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Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

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A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage There are several types of water meter in common use. Selection is based on different flow measurement methods, the type of end user, the required flow rates, and accuracy requirements. Water meters typically measure and display total usage in cubic feet (ft. 3 ), cubic meters (m 3 ) or US gallons on a mechanical or electronic register. COMMON TYPES OF WATER METER Multi-jet Meter Single-jet Meter Positive Displacement Meter Turbine Meter Compound Meter Electromagnetic or Mag Meter Ultrasonic Meter W A T E R D I S T R I B U T I O N
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Page 1: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage

There are several types of water meter in common use. Selection is based on different flow measurement methods, the type of end user, the required flow rates, and accuracy requirements.

Water meters typically measure and display total usage in cubic feet (ft.3), cubic meters (m3) or US gallons on a mechanical or electronic register.

COMMON TYPES OF WATER METER• Multi-jet Meter• Single-jet Meter• Positive Displacement Meter• Turbine Meter• Compound Meter• Electromagnetic or Mag Meter• Ultrasonic Meter

WATER DISTRIBUTION

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This type of water meter is most often used in residential and small commercial applications.

Displacement meters are commonly referred to as Positive Displacement, or "PD" meters. Two common methods of positive displacement measuring are

• Oscillating Piston meters and • Nutating Disk meters.

PD meters are generally very accurate at low to moderate flow rates typical of residential and small commercial users, and are common in sizes from 5/8" to 2". Because displacement meters rely on all water flowing through the meter to "push" the measuring element, they generally are not practical in large commercial applications enquiring high flow rates or low pressure loss.

PD meters normally have bronze, brass or plastic bodies with internal measuring chambers made from molded plastics and stainless steel.

PD meters normally have a built-in strainer to protect the measuring element from rocks or other debris that could stop or break the measuring element.

DISPLACEMENT WATER METERS

WATER DISTRIBUTION

Page 3: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

VELOCITY WATER METERSA velocity-type meter measures the velocity of flow through a meter of a known internal capacity. The speed of the flow can then be converted into volume of flow for usage.

There are several types of meters that measure water flow velocity to determine totalized usage. They include jet meters (single-jet and multi-jet), turbine meters, propeller meters, and mag meters.

Most velocity-based meters have an adjustment vane for calibration of the meter to required accuracy standards.

MULTI-JET METERSMulti-jet meters are very accurate in small sizes and are commonly used in 5/8" to 2" sizes for residential and smaller commercial uses. Multi-jet meters use multiple ports surrounding an internal chamber, to create a jet of water against an impeller. The impeller rotation speed is in relation to the velocity of water flow. Multi-jets are very accurate at low flow rates, but are not used in larger sizes, since they have the straight- through flow path needed for the high flow rates used in large pipe diameters.

WATER DISTRIBUTION

Page 4: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

TURBINE METERSTurbine meters are less accurate than displacement and jet meters at low flow rates, but the measuring element does not occupy or severely restrict the entire path of flow. The flow direction is generally straight through the meter, allowing for higher flow rates and less pressure loss than displacement-type meters. They are the meter of choice for large commercial users, fire protection, and as master meters for the water distribution system. Turbine meters are generally available for 1-1/2" to 12" or higher pipe sizes. Turbine meter bodies are commonly made of bronze, cast Iron, or ductile iron. Internal turbine elements can be plastic or non-corrosive metal alloys.

COMPOUND METERSA compound meter is used where high flow rates are necessary, but at times there are smaller rates of flow that still need to be accurately measured. Compound meters have two measuring elements and a check valve to regulate flow between them. At high flow rates, water is normally diverted primarily.

WATER DISTRIBUTION

Page 5: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

ELECTROMAGNETIC METERSMagnetic flow meters, commonly referred to as "mag meters", are technically a velocity-type water meter, except that they use electromagnetic properties to determine the water flow velocity, rather than mechanical means which jet and turbine meters use.

Since mag meters have no mechanical measuring element, they normally have the advantage of being able to measure flow in either direction, and use electronics for measuring and totalizing the flow.

ULTRASONIC METERSUltrasonic water meters use an ultrasonic transducer to send ultrasonic sound waves through the fluid to determine the velocity and translate the velocity into measurement of the water volume.

The MAJOR different companies producing water meters in Delhi are ANAND ASAHI, KRANTI, CAPSTAN, DESHMESH, CRESCENT

WATER DISTRIBUTION

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF TANKS:

1. Cylindrical Vertical Tanks With Closed Tops

2. Loft Tanks

3. Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks

4. Nestable Tanks

5. Underground Water Storage Tanks (Sumps)

6. Fibre Glass Underground Water Storage Tanks

7. Moulded Water Storage Drums

8. SMC Panel Tanks

9. Septic Tanks

WATER DISTRIBUTION

Page 7: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

Water tanks are liquid storage containers, these tanks are usually storing water for human consumption. A water tank provides for the storage of drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other possible solutions. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon or stainless).

Ground water tank is made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from a water well or from surface water allowing a large volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

Elevated Water Tanks also known as water towers, by elevating the water tank the increased elevation creates a, system distribution, pressure at the tank outlet 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation, thus a tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure,30 psi is sufficient for most domestic and industrial requirements.Water tank application parameters include not only the type of materials to be used and the general design of the tank materials, as well as some of the following.1. Location of the water tank (indoors, outdoors, above ground or underground)2. Volume of water tank will need to hold3. What the water will be used for.4. Temperature of area where water will be stored, concern for freezing.5. Pressure requirements6. How is the water to be delivered into and out of the water tank.7. Wind and Earthquake design considerations allow water tanks to survive seismic and high wind events.

SANITARY FITTINGS

Page 8: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

TRAPS

The depression or bend provided in a drainage system which is always full of water to prevent the foul air or gases to enter in the atmosphere is called a trap.

CLASSIFICATION OF A TRAP

According to the shape of trapP-Trap

The trap having the shape of p is called p trap. In this case, the legs of the trap are at right angles to each other.

Q-Trap The trap having the shape of

letter ‘Q’ is called Q-trap. In this case, the legs of trap meet at angle other than a right angle.

S-Trap The trap having the shape of

letter ‘S’ is called s-trap. In this case, the legs of trap are parallel.

SANITARY FITTINGS

Page 9: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

According to the particular use of trap

Floor Trap(nahni trap): The traps which are used for surface wash or waste water from the floors of bath and kitchen.The traps is placed in bathrooms, kitchens, and sinks etc: and the starting point of waste water flow. It is covered at the top with an iron grating so as to prevent the entry of solid matter in it.

Gully Trap: The trap which is used to receive waste water from sinks, baths, washbasins and rain water is called gully trap.

These traps are used for admitting surface water from yard and paved walks in the drain. It is also suitable where coarse solid matter is likely to block the drain. Such traps forms the starting point of horizontal flow of sewage. It is usually placed near the external face of a wall at a distance of 450mm, its level is kept slightly higher or even in the line with the pavement or natural surface level. It leads the sewage either to main hole or to the inspection chamber or to sewer. The trap consist of an opening called cleaning eye or rodding arm with the tight fitting plug.

Intercepting Trap: The trap which is provided at the junction of a house drain and a sewer.

Intercepting trap is provided in the manhole of building drainage system.

It conveys sewage from the building to the public sewer but its main function is to prevent the entry of foul gases from the sewer into the building and as such is called interceptor or disconnecting trap.

Grease Trap: The traps provided in the plumbing systems for removing grease, oil and gasoline are called grease traps.

Grease and oil being light in weight float on the surface of the sewage therefore if the outlet draws the sewage from the lower level grease and oil is excluded. Due to this reason outlet level is kept near the bottom of the chamber and inlet level is near the top of the chamber. Grease trap is generally located near the source contributing grease and oil to sewage.

SANITARY FITTINGS

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VALVE USED FOR WATER

Globe Type Stop

It is used to control the flow of water at high pressure.

Gate or Siuice Valve

It is used to control the flow of water at low pressure. It offers less resistance than globe type stop.

Float Valve(diaphargam)

It is automatically flow control device fitted with cisterns to maintain an appropriate volume of water. This type is least noisy as there is less friction between moving part.

Ports Mouth and Croydon

This type of valve have a piston moving horizontally or vertically respectively (found in very old installation). Water outlet mouth be well above the highest water level to prevent back siphonage of cisterns. Water into the main supply nozzle reduces as the pressure increases .

SANITARY FITTINGS

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TAPS USE FOR WATER.

THE PILLAR TAPS• It is used to supply water to basin,

baths, bidets and sink. Combined hot and cold pillar taps are available with fixed or swivel outlet.

THE BIB TAP• it is used for wall fixing normally

about 150mm above a sanitary appliance. The ‘suptap’ bib tap permits a change of washer without shutting off the water supply. It is also available in pillar format.

QUARTER TURN TAP• It is easy to operate by hand or

elbow there for are suitable for use by disable and medical practitioners.

SANITARY FITTINGS

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wc • A flush toilet is a toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WC

ABOVE-FLOOR MOUNTED (PEDESTAL)

N-FLOOR MOUNTED (NATURAL POSITION)

WALL MOUNTED (CANTILEVER)

SANITARY FITTINGSSoil Appliances

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URINAL

• A urinal is a specialized toilet for urinating into generally used by males. It has the form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing.

• The different types of urinal, for single or multiple users in trough style designs, are intended to be utilized from a standing position.

2.WATERLESS URINALS

A trap insert filled with a sealant liquid instead of water. The lighter-than-water sealant floats on top of the urine collected in the U-bend, preventing odors from being released into the air. Although the cartridge and sealant must be periodically replaced, the system saves anywhere between 15,000 and 45,000 gallons (approx. 55,000 and 170,000 liters) of water per urinal per year.

1.WATER URINALS

TYPES OF URINALS

SANITARY FITTINGS

Page 14: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

• After water goes down the plughole, it first passes through a water-seal. This seal is a bend in the pipe that is either shaped like the letter S or the letter U and is commonly referred to as the 'S bend'. The water trapped in the bend creates a barrier that prevents smells further down the pipe from entering your house.

After the water-seal, your pipe would be joined by other pipes that carry sewage away from your home and all of this sewage would then go to a sewage treatment plant or, in a few areas, a septic tank.

SEWAGE SYSTEMSEWAGE SYSTEM

A sewage system may convey the wastewater by gravity to a sewage treatment plant. Where pipeline excavation is difficult because of rock or there is limited topographic relief (i.e., due to flat terrain), gravity collection systems may not be practical and the sewage must be pumped through a pipeline to the treatment plant. In low-lying communities, wastewater may be conveyed by vacuum. Pipelines range in size from pipes of six inches (150 mm) in diameter to concrete-lined tunnels of up to thirty feet (10 m) in diameter.

Page 15: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

The Sewerage System• The system of pipes used to collect and carry rain, waste water and trade waste

away for treatment and disposal is called the sewerage or the waste water system.

There are two types of sewerage systems:

• SEPARATE SEWERSFoul sewers – carry waste water, that is water that has been used for cooking and washing, waste from toilets and from trade premises to our wastewater treatment works;

Surface water, or Storm sewers – carry rainwater from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads.  Surface water sewers generally flow into streams, rivers or watercourses;

• COMBINED SEWERS – this is a single pipe system which carries both wastewater and surface water to our wastewater treatment works.  These are often found in older town centre systems.  Single pipe systems are no longer designed or constructed.

SEWAGE SYSTEM

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Separate Sewer System• In separate sewer system foul water and storm water are carried in separate pipe

system. In such systems the foul water is conveyed to the treatment plants for purification before discharge to a water course and the storm water is discharged directly into the water course.

SEWAGE SYSTEM

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Combined Sewers System

• Combined Sewers systems carry both foul water (wastewater from WC’s, basins, baths, sinks and other sources) and storm water( rainwater from roofs, paved areas, roads) in the same pipe.

• The combined system has the advantage that only one pipe is required and is capacity needs to be little more than that of storm sewer system, since the peak flow rate of foul water is much less than that of stormwater.

• The disadvantage to this system is that large amount of polluted water must be bypassed to watercourses during storm events to avoid overloading sewage treatment works.

SEWAGE SYSTEM

Page 18: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

Man Holes

• On a gravity sewer man holes are normally provided for sewer inspection and cleaning , at changes in pipe direction , changes in pipe size, substantial changes in grades at a reasonable interval (100-150m) along straight lengths of sewer.

SEWAGE SYSTEM

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DRAINAGE SYSTEM

There are many types of drainage systemsSingle pipeTwo pipe system

A type of one-pipe system, carrying both soil and waste, that includes a deep-seal trap.

The One-Pipe SystemOne pipe used to carry soil waste and water wasteA deep seal trap is used in joints to prevent foul gas to enter.Less effective system.Needs more maintenance.More chances to get choked.Required more expense in recycling the water.

The Two-Pipe SystemTwo pipe used to carry soil waste and water waste separately. More effective system.Needs less maintenance.Less chances to get choked.Required less expense in recycling the water.

Page 20: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

PUBLIC SEWAGE CONNECTION

Based on whole to one conceptLevels to be taken careDiameter of pipe is based on load subjectedManholes are provided after every 30 mts.Inspection chambers are provided to keep the check

Diameter (mm) Gradient

Foul S.W. 100 1:80 1:100 150 1:80 1:150 225 1:125 1:225

Demarcation Chamber A chamber must be located just within the property boundary at the end of the public section of the lateral drain/sewer. Acceptable chambers fitted with Class B125 covers are: Precast Concrete to BS 5911:Part 2 and BS8301 kitemarked, up to 1.0 metre deep Polypropylene Inspection chambers to BS 7158:2001 kitemarked, min. 450mm diameter, up to 1.2 metres deep.

Page 21: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

PIPES & FITTINGS

TYPES OF COPPER PIPES

Copper pipes come in four types - type K, type L, type M, and DWV. Type K has the thickest walls and is most frequently used for underground service

lines in the supply system. Type L is used for interior hot and cold water supply lines. Type M is the thinnest of the types and is also used for interior hot and cold water

supply lines. DWV pipes are used for the drain-waste system and for the vent system.

PVC pipes are white and are approved for cold water use only. PVC - DWV pipes are also white, but are approved for use in drain-waste

systems or vent systems. CPVC pipes are beige and are approved for use in hot or cold water service

lines. Polyethylene tubes are black and approved for cold water use Polybutylene is the only flexible pipe approved for hot and cold service lines.

TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES

Page 22: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

APPLICATIONS AND STANDARDS Boiler, Heat Exchanger, ASTM : A-178,A-214,A-333,A-334

Super heater, Air heater and BS : 3059(P-I &P-II), 6323(Pt-V)

Condenser IS : 1914(Pt-IV), 2416(Pt-IV), 11714(Pt-III)

Sizes 1014 to 6075

Pipe A HDPE, for cold water distribution, temperature 40 degree Celsius to 60 degree Celsius

White colour

Pipe B MDPE/PE-RT, for hot water distribution, temperature 40 degree Celsius to 95 degree

Celsius, Orange White colour

Pipe UV HDPE/PE-RT, for external use, temperature 40 degree Celsius to 95degree Celsius, Black

colour.

CHARACTERISTICS ALL PLASTIC PIPES GALVANISED PIPES MLC Pipes

Material PP-R, PVC, PE or PB Steel PE-AL-PE

Working Life Long Short Longest

Hygiene Good Bad Best

Installation Easy Difficult Easy

Self Weight Light Heavy Light

Packing Coil or Straight Straight Coil

Cutting Easy Difficult Essiest

Bending Easy but springs back No bending Easy & no spring back

Permeability Oxygen diffusion None None

PLUMBING PIPES

Page 23: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

Fittings This refers to their orientation at the connecting point. Pipes, nipples, and male fittings insert into female fittings. In threaded fittings, male threads are on the outside and female threads are on the inside. Fittings that have one male end and one female end are called street fittings. When measuring the size of fittings, male threaded fittings are measured OD, or to the outside

edge, while female fittings are measured ID, or to the inside edge of the inlet. Fittings are generally made in one of two standard sizes, IPS (Iron Pipe Size) or CTS (Copper

Tube Size). These two standards are not compatible and require adapters to connect them. Male IPS fittings are abbreviated "MIP" and female IPS fittings are abbreviated "FIP"

Couplings extend a run by connecting two lengths of pipe. They are available in all standard pipe sizes and nearly all varieties of pipe. They're called reducing couplings if they're connecting different sized pipe.

Adapters are similar to couplings, but they connect different types of pipe, one of which is an IPS size.

Unions are three-part mechanical fittings that connect any two standard size pipe in such a way that they may be disconnected and reassembled with a pipe wrench. Unions provide the easiest method for dismantling pressure pipe.

Caps and Plugs end a run of pipe by closing it off with a watertight seal.Elbows (ells) change direction of pipe. Most common are 90o and 45o elbows, but are also available in 22 ½ and 60. They are identified by their angle but they are ordinarily referred to by number only.

PIPES & FITTINGS

Page 24: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

Valves

TYPE OF VALVES:

• Line valves _Sluice valves _Globe valves

• Scour valves

• Air valves

• Relief valves

• Reflux valves

• Fire hydrants

• Taps and stop cocks

• Float valves

1. Line valves They are provided to stop and regulate the flow of water In course of ordinary

and emergency operations. Insulating,Valves are frequently installed at intervals of 1 to 5 km. line ,Valves are usually placed at major summits of pressure Conduits.

(i) Sluice or gate Valves

Sluice valves are helpful in dividing the water mains into suitable section. It controls the flow of water in the pipe-line and is usually used in low pressure system.

(ii) Globe Valves

This valves is normally made up of brass. Globe valves are used to control flow of water to wash basins, shower, kitchen sinks, etc.

2.Scour valves/washout valves: Scour valves are located at dead end and the lowest points or depressions in water mains.

3. Air valves Some quantity of air is trapped inside the water

pipe, which tries to accumulate at high points along the water pipe . An air valves is installed to permit expulsion of air. Air valves consists of a CI chamber , float, lever and poppet valve.

PIPES & FITTINGS

Page 25: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

4. Relief valves These are automatic cut–off valves . The relief valves are

adjusted at every point along the pipe-line where the pressure is likely to be maximum .

5. Reflux valve The reflux valve is placed in water pipe,

which obtains water directly from the pump. When the pumps fails or stops , water will not flow back to the pump.

6. Fire hydrants Fire hydrants are placed at all street junction and within the radius of 60

to 90 m. (i) Flush hydrants

These are provided below the footpath or street level and is covered by a cast Iron or brick masonry chamber. The flush hydrants are difficult to detect, thus, Some signs are given on a nearby permanent structure.

(ii) Post- hydrants These are projected above the ground and thus, are easily detectable but is liable

to be damaged.

PIPES & FITTINGS

Page 26: Water Pipes and Fittings Ppt File

7. Taps or Bib cockTaps are provided at the ends of water pipe to draw –of water from the pipe.This is normally a screw down type and opens in an anticlockwise direction. The bib cock may be of push type which operates automatically and normally used in public places.

8. Float ValvesUsed to supply water to a storage tank or flushing cistern. The valve is automatically shuts off the supply when the predetermined level is reached. It is operated by the float.

Ferrule

It is used to control the water pressure from the main supply . It is made of brass or bronze.

PIPES & FITTINGS


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