 the air temperat-re and de0 point areperceived the h-man body

P bli H lth ) H idit



Public Health )ssues ? Humidity& Heat H-man health iss-es1

heat rash. heat e(ha-stion. heatstro4e. death

%tressed livestoc41 red-ced mil4

prod-ction. reprod-ctionproblems. death

Algae blooms

Mold Increased vector and

microorganism pop-lations

3

i W t



ecrease in Water

Dro-ght

Lo0er 0ater

levels



Drought

)

W t ' l ; t ' 9



Water 'evels0 ;reat 'a9es

Average 8reat La4es levels depends on the balance bet0een

precipitation and evaporation5Hayhoe et al, 2!7

)!

Public Health )ssues ?



Public Health )ssues ?Drought & 'o!er Water 'evels

$ed-ced soil moist-re reserves.

gro-nd0ater s-pplies. la4e and

0etland levels. and stream Ko0s

Potential concentration of

poll-tants

Decreasing 0ater s-pply for

drin4ing 0ater and agric-lt-re

Agric-lt-re1 adversely a>ects crop progress and soil moist-re

and therefore food s-pply

6ildBre dangers 5e,g,. Pagami Cree4 Gire. 'o-ndary 6aters

Canoe Area 6ilderness Q started A-g-st !3th 2!!: *2."32

acres as of Oct, !th 2!!71 inN-ries. property damage.

an(iety. psychological e>ects)2

)ncrease in Water



)ncrease in Water*emperature

Changes in Bshpop-lations <

merc-ry

Algal blooms $ed-ced dissolved

o(ygen

Incomplete mi(ing Increased vectors

Invasive species@ northern

e(pansion of organisms

-ish Populations &



-ish Populations &Mercury

6armer 0aters co-ldharm Bsh pop-lationsand biological activityof cold a9-atic

ecosystems 6armer 0aters and

rainfall intensity maybe contrib-ting to anincrease in merc-ryconcentrations in Bsh

))%o-rce1 Peter acobson.D&$ Gisheries $esearch%-pervisor

Concept-al diagram ofclimate 0arming e>ects on

Minnesota Bsh comm-nities

Harm%ul +lgal @looms &



Harm%ul +lgal @looms &$educed Dissolved (>ygen

Increased poll-tion and temperat-rescan res-lt in blooms of harmf-l algaeand bacteria and red-ce the amo-nt

of dissolved o(ygen

)#

) l t i i



)ncomplete mi>ing

%tratiBcation Longer periods of stratiBcation

5s-rface and 0ater bottom don?t mi(7

may ca-se dead Jones 5lo0 o(ygenlevels7 and decrease self/p-riBcationcapabilities of 0ater feat-res

May ca-se Bsh 4ills. poor 0ater

9-ality. increased insect pop-lations.etc,

)"

) d t



)ncreased vectors

Climate change may contrib-te tothe breeding of insects 5e,g,.mos9-itoes7 and may increase theris4 of vector/borne diseases 5e,g,.

6est &ile vir-s7

)nvasive species &



)nvasive species &northern e>pansion o%organisms

Invasive species Asian carp

Rebra m-ssels

%ea lamprey D&$ Invasive %pecies

0ebsite1

http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@invasives@inde(,html

E( ansion of disease/ca-sin

Many Jebra m-sselsattached to a native m-ssel,%o-rce1 M& D&$

Public Health .trategies

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/index.html








Public Health .trategies

8reen infrastr-ct-re

8rey infrastr-ct-re

Emergency Preparedness

Individ-al %trategies

)*

;reen )n%rastructure



;reen )n%rastructure

#

$ely on nat-ralprocesses1

Evaporation =rees and plant

cover

InBltration$ain gardens

Pervio-s pavers

6etlands

+bove0 *arget Center $oo% inMinneapolis

Conservation.ubdivision

;rey )n%rastructure



;rey )n%rastructure

#!

Increase capacity of storm0aterpipes. storage tan4s and 0aste0atertreatment facilities to accommodatelarger rain events

;reen & ;rey )n%rastructure



;reen & ;rey )n%rastructure

#2

!, Protect nat-raldrainage patterns.0atersheds and0ater bodies

2, InBltrate andcollect 0ater

, Plant native.dro-ght/resistant

plants), Conserve 0ater5e,g,. lo0 irrigationagric-lt-re7

#, $e-se 0ater %o-rce1 D&$. 2!!d

Water Management.olutions

mergency Preparedness



mergency Preparedness

#

mergency preparedness0 Plan for Koods and e(treme 0eather

events Minnesota 6ater@6aste0ater Agency $esponse &et0or4

5Mn6A$&71 http1@@000,mn0arn,org@

Minnesota Poll-tion Control Agency 5MPCA7 0ebsite onpreparing for Koods1http1@@000,pca,state,mn,-s@inde(,php@0aste@0aste/and/clean-p@clean-p/programs/and/topics@clean-p/programs@emergency/response@Koods/minimiJing/poll-tion/and/he

alth/ris4s,html Minnesota Department of Health 5MDH7 0ebsite on

protecting private 0ells from Koods1http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@0ells@0ater9-ality@Kooded,html

)ndividual .trategies

http://www.mnwarn.org/

http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/waste/waste-and-cleanup/cleanup-programs-and-topics/cleanup-programs/emergency-response/floods-minimizing-pollution-and-health-risks.html




http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/flooded.html








http://www.mnwarn.org/



#)

)ndividual .trategies

Drin4 bottled 0ater d-ring and@or after a Kood oro-tbrea4

8et yo-r 0ell tested http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@0ells@0ater9-ality@inde(,html

=reat contaminated 0ater http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@0ells@0ater9-ality@disinfection,html

%ee4 information on beaches prior to s0imming andavoid visibly contaminated 0aters

'each info1 http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@beaches@inde(,html 'l-e/green algae1 http1@@

000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@haJardo-s@topics@bl-egreenalgae,html

=rac4 Bsh cons-mption advisories http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@Bsh@

Contaminated Water

ummary

http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/index.html

http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/disinfection.html


http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/beaches/index.html


http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/topics/bluegreenalgae.html


http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/fish/















ummary

6ater has al0ays been an important and

ab-ndant reso-rce in Minnesota Minnesota?s climate is predicted to change in the

f-t-re and 0ill impact 0ater 9-ality and 9-antity

=here are serio-s p-blic health iss-es related to1 Increases in 0ater

Decreases in 0ater

Increases in 0ater temperat-re

%trategies to prevent inN-ry and illness incl-de

infrastr-ct-re adaptation and p-blic healthplanning and response

##

9no!ledgements



9no!ledgements

#"

=his 0or4 0as s-pported bycooperative agreement #UE!EH+3from the Centers for Disease Controland Prevention%pecial than4s to the follo0ing people for their

contrib-tions to the creation of this trainingmod-le1

Anita Anderson. MDHPatti Craddoc4. %hort Elliott Hendric4son Inc,

5%EH7Chris Elvr-m. MDH =annie Eshena-r. MDHAnn Pierce. D&$Angela Preimesberger. MPCA

Lih/in $eJania. MDHAndre0 %-llivan. Eden Prairie

*han9 you



*han9 you

#+

Contact the Minnesota Climate and Health

Program0

"#!/2!/)3*health,climatechangeSstate,mn,-s

http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@climatechange@

QuestionsA

October !. 2!2

$e%erences

http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/climatechange/





$e%erences

#3

Associate Press, arno0s4i. %, 2!2, %-mmers heat ta4ing toll on Bsh in Minnesota. 6isconsin. Da4otas, +@!2@2!2, $eprinted by Pioneer Press1http1@@000,t0incities,com@localne0s@ci2!"2+)@heat/0ave/ta4es/toll/minnesotas/Bsh

A-stin A. and Colman %M, 2+, La4e %-perior s-mmer 0ater temperat-res are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperat-res1 A positive ice/albedofeedbac4. 8eophys, $es, Lett,. "#. L""). doi1!,!2*@2"8L2*2!, Available online1 000,ag-,org@p-bs@crossref@2+@2"8L2*2!,shtml

A-stin A. and Colman %M, 23, A cent-ry of temperat-re variability in La4e %-perior, Limnol, Oceanogr. #. 2+2)Q2+, Available online1

000,aslo,org@lo@pdf@vol#@iss-e"@2+2),pdf Climate Change %cience Program 5CC%P7, 23, Analyses of the e>ects of global change on h-man health and 0elfare and h-man systems, A $eport by theU,%, Climate Change %cience Program and the %-bcommittee on 8lobal Change $esearch, T8amble L 5ed,7. Ebi L. %-ssman G8. 6ilban4s =. 5A-thors7, U,%,

Environmental Protection Agency. 6ashington. DC. U%A,

Climate Instit-te, 2!, H-man Health, Available online1 http1@@000,climate,org@topics@health,html

Confalonieri U. Menne '. A4htar $. Ebi L. Ha-eng-e M. ovats $%. $evich ' and 6ood0ard A, 2+, H-man health, Climate Change 2007$ %mpacts& 'daptation and (lneraility , Contrib-tion of 6or4ing 8ro-p II to the Go-rth Assessment $eport of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. U. *!/)!,

Con0ay = and =ans P, 2!!, &OAA@E%$L, Available online1 000,esrl,noaa,gov@gmd@ccgg@trends@

C-rriero GC. PatJ A. $ose '. Lele %, 2!, =he association bet0een e(treme precipitation and 0aterborne disease o-tbrea4s in the United %tates. !*)3/!**),American o-rnal of P-blic Health. *!5371 !!*)/!!**,

Davis P. MD, 2!, Case %t-dy1 Lessons from the Massive 6aterborne O-tbrea4 of Cryptosporidim Infections. Mil0a-4ee. 6isconsin. !**, '-rea- ofComm-nicable Disease and Emergency $esponse. 6isconsin Division of P-blic Health, Available online1http1@@fri,0isc,ed-@docs@pdf@DavisG$I6ater&ov2!,pdf

D-4es % and Mooney HA, !***, Does global change increase the s-ccess of biological invadersW?, *rends in +cology , +voltion 5)7 !#/!*

8overnor Dayton. M, 2!2, Individ-al Assistance re9-est to President 'ara4 Obama, -ly !*. 2!2,

Department of &at-ral $eso-rces 5D&$7, 2, Minnesota?s 6ater %-pply1 &at-ral Conditions and H-man Impacts, Available online1http1@@Bles,dnr,state,mn,-s@p-blications@0aters@mn0aters-pply,pdf

, 2!, 6ater Availability Assessment $eport, Available online1 http1@@Bles,dnr,state,mn,-s@abo-tdnr@reports@legislative@2!0ateravailablity,pdf

, 2!!a, Dro-ght, Available online1 http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@climate@dro-ght@inde(,html

, 2!!b, Glooding in Minnesota, Available online1 http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@climate@Koods@inde(,html

, 2!!c, La4e Level Minnesota, Available online1 http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@climate@0aterlevels@la4es@ inde(,html

, 2!!d, 6atershed Assessment =ool Q 8eomorphology Concepts, Available online1http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@0atershedtool@geomorphconcepts,html

Desai. A,$,. ,A, A-stin. X, 'ennington. and 8,A, Mcinley, 2*, %tronger 0inds over a large la4e in response to 0ea4ening air/to/la4e temperat-re gradient,-atre !eosci, 21 3##Q3#3, Available online1 000,nat-re,com@ngeo@No-rnal@v2@n!2@abs@ngeo"*,html

Ebi L. 'alb-s . inney PL. Lipp E. Mills D. O?&eill M%. and 6ilson M, 23, E>ects of global change on h-man health, In1 'nalyses o the +ects o !loal

Change on /man /ealth and elare and /man Systems T8amble L 5ed,7. Ebi L. %-ssman G8. and 6ilban4s = 5a-thors7, %ynthesis and AssessmentProd-ct ),", U,%, Environmental Protection Agency. 6ashington. DC. pp, */3+,

$e%erences <cont =

http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_21062734/heat-wave-takes-toll-minnesotas-fish

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL029021.shtml

http://www.aslo.org/lo/pdf/vol_53/issue_6/2724.pdf

http://www.climate.org/topics/health.html

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/Davis_FRI_Water_Nov2010.pdf

http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/waters/mn_water_supply.pdf

http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/reports/legislative/2010_water_availablity.pdf

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/drought/index.html

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/floods/index.html

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watershed_tool/geomorph_concepts.html

http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n12/abs/ngeo693.html

http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n12/abs/ngeo693.html

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watershed_tool/geomorph_concepts.html

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/floods/index.html

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/drought/index.html

http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/reports/legislative/2010_water_availablity.pdf

http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/waters/mn_water_supply.pdf

http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/Davis_FRI_Water_Nov2010.pdf

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

http://www.climate.org/topics/health.html

http://www.aslo.org/lo/pdf/vol_53/issue_6/2724.pdf

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL029021.shtml

http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_21062734/heat-wave-takes-toll-minnesotas-fish



$e%erences <cont#=

#*

Ellison CA. %anoc4i CA. LorenJ DL. Mitton 8'. and r-se 8A, 2!!, Gloods of %eptember 2! in %o-thern Minnesota, U,%, 8eological %-rvey%cientiBc Investigations $eport 2!!Q#)#. + p,. app,

Gederal Emergency Management Agency 5GEMA7, 2!!, Gederal Disaster Declarations, Available online1 http1@@000,fema,gov@ne0s@disasters,fema

Gield C'. Mortsch LD. 'r4lacich M. Gorbes DL. ovacs P. PatJ A. $-nning %6. and %cott M, 2+, &orth America, In1 Climate Change 2007$ %mpacts& 'daptation and (lneraility , Contrition o oring !rop %% to the orth 'ssessment 3eport o the %ntergovernmental 4anel onClimate Change TParry ML. CanJiani OG. Pal-ti4of P. van der Linden P. and Hanson CE5eds,7, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. U. and &e0

Yor4. pp, "!+/"#2,

Hansen . $-edy $. %ato M. and Lo , 2!, 8lobal %-rface =emperat-re Change, 3evies o !eophysics )31 $8)), p,!2

Hayhoe. ,. XanDorn. ,. Croley. =,. %chlegal. &,. < 6-ebbles. D, 52!7, $egional climate change proNections for Chicago and the U,%, 8reat La4es, o-rnal of 8reat La4es $esearch& ". +/2!,

HondJo M. and %tefan H8, !**!1 =hree case st-dies of la4e temperat-re and stratiBcation response to 0armer climate, 6ater $eso-rces $esearch.2+537. !3+/ !3)",

Horstmeyer. %L, 23, $elative h-midity , , , $elative to 0hatW =he de0 point temperat-re , , , a better approach, Available online1http1@@000,shorstmeyer,com@0(fa9s@h-midity@h-midity,html

arl =$. Melillo M. and Peterson =C. 5eds,7 2*, 8lobal Climate Change Impacts in the United %tates, Cambridge University Press, Available online1http1@@do0nloads,globalchange,gov@-simpacts@pdfs@climate/impacts/report,pdf

eeling $, 2!2, %cripps Instit-tion of Oceanography. Available online1 scrippsco2,-csd,ed-@

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Photo Credits

%lide )1 Photograph by Cha^na 'api4ee %lide +1 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide !21 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide !#1 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide !*1 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide 2#1 EYC =elevision %lide 2"1 Photograph by %am Choo. available at http1@@

minnesota,p-blicradio,org@collections@special@col-mns@-pdraft@archive@2!!@+@another)3ho-rs ofrelentless,shtml

%lide 2*1 Photograph by Patsy Lynch@GEMA. A-g-st 2. 2+ %toc4ton %lide 1 Left image from $achel Ag-r4is. $ight image from Dere4 Montgomery for MP$ %lide !1 Photograph by Ed Edahl@GEMA. May !). 2* Oslo

%lide 21 Image of salmonella from 6i4ipedia. available at http1@@en,0i4ipedia,org@0i4i@%almonella %lide 1 Photograph credit / athy 'lair < e>rey P, Davis. MD 6isconsin Division of P-blic Health %lide )1 Photograph by 8ettyimages %lide #1 Image by =ildology. available at http1@@tildology,com@2!!@+@!*@misery/inde(/0eather/

0ise@ %lide "1 =he 6eather Channel 2!! %lide 31 =op image from AGP@8etty Images 5provided by Peter %ynder. UM&7 %lide *1 Left photograph D&$. right photograph by Cha^na 'api4ee %lide )21 Photograph by ate Ho-ston %lide )1 Image from Microsoft Clip Art %lide )#1 Photograph of bl-e/green algae. %o-rce1 MPCA %lide )+1 Image of mos9-ito from 6i4ipedia. available at http1@@en,0i4ipedia,org@0i4i@Mos9-ito %lide )31 Image of Jebra m-ssels from M& D&$. available at

http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@invasives@a9-aticanimals@Jebram-ssel@inde(,html %lide #1 =op image from Pam 'li(t. City of Minneapolis: bottom image from Microsoft Clip Art %lide #!1 Image of c-lvert from 6i4ipedia. available at http1@@en,0i4ipedia,org@0i4i@C-lvert




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