Water Pollution in Water Bodies

7/27/2019 Water Pollution in Water Bodies

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Water pollution and itsWater pollution and its

impacts with mitigationsimpacts with mitigations

Dr. MaheshDr. Mahesh JayaweeraJayaweera


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How to identify?How to identify?

PhysicoPhysico--chemical parameters of water,chemical parameters of water,

particulate matter or biological tissuesparticulate matter or biological tissues(pH, COD,NH(pH, COD,NH33,NO,NO33,etc.),etc.)

Biochemical or biological tests (BOD orBiochemical or biological tests (BOD ortoxicity tests)toxicity tests)

SemiSemi--quantitative and qualitativequantitative and qualitative

descriptions (biotic indices, visualdescriptions (biotic indices, visual

aspects, species inventories, odor etc.)aspects, species inventories, odor etc.)


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Water PollutionWater Pollution

Surface

(rivers, lakes, reservoirs,

canals, or streams)

Ground

(water found in shallow

wells, bore holes or deep

wells)

Both types are common in many areasBoth types are common in many areas

Needs prior knowledge on water quality issuesNeeds prior knowledge on water quality issues

Sometimes not visible but result in adverseSometimes not visible but result in adverserepercussionsrepercussions

Combat of the issue needs investigation but for anCombat of the issue needs investigation but for anemergency trial and error method may workemergency trial and error method may work

Education and awareness campaigns are vital for allEducation and awareness campaigns are vital for allat workat work


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Water quality issuesWater quality issuesIssueIssue DescriptionDescription

1.1. FaecalFaecal pollutionpollution Contamination of water with human or animalContamination of water with human or animal faecesfaeces;;found in inhabited areas; no color, taste or odorfound in inhabited areas; no color, taste or odor

2. Turbid water2. Turbid water Color due to suspended solids; apparent in rainyColor due to suspended solids; apparent in rainy

seasons; brown colorseasons; brown color

3.3. EutrophicationEutrophication Enriched with nutrients such as N & P; algae &Enriched with nutrients such as N & P; algae &

aquatic vegetation are common; Green coloraquatic vegetation are common; Green color

4. Organic pollution4. Organic pollution

5. Agro5. Agro--chemical pollutionchemical pollution

Enriched with complex organic matters fallen leaves,Enriched with complex organic matters fallen leaves,

litter in the water cause this pollution; smelly waterlitter in the water cause this pollution; smelly water

Enriched with commercially available agroEnriched with commercially available agro--chemicals,chemicals,

sometimes nosometimes no colourcolour

6. Nitrate pollution6. Nitrate pollution Enriched with fertilizer,Enriched with fertilizer, faecesfaeces or kitchen wastewateror kitchen wastewater

composed of high nitrate loads; no color or taste orcomposed of high nitrate loads; no color or taste or

smellsmell


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FaecalFaecal pollutionpollution

Measured in terms of total andMeasured in terms of total andFeacalFeacal coliformscoliforms

For drinkingFor drinking --0 F. C./100ml0 F. C./100ml

For secondary sports (boating,For secondary sports (boating,

surfing)surfing)--1000 F.C./100ml1000 F.C./100ml For primary sports (swimming)For primary sports (swimming) --

150 F.C./100ml150 F.C./100ml

Boil the water at 100Boil the water at 10000C beforeC before

drinkingdrinking Chlorinate water till the finalChlorinate water till the final

chlorine concentration becomeschlorine concentration becomes0.50.5--1 mg/l1 mg/l

UV radiation is also possibleUV radiation is also possible

Suffer from gastroenteritis andSuffer from gastroenteritis andwater borne diseaseswater borne diseases

In an emergency, filter the waterIn an emergency, filter the waterthrough a sand column or throughthrough a sand column or through

wetlandwetland To lessen the pollution, design aTo lessen the pollution, design a

correct septic tank systemcorrect septic tank system


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Can you drink water with your own excreta

consisting of bacteria, viruses?

UV Radiation Chlorination Ozonation


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Turbid waterTurbid water

Measured in terms of total suspended solid contentsMeasured in terms of total suspended solid contents(TSS) or NTU(TSS) or NTU

For drinkingFor drinking10mg/l of TSS or less than 20NTU10mg/l of TSS or less than 20NTU

For recreationFor recreation20mg/l of TSS20mg/l of TSS

Sometimes illness or diseases apparent (acuteSometimes illness or diseases apparent (acute vsvs

chronic)chronic) Chemical precipitation with alum or FeClChemical precipitation with alum or FeCl33 is usual andis usual and

then followed by sand filteringthen followed by sand filtering

In an emergency, filter the water through a sand columnIn an emergency, filter the water through a sand columnor even through a clothor even through a cloth

To obtain less turbid water, design a proper treatmentTo obtain less turbid water, design a proper treatment

plantplant


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EutrophicationEutrophication

Measured in terms of algal countsMeasured in terms of algal counts

For direct contactFor direct contactless than 15000less than 15000--20000 cells/ml20000 cells/ml

Usually characterized by green colorUsually characterized by green color Should not drink; because if toxins are present they areShould not drink; because if toxins are present they are

toxictoxic

Boiling never gives the good quality waterBoiling never gives the good quality water Needs proper in lake technique to control algaeNeeds proper in lake technique to control algae

In an emergency, try to avoid drinking or filter the waterIn an emergency, try to avoid drinking or filter the waterthrough charcoal ( activated carbon or burnt coconutthrough charcoal ( activated carbon or burnt coconut

shells)shells) For long term control, lesson release of nitrogenous andFor long term control, lesson release of nitrogenous and

phosphorus compoundsphosphorus compounds


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Can these be aesthetically pleasant?Can these be aesthetically pleasant?

Fish kills by

poisons

Activated carbon filter


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AgroAgro--chemical pollutionchemical pollution

Measured usually in terms of parent compoundsMeasured usually in terms of parent compounds

But, intermediate compounds possible, which may beBut, intermediate compounds possible, which may be

more toxicmore toxic Usually characterized by strong smellUsually characterized by strong smell

Should not drink as they cause irreparable lossesShould not drink as they cause irreparable losses

Usage seems to be on the rise hence chronic healthUsage seems to be on the rise hence chronic healthimpacts are very likelyimpacts are very likely

Needs proper management to control themNeeds proper management to control them

In an emergency, try to avoid drinking or filter the waterIn an emergency, try to avoid drinking or filter the water

through charcoal ( activated carbon or burnt coconutthrough charcoal ( activated carbon or burnt coconutshells)shells)

For long term control, lesson release of such compoundsFor long term control, lesson release of such compounds


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Can these be acceptable?Can these be acceptable?


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Organic pollutionOrganic pollution

Measured in terms of total organic carbon (TOC)Measured in terms of total organic carbon (TOC)

Water gets a color ,taste or odorWater gets a color ,taste or odor

Characterized byCharacterized by humichumic andand fluvicfluvic acids; usuallyacids; usually

found in peat soilsfound in peat soils

Do not drink the water with high contents of TOCDo not drink the water with high contents of TOC Needs a full treatment plantNeeds a full treatment plant

In an emergency, pass the water throughIn an emergency, pass the water through

charcoal or activated carbon columncharcoal or activated carbon column


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Can these be common sites in our waterCan these be common sites in our water

bodies?bodies?


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Are we responsible for Nitrate pollution?Are we responsible for Nitrate pollution?

Wetlands

Treatment is

expensive

Ion exchange resins


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SalinizationSalinization

Measured in terms of salinity inMeasured in terms of salinity in pptppt ororconductivity inconductivity in mircoSmircoS/cm/cm

Drinking waterDrinking water-- 11 pptppt or 500or 500 microSmicroS/cm/cm Sea waterSea water3434 pptppt or 50000or 50000 microSmicroS/cm/cm

Excessive pumping or inherent water qualityExcessive pumping or inherent water quality

causescauses salinizationsalinization Desalination plant (Reverse Osmosis Plant) isDesalination plant (Reverse Osmosis Plant) is

necessarynecessary

For an emergency, heat and condensateFor an emergency, heat and condensate

For long term solution change the source ofFor long term solution change the source of

water or go deeper in the groundwater or go deeper in the ground


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HardnessHardness

Measured in terms of hardness as CaCOMeasured in terms of hardness as CaCO33 (mg/l)(mg/l)

Characterized by calcium and magnesium present in limestoneCharacterized by calcium and magnesium present in limestone

For drinkingFor drinking --100mg/l100mg/l Objectionable taste; pipelines get stuck with deposits of Ca andObjectionable taste; pipelines get stuck with deposits of Ca and Mg;Mg;

white in colorwhite in color

Need quicklime (Ca(OH)Need quicklime (Ca(OH)22) and soda (NaHCO) and soda (NaHCO33) to be added) to be added(Soda(Soda

lime process)lime process)

If found in large quantities (more than 300mg/l) first soda limeIf found in large quantities (more than 300mg/l) first soda lime

process and followed by RO process or resinsprocess and followed by RO process or resins

If drink, stones in the kidney are likelyIf drink, stones in the kidney are likely For an emergency, add quicklime or hydrated lime and get theFor an emergency, add quicklime or hydrated lime and get the

supernatant water for drinkingsupernatant water for drinking

For longFor long -- term control, change the source of water or full treatmentterm control, change the source of water or full treatment


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Can we offer hard waterCan we offer hard water

for drinking?for drinking?

Scaling of pipes

Resins


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Heavy Metal PollutionHeavy Metal Pollution

Measured in terms of total metal levels individuallyMeasured in terms of total metal levels individually

Usually micro levels cause either health hazards orUsually micro levels cause either health hazards or

cancercancer No smell or taste; sometimes slight colors or taste (Iron)No smell or taste; sometimes slight colors or taste (Iron)

Treatment is expensive (usually use RO technique)Treatment is expensive (usually use RO technique)

In an emergency, pass the water through a constructedIn an emergency, pass the water through a constructedwetland made with metal hyper accumulators (wetland made with metal hyper accumulators (egeg waterwaterhyacinth) or pump it through burnt clay brick column orhyacinth) or pump it through burnt clay brick column or

add sodium hyper chloride (Strong oxidant)add sodium hyper chloride (Strong oxidant) For long term management, avoid the use of pesticides,For long term management, avoid the use of pesticides,

ammunition and hazardous chemicalsammunition and hazardous chemicals


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Can we afford to neglect heavy metals?Can we afford to neglect heavy metals?

Iron

precipitation

Iron treatment


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Are we drinking acidAre we drinking acid

water?water?

Chemical mixing


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Radioactive Waste or ExplosivesRadioactive Waste or Explosives

Measured in radioactive units (Alfa, betaMeasured in radioactive units (Alfa, beta

or gamma)or gamma) No treatment possibleNo treatment possible

Avoid exposureAvoid exposure Contact a medical practitioner as quicklyContact a medical practitioner as quickly

as possibleas possible

Th k


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Thank youThank you

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Water Pollution in Water Bodies

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