Water recyclingSpares management

Alessandro GolkarJuly 31, 2009

Summary

• Introduction• Water Recycling Methods• Distillation systems spare needs• Filtration systems spare needs• Backup Slides– Vapor Compression Distillation

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Introduction• In this charts we will review the major methods for water recycling;

• The spares needs for the different technologies are identified;

• The future work will consist in completing the estimates of the spares

amounts for the different technologies.

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Water recycling methods• Distillation (phase change processes)

– Vapor compression distillation (VCD)– Thermoelectric integrated membrane evaporation (TIMES)– Vapor phase catalytic ammonia removal (VAPCAR)– Other

• Filtration– Reverse osmosis (RO)– Multifiltration– Other

• Differences between distillation and filtration– Higher quality water (i.e. potable) is usually recycled using distillation, because it is

a process conducted at higher temperatures (phase change) thus killing bacteria. Lower quality water (i.e. flush water) is recycled by filtration.

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Distillation Systems Spares Need

• Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD)– H2O Pre-treatment expendable chemicals– H2O Post-treatment expendable chemicals– Components of Evaporator, Condenser, Condensate collector

• Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation Subsystem (TIMES)– H2O Pre-treatment expendable chemicals– H2O Post-treatment expendable chemicals– Thermoelectric Heat Pump– Hollow fiber membranes

• Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VAPCAR)– No expendable chemicals– Hollow fiber membranes– Catalyst beds

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VCD Data [14] (1/2)

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Component

Demonstrated Life, Hr

Mass, kg Vol, dm3

Direct Exposure to Environment

In Normal Mode

Distillation Unit 18400 8012 16 28.4

Liquid Level Sensor 17200 6812

Still Drive Motor 5512 5512

Fluids Pump 18400 7012 6.4 9.3

Peristaltic Tubing 17520 7012

Waste Storage Tank 14600 6812

Recycle/Filter Tank 10900 6812 5.9 72.3

Ancillary Components (i.e. valves, sensors, plumbing)

16380 5992

VCD Data [14] (2/2)

• [14] reports: “Accumulated life as of 3:30 p.m. EDT, 05/02/86, components still in operation”.

• VCD is sized to process 18.1 kg/d of liquid waste to meet the needs of a three-person crew;

• Recycle tank (the one in the table is the dry weight) sized for 90-day operation at 0.18 kg/p/d of solids to meet the needs of a three-person crew;

• Packaging overhead is 12%.

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Filtration Systems Spares Needs

• Reverse Osmosis– Membranes. Alternatives:• Inside skinned hollow fiber membrane• Dual layer membrane

• Multifiltration– Filters– Ion-exchange resin beds– Charcoal

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References1. Budininkas, P., Rasouli, F. and Wydeven, T. Development of a Water Recovery Subsystem Based on Vapor Phase Catalytic

Ammonia Removal (VPCAR) 19862. Dehner, G. F., Reysa, R. P. Thermoelectric Integration Membrane Evaporation Subsystem Water Recovery Technology Update

19853. Dehner, G. F., Winkler, E. H. and Reysa, R. P. Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation Subsystem Operational

Improvements 19844. Gorensek, M. B., Baer-Peckham, D. Space Station Water Recovery Trade Study - Phase Change Technology 19885. Herrmann, C. C. High-Recovery Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis 19926. Hitt, A. J., III, Renfro, R. H., Schien, K. F. and Streams, E. Criteria Definition and Performance Testing of a Space Station

Experiment Water Management System 19887. Ishida, H., Ohshima, M., Shimoda, T. and Shiraishi, A. Development of Low Pressure Membrane Distillation 19988. Noble, L. D. J., Schubert, F. H. and Graves, R. E. An Assessment of the Readiness of Vapor Compression Distillation for

Spacecraft Wastewater Processing 19919. Ray, R. Membrane-Based Water and Energy-Recovery Systems for the Manned Space Station 198510. Ray, R. J., Babcock, W. C., Barss, R. P., Andrews, T. A. and LaChapelle, E. D. A Novel Reverse-Osmosis Wash Water Recycle

System for Manned Space Stations 198411. Reysa, R. P., Price, D. F., Olcott, T. and Gaddis, J. L. Hyperfiltration Wash Water Recovery Subsystem - Design and Test Results12. Schubert, F. H. Phase Change Water Recovery Techniques: Vapor Compressor Distillation and Thermoelectric/Membrane

Concepts 198313. Winkler, E. H., Verostko, C. E. and Dehner, G. F. Urine Pretreatment for Waste Water Processing Systems 198314. Zdankiewicz, E. M., Chu, J. Phase Change Water Recovery for Space Station - Parametric Testing and Analysis 1986

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BACKUP SLIDES

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Vapor Compression Distillation Example(http://www.aquatechnology.net/vaporcompressiondistillers.html)

Step 1: In a vapor compression(VC) system, the distillation process begins in the boiling chamber, just as it does in virtually any other distiller. What separates this method from other distillation methods is what comes after the boiling chamber.

Step 2: In a Vapor Compression VC6000, VC3000, VC1500 and VC800 system the boiling process begins with both heating elements turned on. As the water in the boiling chamber reaches near boiling temperatures, the compressor turns on, which engages the unique non-contacted liquid ring seal.When the boiling begins, the #2 heating element turns off and the #1 heating element cycles on and off maintaining the boiling at just the right temperature for maximum efficiency. The steam from the boiling water flows through a baffling system and then into the compressor.

Step 3: In the compressor, the steam is pressurized, which raises the steam's temperature before it is routed through a special heat exchanger located inside the boiling chamber. The steam (under pressure) is at a higher temperature than the feed water inside the boiling chamber

.Step 4: The pressurized steam gives off its heat to the tap water inside the boiling chamber, causing this water to boil, which creates more steam. In technical terms, the steam "gives up its latent heat of vaporization" to the water inside the boiling chamber.

Step 5: While the pressurized steam is giving up its latent heat, the steam will condense. One of the heating elements will cycle on and off periodically as needed to provide any "make-up" heat that is required to keep the system operating at optimum temperature for maximum efficiency.

Step 6: At this stage, the condensed steam is considered distilled water but is still very hot--only slightly cooler than boiling temperature. To get maximum efficiency from the VC systems, the hot distilled water preheats the incoming feed water that will be distilled.

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VCD Additional Data [14]

• [14] has additional mass breakdown info. Mass breakdown is not the same of operational life assessment.

• [8] has VCD data as well (also later prototypes)

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data

• Times Mass and volume info in [12] p11, [4] p 9-10 aes, times and vcd

• [6] data on filtration p2

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