Water reservoirs

05/02/2023 IMRAN BASHIR 1

WATER RESERVOIRS IN PAKISTAN


WATER RESERVOIRS OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan can be divided into three hydrological units: The Indus basin, covering more than 566,000 km2 (or 71% of

the territory), comprising the whole of the provinces of the Punjab, Sind, and KPK and the eastern part of Baluchistan

The Karan desert in the west of Baluchistan (in the west of the country), which is an endorheic basin covering 15% of the territory. The water is discharged in the Hamun-i-Mashkel lake, in the south-west at the border with Iran.

The arid Makran coast along the Arabian Sea covering 14% of the territory in its southwestern part (Baluchistan province). The Hob, Porali, Hingol, and Dasht are the principal rivers of this coastal zone.


RIVERS OF PAKISTAN There are 24

rivers in Pakistan.

4 in Sindh7 in Baluchistan8 in KPK5 in Punjab


RIVERS OF PAKISTAN Aston river

Chenab river Dasht river Dashtiari river Gambila river Ghaggar-Hakra River Ghizar river Gilgit river Gomal river Hub river Hungol river Hunza river Indus river Jhelum river Kabul river Swat river

Kundar River Kunhar river Khurram river Lyari river Malir river Panjkora panjnad river Ravi river Shigar river Shimshal river Sutlej river Swaan river Tochi river Zhob river


DAMS A physical barrier constructed across a river or waterway to control the

flow of or raise the level of water. The purpose of construction may be for flood control, irrigation needs, hydroelectric power production, and/or recreation usage.


DAMS OF PAKISTAN Mangla Dam Akra Kaur Dam Burj Aziz Khan Dam Garuk Dam (planned) Hingol Dam (planned) Hub Dam Mirani Dam Naulong Dam(under construction) Pelar Dam(planned) Sabakzai Dam Shakidor Dam Sukleji Dam(planned) Wali Tangi Dam Winder Dam (planned) Bara Dam (planned) Gomal Zam Dam(nearing completion) Kurram Tangi Dam(planned) Munda Dam(under construction) Bunji Dam(planned) Diamer-Bhasha Dam(under construction) Satpara Dam (nearing completion) Ghabir Dam(under construction) Kalabagh Dam (planned)

Darmalak Dam(under construction) Jabba Khattak Dam(under construction) Karak Dam(under construction) Khair Bara Dam(under construction) Khanpur Dam Lawaghar Dam(under construction) Karak Dam(under construction) Palai Dam(under construction) Tanda DaM (Ramsar Site) Tarbela Dam Warsak Dam Akhori Dam(planned) Dhrabi Dam Dohngi Dam Khai Dam Chiniot dam(planned) Darawat Dam(under construction) Karoonjhar Dam Nai Gaj Dam(under construction) Chotiari Dam


BARRAGES A type of dam which consists of a line of large gates that can be

opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam Only used for the irrigation system and storage of water


BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN Guddu Barrage Kotri Barrage Sukkur Barrage Balloki Head works Chashma Barrage Islam Barrage Jinnah Barrage Khanki Head works Marala Head works Panjnad Barrage Qadirabad Headworks Rasul Barrage Sidhnai Head works Sulemanki Headworks Taunsa Barrage Trimmu Barrage Munda Headworks


INDUS BASIN TREATY(1960)

The treaty made a simple and straightforward attempt to let both adversaries share the available water resources. The divide was as clear as b/w the east and the west i.e. “the three western rivers were allocated to Pakistan with some reservations and three eastern rivers were given to India.”

The treaty fixed the rights and obligation of India and Pakistan in relation to each other, India has been using as average 33 million acre feet of water from the eastern rivers and has built several dams and barrages to supply water to its Punjab province along with its neighboring states

the project was sponsored by UK, Germany, Australia, New Zealand and Canada and was administered by the IBRD.


SALIENT FEATURES OF INDUS BASIN TREATY

Article II: All water of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlaj and Beas) shall be available for the unrestricted use of India. Pakistan shall be under obligation to let flow all water of the eastern rivers, and shall not permit any interference with the water of these rivers except for domestic use and non-consumptive use i.e. navigation, floating of timber or other property, flood protection or flood control, fishing or fish culture, wildlife.

Article III: Annex D: all water of western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) shall be available for unrestricted use of Pakistan. India shall be under obligation to let flow all the water of western rivers, and shall not permit any interference with the water of these rivers except for domestic use and non-consumptive use, limited agriculture use and limited utilization for generation of hydro-electric power.

Article III: India shall nor store any water or of, construct any storage works on the western rivers except as provided in annexes D and E of the treaty.

Article IV: India shall not increase the catchments area, beyond the area on the effective data of any natural or artificial drainage or drain which crossed into Pakistan, and shall not undertake such construction or remodeling of any drainage or drain whose crossing might use material damage in Pakistan or entail the construction of a new drain or enlargement of an existing drainage or drain in Pakistan.


EASTERN & WESTERN TRIBUTRIES


Pakistan & India (Disputes

over Water)


BAGLIHAR DAM PROJECT

Located on the Chenab River by India in Jammu and Kashmir

Construction is said to be somewhere between one-third and one-half complete.

Violation of Indus Basin Treaty


CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT Design of the hydropower project violates the terms of the Indus

Water Treaty as the submerged gate spillways and other structures will India’s storage capacity far beyond what is allowed under the agreement.

The Dam would increase India’s storage capacity to 164,000 acre feet, which is much higher than agreed capacity under the treaty

Baglihar Dam’s planned height is 144.5 meters, which would interfere with the flow of water into Pakistan. The Dam’s bondage capacity, 37.722 million cubic meters of water is then twice the allowed bondage under the Indus Water Treaty.

The huge pond facility of the Dam would also slow down the flow of water to Pakistan


BAGLIHAR HYDROPOWER DAM BY INDIA

Construction is said to be somewhere between one-third and one-half complete.

Located on the Chenab River by India in Jammu and Kashmir

Violation of Indus Basin Treaty



SALAL DAM Another dam

constructed on River Chenab.

Again Violation of the Indus Basin Treaty


SALAL DAM The first dispute India and

Pakistan were engaged in was over the construction of the Salal Dam by India on Chenab River.

In 1974 Pakistan officially objected to the design of Salal project arguing that it did not confirm to the criteria for design of such hydroelectric projects laid down under the Treaty.


KISHANGANGA (TULBUL) HYDRO-POWER PROJECT

330-megawatt project Across the river Neelum(a tributry of Jhelum) centres

on the diversion of water from one tributary of the river to another.

Pakistan`s view :violation of Indus Water Treaty India`s view :The diversion is within the provisions of the

treaty, which governs water sharing between the two nuclear rivals.


KISHANGANGA HYDRO PROJECT The Kishanganaga project is another controversial water issue

between the two countries. The 330MW hydroelectric project is located about 16 kilometers upstream of Muzaffarabad and involves diversion of Kishanganga or Neelum River

Pakistani objections are based on the grounds that the project will have an adverse effects on the Neelam-Jhelum link project

A second diversion of the water of Kishenganga river to Jehlum would ruin the Neelam valley in Pakistan.

It is feared that the project could reduce Pakistan’s total water availability from an estimated 154 maf to about140 maf, a shortage of about 8-9 per cent


TULBUL NAVIGATION PROJECT ON WULAR LAKE

This dam disrupts the flow of water into the Jhelum River, which flows into Pakistan.


SIR CREEKTHE OTHER DISPUTE BETWEEN INDO-

PAK 96 km strip of water in the Rann of Kutch

marshlands. The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea,

divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Immense economic gain. Much of the region is rich in oil and gas below the sea bed


SIR CREEK 96 km strip of water in the

Rann of Kutch marshlands. The creek, which opens up

into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Immense economic gain. Much of the region is rich in oil and gas below the sea bed



SIR CREEK:INDIA`S POINT OF VIEW

India supports its s by citing the Thalweg Doctrine in International Law.

The law states that

“River boundaries between two states may be, if the two states agree, divided by the mid-channel.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law


SIR CREEK:PAKISTAN`S POINT OF VIEW

Doctrine is not applicable in this case as it only applies to bodies of water that are navigable, which the Sir Creek is not.

India rejects the Pakistani stance by maintaining the fact that the

creek is navigable in high tide, and that fishing trawlers use it to go out to sea.


DAMS IN PAKISTAN


LARGE DAMS Mangla Dam

On the Jhelum River Installed capacity 1,000 MW

Tarbela Dam Maximum capacity 4200 MW On the Indus River located in Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The second largest dam in the world by structural volume The largest earth filled dam in the world.


On River Kabul Installed capacity 243 MW

WARSAK DAM


LIST OF SMALL DAMS IN PAKISTAN

Dohngi Dam Dhok Tallian Lake Dam Ghazi Barotha Dam Gomal Dam Hub Dam Karoonjhar Dam Khanpur Dam Kurram Tangi Dam Mirani Dam Misriot Dam Rawal lake Dam Sabakzai Dam Shakidor Dam Simly Dam & Tanaza Dam


KALA BAGH DAM

A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE



HISTORY Proposed on the Indus River at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of

the Punjab. In December 2004, General Pervez Musharraf, announced to

build the dam in the larger interest of Pakistan. On May 26, 2008, the then Federal Minister for Water and Power

of Pakistan, Raja Pervez Ashraf, said that the "Kalabagh Dam would not be constructed" and the project has been cancelled.

He said due to the "opposition from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and other stakeholders, the project was no longer feasible".

However, after the worst flood (2010) in Pakistan,the then PM Yousaf Raza Gilani, stated that the devastation of flood would have been less if Kalabagh dam had been built.


PUNJAB'S VIEWPOINT Necessary to fulfill national need for more water to keep up with

the growing population and industrial demands on agriculture . Supply cheap hydro-electric power to the whole country The annual outflow of water into the Arabian Sea is considered a

"waste" in Punjab, which feels that water can be used to irrigate infertile lands in southern areas of Punjab and northern areas of Sindh.

Kalabagh site is the most favourable, compared to the other two, Bhasha and Skardu.

Kalabagh project include construction of several irrigation canals to fulfill the growing demand for agriculture in Pakistan, and that it should be built first.

Punjab's view is that a dam of above 3,000 MW production can finish all the energy crisis of Pakistan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


SINDH'S VIEWPOINT

Strongest opponent of KBD. Kalabagh will go to irrigate farmlands in Punjab and

KPK at their cost. The coastal regions of Sindh require a constant flow

of water down the Indus into the Arabian Sea so that the flowing water can keep the seawater from intruding inland. Such seawater intrusion would literally turn vast areas of Sindh's coast into an arid saline desert, and destroy Sindh's coastal mangroves.


SINDH`S VIEWPOINTS: Not enough water for another large dam across the Indus. Sindh claims that the current flow of Indus river downstream

of Kotri Barrage is only because of rain. Hence in years of low rain, Sindh fears the Indus would stop flowing.

The Kalabagh site is located in a highly seismic zone near an active fault.

Silt deposited in the proposed Kalabagh dam would further curtail the water storage capacity of Manchar Lake and other lakes and of wetlands like Haleji Lake.


KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA'S VIEWPOINT

Punjab has low credibility and doubtful sincerity when it comes to fulfilling promises.

The entire system and canal of Ghazi- Barotha hydro electric project runs in Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa, however the electricity generating turbines were installed just 500 meters inside Punjab so that the royalty is denied to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.


WATERLOGGING AND HIGH GROUND WATER TABLES

The growth of most crops is affected when groundwater is shallow enough to maintain the soil profile in the root zone wetter than field capacity.

This excess water and the resulting continuously wet root zone can lead to some serious and fatal diseases of the root and stem.

Working the soil when overly wet can destroy soil structure and thus restrict root growth and drainage further.



SOIL AND WATER SALINITY

Crop yields decrease linearly with increasing salt levels above a given threshold level.

This threshold level will vary according to the tolerance of the crop.

Yield decreases in the absence of toxic salts such as boron.



KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA`S VIEWPOINT

While the reservoir will be in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the dam's electricity-generating turbines will be just across the provincial border in Punjab.

Concerns that large areas of Nowshera District would be submerged by the dam and even wider areas would suffer from water-logging and salinity

As the water will be stored in Kalabagh dam as proposed, that will give water level rise to the city that is about 200 km away from the proposed location


BALOCHISTAN'S VIEWPOINT

Not directly affected by the dam as such. Rather, most nationalist Baloch Sardars claim the dam an instance of Punjab lording it over the smaller provinces. They have however, not included the dam in any of their statements after its cancellation


ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCE


SOLAR ENERGY Heating water, Generating electricity To create fuel for your vehicles.


BIOMASS ENERGY Discover ways to use corn, corn stalks, wheat, pine

cones, twigs, bark....to generate fuel to heat your home or drive your vehicle.

The technology has been around for over 100 years. Basically, anything that decomposes or burns can be

used to generate energy for home or car.



WIND ENERGY The more popular alternative energy resources. Though not a reliable resource for every household, it

is a viable option for may depending on your location.


GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is using hot water or steam from

the Earth’s interior for heating buildings or electricity generation.


COAL ENERGY Throughout history, coal has been a useful resource for

human consumption. It is primarily burned as a fossil fuel for the production of

electricity and/or heat, For industrial purposes such as refining metals. This involves biological and geological processes after the

death of plant matter that take place over a long period of time.



BIOFUELS Biofuels are produced by converting organic matter into fuel for

powering our society. The biofuels umbrella includes ethanol and derivatives of plants

such as sugar cane, as well as vegetable and corn oils.

Date post:	15-Apr-2017
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Water reservoirs

Education